Influence of light colours on growth and stress response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under laboratory conditions

Summary The influence of light colours on growth and stress response in rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss (15.16 ± 0.29 cm; 32.27 ± 1.18 g) was studied. Fish were reared in 16 glass aquaria (140 × 30 × 80 cm) each with 12 fish under one of four different lighting spectra: yellow (546 nm), red (605 nm), blue (470 nm) and white (full spectrum, control). Experiments lasted 125 days. The stress response was evaluated by measuring cortisol levels. Body weight and total length of the fish reared under yellow light were greater compared with the other colour regimes while feed conversion ratio significantly lowers. Condition factor and specific growth rate, however, were not differentiated among experimental light treatments. Stressed fish showed lower cortisol levels under yellow light compared with other light exposures. The study indicates that under laboratory conditions, rainbow trout grow best under yellow light and that yellow light lowers the stress‐induced cortisol response in this fish species.     

银鲑不同部位肌肉的营养评价与特征风味分析

为科学评价银鲑不同部位肌肉的营养品质及风味差异,本试验以银鲑背部和腹部肌肉为原料,通过测定银鲑不同部位肌肉的基本营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,分析其营养学特征;采用气相离子迁移谱仪(GC-IMS)分析不同部位肌肉的特征风味.结果表明,除灰分外,银鲑背部和腹部肌肉的营养组成存在显著差异,腹部肌肉粗脂肪含量高达10.93 ...     

Variation in juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) dispersal in relation to age and growth performance

Volitional dispersal is a ubiquitous strategy characteristic of species across major faunal groups. Dispersal during the juvenile life stage is of interest because early performance can be critical for determining future success (survival/reproduction). For salmonids, dispersal can influence local density, competition, individual growth and survival, though drivers of dispersal at meso-scales are rarely quantified. Here, we evaluate dispersal of tagged juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through habitat units in extended stream reaches (500 m) at sites across a watershed from July to October 2017. Our aim was to quantify the frequency and spatial extent of dispersal, identify links to biotic and abiotic factors, evaluate the implications for individual growth and test for associations between dispersal and migration initiation. Dispersal rates varied between sites, but were consistently higher for age 1+ than for age 0 steelhead (avg. 21% vs. 6% respectively). Age 1+ dispersal probability was positively correlated with time between recapture events and body mass, and negatively correlated with growth rate, maximum temperature experienced and age 1+ density. At sites where there appeared to be growth benefits to remaining sedentary compared to moving, proportionally fewer fish performed dispersal. We found no links between dispersal and timing or probability of migration initiation the following spring. Our results support the hypothesis that although dispersal over intermediate scales (10–1,000 m) might be rare, it could be an important strategy that permits fish to seek out better opportunities (foraging, shelter or otherwise) in underutilised areas.     

杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响

本试验旨在研究杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响。选取体质健康、平均体重(145.56±4.12) g的虹鳟450尾,随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。各组分别在基础饲料中添加浓度为0(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%的杜仲皮水提物。试验期为10周。结果表明:1)各组之间终末体重、增重率、成活率、特定生长率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组间肌肉pH45 min、pH24 h均无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组肌肉pH下降率最高,且显著高于2.0%和4.0%组(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%组显著高于4.0%组(P<0.05)。3)各组间肌肉离心失水率、冷冻渗出率均无显著差异(P>0.05),1.0%组肌肉滴水损失显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。4) 4.0%组肌肉弹力和弹性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉胶着性和咀嚼性显著高于1.0%组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉内聚性显著高于1.0%、2.0%和对照组(P<0.05)。5) 1.0%和4.0%组肌肉肌纤维直径显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉肌纤维密度随着杜仲皮水提物浓度的增加而增大,0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%组之间肌纤维密度无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合以上各项指标,建议饲料中添加浓度为4.0%杜仲皮水提物以改善虹鳟肌肉品质。     

乌苏里江大麻哈鱼的溯河生殖群体结构

1996年9月10日～10月10日于乌苏里江大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchusketa)生殖群体中随机取样904尾,研究其年龄与生长、体长体重组成、生殖力、成熟系数及肥满度等主要群体结构特征,并与历年群体进行比较分析。结果表明,1996年的生殖群体主要由2 ～4 龄个体组成,其中,3 龄大麻哈鱼占数量优势(743%),该年龄中的雌性数量多于雄性。雌性的性成熟年龄为3龄,而雄性更早些。在1 ～3 龄期间,雄、雌鱼的生长率相近,但达到4 龄时,雄性生长快于雌性。该生殖群体的个体体长平均为(640±296)cm,其中,60～65cm体长的个体占数量优势(315%),个体体重平均为(34±058)kg其中,3～4kg体重的个体占数量优势(442%)。计算表明,生殖群体的体重与体长呈显著相关。在55例雌性样品中,绝对生殖力为2296～6380粒,相对生殖力为03～160粒/g。绝对生殖力与鱼龄、体长、体重增长分别存在线性关系。雄性成熟系数为249～929,雌性为100～3316。这说明雄性成熟系数随体重增加而减少。雌性肥满度为09～101,雄性为102～117,说明肥满度随体长的增加而增加。     

