Detection of porcine circovirus genotypes 2a and 2b in aborted foetuses from infected swine herds in the State of S?o Paulo,Brazil

Background

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been associated with several disease complexes, including reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of PCV2 that are associated with reproductive failure in pigs from the State of São Paulo, Brazil and to investigate co-infections with other infectious organisms.

Findings

Samples of 168 aborted foetuses or mummified foetuses from five farrow-to-finish swine farms known to be infected with PCV2 and located in the State of São Paulo were tested for PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were additionally tested for porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira spp. and Brucella spp. by PCR. PCV2 was detected in 18 of the samples (10.7%). PPV, Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp were found in 2, 10 and 0 cases, respectively. Eleven PCV2 strains were sequenced and determined to be either genotype 2a (n = 1) or 2b (n = 10).

Conclusions

The findings indicate that the frequency of PCV2 infections in aborted porcine foetuses from the State of São Paulo is rather low (10.7%) and that co-infection with other pathogens is common and may be involved in PCV2 associated reproductive failure. No repeatable, characteristic amino acid motifs for regions of the PCV2 capsid protein seemed to be associated with abortion in sows.     

ORF9基因缺失突变PCV2的构建与部分生物学特性

设计1对针对猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）全基因组的特异性引物,从疑似断乳仔猪多系统衰竭综合征（PMWS）的病料中经PCR直接扩增出PCV2全基因组,再与载体pMD18-T Simple连接后构建重组质粒pMD18-T Simple-PCV2（命名为P-S-PCV2）。用ORF9特异的限制性内切酶Bpu10Ⅰ对P-S-PCV2进行酶切、补平连接反应,构建了ORF9基因缺失突变的重组质粒（命名为P-S-PCV2-J）。用SacⅡ对基因缺失突变的重组质粒进行酶切,获得的线性化基因突变PCV2基因组在体外进行自身环化,形成了相应缺失基因DNA（命名为PCV2-J）。用PCV2-J缺失突变株进行细胞转染、动物致病性和免疫原性、T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化等部分生物学特性的研究。结果显示：PCV2-J转染IBRS-2细胞后,电镜观察可见病毒颗粒,PCR-RFLP检测有突变株生长;PCV2-J接种仔猪后无临床典型大体病变,PCR-RFLP检测淋巴结中有PCV2-J突变病毒的感染;PCV2-J免疫仔猪后的抗体水平在第2周开始上升,与对照组相比差异显著,CD3＋下降,与对照组无差异,CD4＋下降,第1周与对照组差异显著,CD8＋与对照组差异不显著。结果表明,ORF9基因缺失突变的PCV2仍具有复制感染能力,但免疫原性减弱。     

上海市猪博卡病毒感染情况调查

根据GenBank公布的猪博卡病毒(Porcine Bocavirus,PBoV)序列,在VP1/2基因区域设计引物和TaqMan探针建立实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,对上海市10个区(县)规模场2006～2011年间采集的1800份猪血清、2010年种猪场不同月份采集的45份猪粪便、2010年9个规模场采集的27份猪鼻棉拭以及门诊采集的9份高热病死猪内脏进行检测,阳性率依次为24％、30％、0％、67％.6份PBoV阳性病料进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)检测,阳性率依次为83％、100％、0％、0％.检测结果表明,PBoV感染在上海市普遍存在,猪内脏中检出率较高,且春秋两季高发,仔猪比较易感,并与PRRSV、PCV2存在混合感染.     

2008～2011年中国部分地区猪圆环病毒2型的分子流行病学调查

为了解2008~2011年中国部分地区猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)分子流行病学变化趋势,本实验室共采集福建省、江西省、广东省、安徽省、浙江省、河南省、河北省、广西壮族自治区、内蒙古自治区、上海市、江苏省和山西省共12个省(市、区)的健康猪群和发病猪群共452份样品,对其进行病原学检测,并通过扩增、克隆和测序共获得31株PCV2 ORF2基因编码序列。结果显示,452份样品中,有354份样品检测为PCV2阳性,感染率高达78.3%。对31株ORF2基因序列的分析和比对结果表明,31株PCV2均为PCV2b基因型,其中有21株归类于PCV1A/1B基因亚群,而10株为PCV1C亚群;对31株PCV2 ORF2编码氨基酸序列比对分析表明PCV2基因亚型具有其特异的氨基酸变异位点,这对于临床上区别PCV2亚型具有一定的指导意义。从基因水平上来说,自2008年以来中国以PCV 1A/1B亚群为主要流行致病株,但值得我们关注的是,PCV 1C亚群毒株从无到有并有逐渐增多的趋势,将来可能在PCV2的流行毒株中占据主要地位。     

Identification of stable normalization genes for quantitative real-time PCP, in porcine articular cartilage

