A participatory farming system approach for sustainable broomrape (Orobanche spp.) management in the Near East and North Africa

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are aggressive and damaging parasitic weeds which have a tremendous impact on agriculture in East Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Middle East. Despite the availability of technologies to control broomrapes in economically important crops, Orobanche infestation continues to increase, threatening the livelihoods of millions of farmers. Many of the technologies developed have not been effectively disseminated and there has been little or zero adoption by farmers—who continue to use ineffective management practices that exacerbate the problem. The adaptation and dissemination of appropriate management practices are major priorities in broomrape control. However, such work must take into consideration the specific socio-economic characteristics of individual farming systems. Orobanche is a community threat and effective management requires a community-based integrated management approach. Recognizing the central role of farmers in parasitic weed management, a technical cooperation project (TCP) involving FAO, ICARDA and seven countries in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region was implemented to improve the dissemination of knowledge and skills by using a farmer field school approach: a form of education that uses experiential learning methods to build farmers’ expertise. This paper reviews conventional Orobanche research and development approaches, and highlights weaknesses in the management of the parasitic weed using these approaches as opposed to participatory approaches. The benefits and challenges of participatory farming system approaches in relation to integrated broomrape management (IBM) are also discussed. Lessons learned from achieving community ownership of, and institutional support for, IBM could be applied to other sectors (e.g. public health) in which there is a need for institutional learning and reform. Recommendations are made that include regional collaboration within the framework of a proposed Near East and North Africa Orobanche Management Network (NENAOMAN).     

向日葵抗列当育种研究进展

向日葵是世界四大油料作物之一,列当是对向日葵生长危害极为严重的一类寄生植物,且在全球范围内的发生面积逐年增加,对向日葵产业发展造成严重危害。培育抗列当品种是防治向日葵列当最为有效的途径,也是目前育种家的首要目标。育种家们通过传统的育种方法鉴定抗性基因,培育了一系列向日葵抗列当品种,并在世界范围内向日葵主栽区广泛种植,有效缓解了向日葵列当对该产业的冲击。然而,随着毒力更强的列当生理小种的出现与传播,亟待培育新的、抗性更强的品种。本文综述了新的、毒性强的列当生理小种的结构与分布,对如何利用分子标记辅助选择（MAS）策略提高向日葵的抗性分析,对向日葵抗列当基因序列信息做了归纳总结,对向日葵抗列当育种研究发展前景进行了分析与展望。     

瓜列当致病真菌的鉴定及其发酵产物活性研究

为筛选对瓜列当具有良好防治效果的生防真菌,本研究从新疆加工番茄田自然发病的瓜列当茎基部分离病原真菌,采用盆栽瓜列当接种无菌发酵滤液原液,筛选对瓜列当具有强致病性的菌株;采用共培养法测定菌株不同浓度无菌发酵滤液及其发酵产物萃取物对瓜列当种子萌发的影响;利用形态学特征和分子生物学方法对其进行种类鉴定。结果表明：盆栽瓜列当接种无菌发酵滤液原液可使瓜列当植株伤口变褐,严重的可造成整株萎蔫死亡;菌株JTF001发酵原液对瓜列当种子萌发抑制率可达100%,25倍、50倍稀释液抑制率分别为92.88%和87.62%;浓度为5μg/mL和1μg/mL JTF001发酵产物对瓜列当种子萌发抑制率均达100%;浓度为0.5、0.25μg/mL和0.1μg/mL的JTF001发酵产物对瓜列当种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.03%、81.87%和60.04%;结合形态学和基于rpb2、tef 1和gapdh基因序列分析,将菌株JTF001鉴定为交链格孢Alternaria alternata。上述结果表明菌株JTF001有作为开发防治瓜列当生物农药的潜力。     