Comparison of nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout culture based on fresh Baltic herring, moist and dry diets

The nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cage culture using locally caught low-fat Baltic herring, herring-based moist diets and fishmeal-based dry diets were estimated. Feeding with herring led to nitrogen and phosphorus losses into the water twice as high as those feeding with dry pellets (78–162 versus 37–39 g N and 15–39 versus 7–18 g P per kg growth). This was supported by direct measurements of ammonia and phosphate excretion. Increasing feeding frequencies resulted in increased nutrient losses irrespective of diet. Increasing dietary lipid level had a more pronounced effect in reducing the expected nutrient losses in dry pellets than herring. The reduction within the herring was approximately 18% on average for nitrogen and 25% for phosphorus losses. Dietary water content did not affect the nutrient losses. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Effects of dietary incorporation of potato protein concentrate and supplementation of methionine on growth and feed utilization of rainbow trout

Four diets (1, 2, 3 and 4) were formulated to contain different potato protein concentrate (PPC) levels (0, 22, 56, and 111 g kg⁻¹). Diet 5 contained 56 g kg⁻¹ PPC and 17 g kg⁻¹ methionine. A growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect on growth and feed utilization of incorporation of PPC and supplementation of methionine in the diet of rainbow trout. When the proportion of PPC exceeded 56 g kg⁻¹ the growth of fish decreased while both growth and feed utilization decreased when the dietary PPC was 111 g kg⁻¹. Protein productive value and condition factor of the fish decreased and mortality increased with the increase in the proportion of dietary PPC.     

孵化后温度调控对虹鳟全雌家系早期生长性能的影响

本研究以建立的虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）全雌全同胞家系为研究对象,受精卵在12℃避光孵化至上浮,上浮后设置了四个温度处理组进行饲育,分别为12℃、15℃、18℃、20℃和水温4～7℃之间（平均水温约为6℃）常规涌泉水流水养殖对照组。30d后,所有处理组均转入与对照组相同条件的流水养殖。生长性能数据采...     

虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)的发育状况及其DNA倍性分析

雄性三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhyncus mykiss)可以发育至生理成熟并表现出较强的雄性副性征,性腺发育基本正常;雌性三倍体虹鳟性腺几乎不发育,并且存在着类雄性化的发育趋势.本研究拟通过对虹鳟杂交胚胎(2n♀×3n♂)发育状况及其DNA倍性的分析,进而确认三倍体虹鳟是否具有与二倍体虹鳟类似的生育能力并分析其原因.选取经两个世代家系选育的虹鳟优良品系二倍体雌性虹鳟作为母本,以热休克方法人工诱导的优质雄性三倍体虹鳟为父本,常规人工采集精卵授精,获得三倍体雄性与二倍体雌性杂交胚胎,观察杂交胚胎的发育进程,通过流式细胞仪检测杂交胚胎的DNA含量,进而与二倍体雌雄交配获得的胚胎对照确定杂交胚胎的倍性.结果表明,杂交胚胎的受精率、发眼率和孵化率均显著地低于对照组,杂交胚胎多数在发眼期之前死亡,破膜的胚胎在仔鱼期上浮前全部死亡.杂交胚胎的DNA含量分布范围较大,大致可以分为两个水平,接近84％的胚胎的DNA含量介于二倍体与三倍体之间,约为对照组DNA含量的2.5倍;约有16％的胚胎的DNA含量在三倍体和四倍体之间.本研究认为,染色体非整倍体化可能会引起杂交胚胎细胞核质不相容,进而导致基因表达调控紊乱,从而使杂交胚胎不能正常发育,无法完成由母体卵黄供给的内源营养向外源营养的转换,成为导致杂交胚胎发育过程中大量死亡,以及杂交仔鱼在破膜之后开始进食之前全部死亡的一个重要原因.     

吸附法制备大麻哈鱼硫酸软骨素的工艺优化

以去肉后的大麻哈鱼鱼头为原料,采用复合酶酶解提取硫酸软骨素,研究D958树脂分离纯化硫酸软骨素的效果;以解吸率为指标,研究吸附温度、时间及酶解液pH对硫酸软骨素纯化效果的影响。结果表明,采用D958树脂纯化大麻哈鱼鱼头硫酸软骨素的最佳工艺条件为:酶解液pH 6.0,4℃吸附3 h;此条件下硫酸软骨素的解吸率达87.66%,纯化效果最好。因此树脂吸附法能从大麻哈鱼鱼头酶解液中有效分离得到硫酸软骨素,为大麻哈鱼加工废弃物的高值化利用开辟了一个新途径。