Background: Expression levels for genes of interest must be normalized with an appropriate reference, or housekeeping gene, to make accurate comparisons of quantitative real-time PCR results. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable housekeeping genes in porcine articular cartilage subjected to a mechanical injury from a panel of 10 candidate genes. Results: Ten candidate housekeeping genes were evaluated in three different treatment groups of mechanically impacted porcine articular cartilage. The genes evaluated were: beta actin, beta-2-microglobulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A (cyclophilin A), ribosomal protein L4, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit A, TATA box binding protein, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein-zeta polypeptide. The stability of the genes was measured using geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder software. The four most stable genes measured via geNorm were (most to least stable) succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin; the four most stable genes measured via BestKeeper were glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, beta actin, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A; and the four most stable genes measured via NormFinder were peptidylprolyl isomerase A, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin. Conclusions: BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder all generated similar results for the most stable genes in porcine articular cartilage. The use of these appropriate reference genes will facilitate accurate gene expression studies of porcine articular cartilage and suggest appropriate housekeeping genes for articular cartilage studies in other species.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒ORF3和M基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解福建省猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)毒株ORF3和M基因变异情况,本研究从4个不同规模猪场发生仔猪“顽固性腹泻”疾病的病料中扩增到4株PEDV的ORF3和M基因,并进行了序列分析.结果表明:4株PEDV ORF3基因均含有675个碱基,编码224个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的代表性PEDV核苷酸的同源性为89.7％～100.0％,氨基酸的同源性为94.7％～99.6％,其中FJPT毒株核苷酸的同源性与CV777 truncated毒株最低,仅为89.7％,FJNP毒株核苷酸的同源性与中国北方流行的CH ZKFG 11毒株最高,达100.0％.M基因含有681个碱基,编码226个氨基酸,与GenBank中登录的代表性PEDV核苷酸的同源性为94.8％～100.0％,氨基酸的同源性为94.8％～99.6％,其中FJPT毒株核苷酸的同源性与日本D89752毒株最低,仅为94.8％,FJNP毒株核苷酸的同源性与韩国CPF193、泰国毒株最高,达100.0％.4株PEDV毒株均与国内外流行强毒株的亲缘关系较近,与attenuate DR13弱毒株的亲缘关系较远.     

上海市猪圆环病毒2型全基因组的克隆与序列分析

参照国外发表的猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV-2)全基因组序列,设计合成了1对特异性引物,从上海市临床病料中提取PCV-2基因组DNA,进行PCR全基因扩增。回收PCR产物,将其插入pMD18-T载体,并对筛选出的阳性质粒进行测序。应用DNAStar序列分析软件,对所测PCV-2序列与GenBank中登录的国内外PCV-2毒株进行同源性比较。结果显示,PCV-2上海株与国内外毒株的核苷酸同源性高达95.0%～100%。进化树分析结果显示,其中9株PCV-2病毒属于PCV-2b亚型,3株PCV-2病毒属于PCV-2a亚型,且9株PCV-2b亚型毒株部分核苷酸位点显示其属于强毒力毒株。研究表明,上海市PCV-2感染以PCV-2b亚型为主,且氨基酸位点表明其具有较高的毒力。     

Identification of stable normalization genes for quantitative real-time PCR in porcine articular cartilage

Background

Expression levels for genes of interest must be normalized with an appropriate reference, or housekeeping gene, to make accurate comparisons of quantitative real-time PCR results. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable housekeeping genes in porcine articular cartilage subjected to a mechanical injury from a panel of 10 candidate genes.

Results

Ten candidate housekeeping genes were evaluated in three different treatment groups of mechanically impacted porcine articular cartilage. The genes evaluated were: beta actin, beta-2-microglobulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A (cyclophilin A), ribosomal protein L4, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit A, TATA box binding protein, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein—zeta polypeptide. The stability of the genes was measured using geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder software. The four most stable genes measured via geNorm were (most to least stable) succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin; the four most stable genes measured via BestKeeper were glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peptidylprolyl isomerase A, beta actin, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A; and the four most stable genes measured via NormFinder were peptidylprolyl isomerase A, succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein, subunit A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta actin.

Conclusions

BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder all generated similar results for the most stable genes in porcine articular cartilage. The use of these appropriate reference genes will facilitate accurate gene expression studies of porcine articular cartilage and suggest appropriate housekeeping genes for articular cartilage studies in other species.     

鸭新城疫病毒和鸭圆环病毒二重PCR检测方法的建立

本研究根据GenBank中鸭新城疫病毒(NDV)的F基因和鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)的V1/rep基因的保守序列,各设计一对特异性引物,并对二重PCR的扩增条件进行优化,建立了鸭NDV和DuCV的二重PCR检测方法。对混合样品进行扩增,得到2条大小为493bp(鸭NDV)和218bp(DuCV)的特异性条带,与预扩增片段相符。而对番鸭细小病毒、鸭瘟病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭源小鹅瘟病毒、鸭H9亚型流感病毒、鸭疫里氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌等病原检测,结果为阴性。该方法的敏感性试验表明,鸭NDV的核酸最小量为40fg,DuCV为20fg。     

猪圆环病毒2型的分离鉴定及全基因组克隆和序列分析

通过PCR方法对采自四川省某规模化猪场一批疑似断奶仔猪多系统衰弱综合征病例的肺脏、淋巴结进行PCV-2的抗原检测,并将检测结果为阳性的对应组织研磨、过滤除菌后接种无PCV-1污染的PK-15细胞,盲传15代后,IFA方法检测出有明显的特异性荧光,将该毒株命名为PCV-2-SC株,并对PCV-2-SC病毒基因组全长进行扩增及克隆、测序与比对分析。测序结果显示该病毒基因组全长1 767bp,分离株与国内外参考毒株核苷酸序列相似性在95.2%～99.5%之间,进化树分析表明,PCV-2分离毒株在进化上存在地域相关性。PCV-2四川株的分离鉴定为其诊断试剂的研制及检测方法的建立奠定了基础。