马铃薯对瓜列当种子萌发的化感作用研究

瓜列当给瓜类等经济作物造成较大危害。本研究采用盆栽4个推广马铃薯品种"夏波蒂"、"青薯168"、"冀张薯5号"和"克新1号",以不同生长时期(幼苗期、开花期和结薯期)马铃薯根际土、根系和地上部的浸提液(甲醇和水)刺激瓜列当种子萌发,根据发芽率来判定其对瓜列当化感作用的强弱,同时筛选刺激瓜列当发芽率高的品种用于列当杂草的防除。结果表明,马铃薯能刺激瓜列当种子萌发;不同马铃薯品种对瓜列当的化感作用各有差异,随着马铃薯的生长,根际土中化感物质积累不断升高,根系化感作用逐渐减弱,而地上部化感作用逐渐增强。甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子发芽率高于水浸提液,即甲醇浸提化感作用效果较好。"夏波蒂"根系甲醇浸提液刺激瓜列当种子的发芽率在幼苗期最高,为48.5%;而地上部甲醇浸提液处理的发芽率在结薯期最高,为51.2%。可以在瓜列当危害的农田轮作"夏波蒂"5~8年,同时采用马铃薯秸秆还田来减少土壤中瓜列当种子库,达到防除瓜列当危害的目的。     

向日葵新品种抗列当水平的田间鉴定

向日葵列当是一种寄生性杂草,严重危害向日葵产业的发展。为有效鉴定向日葵登记品种列当抗性、加快优良品种推广应用,本研究选取国内具有代表性的36个食用向日葵登记品种,在内蒙古向日葵主产区乌拉特前旗芦管壕村和四子王旗高油房村进行了品种列当抗性田间鉴定。结果表明,乌拉特前旗芦管壕村试验点列当生理小种为F小种,‘同欣2号’‘诚牌C93’等20份品种在该点表现为免疫水平;‘三瑞3号’‘天葵16’等11份品种呈现出高抗水平;其余5份品种田间表现为易感或者高感水平。四子王旗高油房村试验点列当生理小种为G小种,‘同欣2号’‘圣地壹号’等14份品种在该点表现为免疫;‘诚牌C93’‘三瑞3号’等16份品种表现为高抗;‘龙食葵5号’表现为中抗;其余5份品种表现为易感或者高感。其中,在两个地区均表现为免疫的品种共有13份,分别是‘同欣2号’‘圣地壹号’‘龙葵27’‘圣地777’‘启源6号’‘JR5511’‘益民931’‘益民303’‘益民966’‘益民969’‘金谷葵33’‘S2009’‘新农101’;呈现高抗列当的品种有9份,分别是‘三瑞3号’‘天葵16’‘正博鼎盛’‘双星6号’‘中食葵90’‘益民968’‘...     

引起新疆向日葵列当茎基腐病的镰刀菌分离与鉴定

[目的]向日葵列当在新疆严重发生,从田间自然死亡的列当植株上分离致病菌并进行鉴定,为新疆列当生物防治提供菌种来源.[方法]采用组织分离法分离采集的样品,采用形态学及分子生物学方法对采集的镰刀菌进行鉴定.[结果]从587个生病的向日葵列当样品上共计分离获得377个分离物,其中镰刀菌234个,占总分离物的62.07;;丝核菌114个,占30.24;;腐霉菌6个,占1.59;;其它23个,占6.10;.在镰刀菌中鉴定出了3个种,分别为尖孢镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、茄病镰孢Fusarium solani和Fusarium cerealis.[结论]镰刀菌是引起新疆向日葵列当的主要致病菌,为向日葵列当生防菌的进一步筛选提供了菌株来源.     

不同技术处理的钝齿短浆蟹淋巴液中和麻痹性贝毒毒性的效果

钝齿短浆蟹(Thalamita crenata)淋巴液可以中和麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的毒性, 这个信息为PSP的降毒研究提供重要依据, 但是淋巴液处理方法是否对其毒性中和效果有影响尚不清楚。本研究采用小鼠腹腔注射法, 以淋巴液的PSP毒性中和效果为指标, 探讨抗凝剂、提取方法和冻存条件等淋巴液处理方法对其PSP毒性中和效果的影响, 为蟹淋巴液的制备提供科学依据。分析结果显示, 不同抗凝剂对淋巴液的PSP毒性中和效果有不同程度的影响, 其中EDTA抗凝剂对淋巴液的PSP毒性中和效果最好, 相对于对照组(小鼠致死时间在5 min左右), PSP-EDTA-淋巴液组的小鼠均存活。低浓度EDTA (5 mmol/L)即可起到抗凝作用并保持淋巴液较好的PSP毒性中和效果, EDTA浓度过高反而对PSP毒性中和效果产生抑制作用。在低浓度EDTA条件下, 针头抽取淋巴液的PSP毒性中和效果明显优于组织破碎法。EDTA浓度为5 mmol/L时, 在针头抽取淋巴液组中, 67%的小鼠致死时间超过30 min。相比之下, 组织破碎提取的淋巴液组的小鼠致死时间均分布在8.1~24 min。另外, 蔗糖对淋巴液的冻存起到较好的抗冷冻保护作用。以上结果表明淋巴液处理方法对其麻痹性贝毒毒性中和效果有较大影响。

     

烟草向日葵列当化学防治研究

选用芽前和芽后两种不同类型的除草剂,以单剂和混配形式筛选防除向日葵列当(Orobanchecumana Wallr)的有效药剂,并确定最佳浓度。结果表明,单剂效果较好的是精喹禾灵,其次是烯禾啶;在药剂较高浓度混配时从中筛选出效果好的有以下组合:草甘膦异丙胺盐+7种除草剂(2.4-D丁酯、精-异丙甲草胺、氧氟.乙草胺、丁.异.莠去津、乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚、氟乐灵)的任一种,防治效果均超过98%;进一步试验结果表明,防治效果好且又经济的混配药剂为41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂12 L/hm2+57%2.4-D丁酯乳油1.2 L/hm2、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂12 L/hm2+96%精-异丙甲草胺乳油1.2 L/hm2。     

Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche–host plant interactions and developing resistance

Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. (broomrapes) are parasitic plants that can be responsible for devastating losses in several important crops. The development of resistant cultivars is one of the key strategies in the fight against this pest. However, the nature of resistance is complex and the basis of the interaction between the host and the parasite is still largely unknown. Despite the progress achieved during the last century through breeding programmes, sources of resistance are often scarce (e.g. the legumes). The resistance that is available is often not durable, with field resistance being overcome by new races of the parasite (e.g. sunflower). This review summarises efforts made to improve the resistance of crop hosts for broomrapes through classical breeding programmes and looks forward to the integration of new knowledge generated from molecular and morphological studies. Emphasis is given to the need for a multidisciplinary approach to achieve success, ranging from improved field phenotyping to genetic and biotechnological studies. All components are necessary to understand this particular and characteristic interaction: a plant parasitising another plant.     

Extent and pattern of genetic differentiation within and between European populations of Phelipanche ramosa revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis

The extent and pattern of genetic differentiation between Phelipanche ramosa populations colonising tobacco in different European regions were investigated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, in order to determine levels of variation for tobacco resistance breeding and management programmes. Four different AFLP primer pairs amplified a total of 1050 clear and reproducible bands, of which 962 (91.62%) were polymorphic among the 35 individuals taken from four P. ramosa populations collected in Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Germany. Cluster analysis based on the AFLP data categorised the plants into distinct groups, in line with their geographical origin, denoting clear genetic differentiation among the four populations. This differentiation was supported by both high bootstrap values and significant results of the analysis of molecular variance. The most divergent population was the one from Bulgaria. The majority of the genetic diversity was attributable to differences among populations (77.80%), as expected from the predominant autogamous behaviour of this species. Populations differed significantly in within-population diversity, as measured by Shannon's information index. The German population presented the lowest genetic diversity and the Italian population harboured the highest level of within-population genetic diversity. There are significant differences in genetic diversity level among the studied P. ramosa populations and clear population-specific genetic diversity structures. These need to be taken into account, together with the potential differences in parasite aggressiveness, when planning breeding and management strategies for P. ramosa control in tobacco cultivation.