Effect of organic fertilizer on plankton primary productivity in fish ponds

The effect of cattle organic fertilizer on plankton primary production and related variables was tested in six Bulgarian fish ponds situated close to the town of Plovdiv in Bulgaria. At the beginning of the experiment (16th of May 2004, about 10 days after filling with water) a suppression of plankton metabolism was observed and after that the ponds treated with manure demonstrated significantly higher productivity than the controls, especially during the transition to the autumn season when the water column was more regularly mixed. The other measured variables (Secchi disk readings, plankton chlorophyll-a and respiration, assimilation number per unit chlorophyll-a) did not show significant differences between the treated and control ponds.     

Building shade affects light environment and urban greenery in high-density residential estates in Singapore

Urban green spaces are an important component of the urban ecosystem of cities as they provide a range of ecosystem services that contribute to sustainability and livability of urban areas. The extent to which such services are provided is influenced by limitations on biological processes that underpin such ecosystem services. A poorly understood limitation in the urban environment is the effects of shade created by buildings on the adequacy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for plant growth. We examined the effects of building shade in high-density, high-rise residential estates in Singapore on the level and distribution of PAR, and how PAR might in turn be correlated with growth of plants in community green spaces nested within these estates. Our estimates showed that high-rise and high-density buildings reduced daily PAR by almost 50% when compared to fully exposed conditions. The reduced PAR levels were correlated with lower vegetative and reproductive growth of several species of shrubs, and increased slenderness of two tree species. The shade environment created by buildings was differentiated from shade under vegetation canopies by longer periods of high instantaneous PAR during a diurnal cycle. There was also evidence of higher red to far-red ratio in the spectral composition of PAR. We suggest that an understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR is necessary for appropriate selection of plants, particularly to match daily PAR received on site to daily light integral requirements of plants for improved delivery of ecosystem services.     

不同栽培模式下晚稻齐穗后的光合性能及其与产量的关系

通过栽培技术的集成设置了5种栽培模式（T1氮空白、T2当地常规、T3高产高效、T4超高产、T5高效超高产）,采用随机区组试验设计,探索不同栽培模式下水稻齐穗后的光合性能（叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光）及其与产量的关系。结果表明：在齐穗后的20 d内,T2的叶绿素含量较T3、T4和T5含量高,而后其叶绿素含量较T3、T4和T5低;叶绿素荧光指标Y（NPQ）在齐穗后10 d,T3,T4,T5分别比T2高26.1％,60％,18％,在齐穗后30 d,T3,T4,T5分别比T2高25.5％,32.3％,32.0％,非调节性能量耗散的量子产额在齐穗后10 d,T3,T4,T5分别比T2低5.6％,13.3％,0.9％,在齐穗后30 d ,T3,T4,T5分别比T2低5.1％,16.6％,0.8％;非光化学淬灭系数在齐穗后10 d,T3,T4,T5分别比T2高34.9％,87.9％,21.1％,在齐穗后10 d,T3,T4,T5分别比T2高38.0％,57.8％,34.8％;T3、T4和T5的产量分别比当地常规模式T2提高8.3％、14.6％和25.8％,并且T4和T5在5％和1％显著水平上都与T2差异显著。说明通过栽培技术的集成,可提高齐穗后叶片的光合性能,从而提高产量。     

国家自然科学基金项目（J1210056）

为探讨硫化氢(H2S)作为潜在的新型氮肥增效剂的可能性,通过水培实验,以扬麦16为材料,以NaHS为H2S供体(浓度0.01mmol·L-1),研究了外源低浓度H2S对低氮(2.5 mmol·L-1)、中氮(7.5)和高氮(15 mmol·L-1)条件下小麦幼苗光合作用、硝态氮吸收和同化的影响.结果表明,外源低浓度H2S促进了小麦幼苗的光合作用及对硝态氮的吸收,使低氮条件下植株干物质重增加15.5％,显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮及叶绿素含量.外源H2S处理后,低氮和中氮水平下叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性有所增加,尤其是在低氮水平下增加显著,但在高氮水平下NR与GS活性分别下降22％和13％,GDH活性与对照无明显差异.以上结果说明外源低浓度H2S可提高小麦幼苗对低氮的适应性,促进其生长及对氮素吸收与同化.     

低温寡照条件下黄瓜叶片光合作用减弱的机理分析

以黄瓜品种‘津优101’（Jinyou101）为试材,于2020−2021年在南京信息工程大学利用人工气候箱开展低温寡照双因素环境控制试验。昼/夜温设置13℃/3℃、16℃/6℃、19℃/9℃、22℃/12℃共4个水平,光合有效辐射（PAR）设置200和400μmol·m−2·s−1两个水平,各处理均分别持续3、6、9、12d,以28℃/18℃和800μmol·m−2·s−1的光温设置为对照（CK）。测定不同处理下幼苗期黄瓜叶片的叶绿体色素含量、光合参数和快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,以探究低温寡照条件下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用减弱的机理。结果表明：（1）不同处理下黄瓜叶片的各叶绿体色素含量均随温度和PAR降低而降低,随处理时间延长而降低。（2）不同处理下叶片最大光合速率（Pmax）、光饱和点（LSP）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均随胁迫程度和时间的增加呈降低趋势,光补偿点（LCP）随胁迫程度和时间的增加呈上升趋势,说明低温寡照胁迫程度越深、胁迫时间越长,黄瓜叶片光合作用越弱。（3）随着胁迫程度加深和时间延长,黄瓜叶片快速荧光诱导动力学曲线（OJIP曲线）的JIP相逐渐下降;能量分配比率参数（φPo、ψEo和φEo）均逐渐减小;单位活性反应中心所吸收（ABS/RC）和捕获（TRo/RC）的光能逐渐增加,但用于电子传递的光能（ETo/RC）仍逐渐减少。本研究证实,低温寡照处理使黄瓜叶片气孔导度下降,气体交换受阻;天线色素含量降低,叶片吸收和捕获的光能减少;PSII性能降低,用于光化学反应的能量减少,因而叶片光合作用减弱。     

3种抗倒剂对小麦生长与产量的影响

在小麦生产中,倒伏对其产量影响较大。为达到控高及稳产的目的,选用3种常用的抗倒剂(25%矮壮丰、3%调环酸钙水乳剂、5%抗倒酯水乳剂)来探究其对小麦生长及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规对照R₂(矮壮丰80 m L/667 m²)相比,在灌浆期(5月12日)前,其他抗倒剂处理下小麦的叶绿素含量大都低于对照,而灌浆期后下降缓慢,光合作用时间延长;抗倒剂处理下小麦的株高都低于对照且在R₆(抗倒酯水乳剂60 m L/667 m²)处理下降至最低,且小麦的不同节间长度在抗倒酯水乳剂处理下都得到控制,在最高浓度(60 m L/667 m²)处理下都降至最低;调环酸钙水乳剂仅对小麦的第3、第5节间有控长作用,而抗倒酯水乳剂对小麦的大部分节间都起到控长作用。从产量方面来看,有效穗数在R₆(抗倒酯水乳剂60 m L/667 m²)处理下达到最高,实粒数在不同处理下相差不大,结实率和千粒质量在抗倒酯水乳剂处理下都处于较高水平,但产量在常规对照R₂(矮壮丰80m L/667 m²)处理下最高;其次是R₆(抗倒酯水乳剂60 m L/667 m²)处理。因此,综合考虑控高效果、有效穗数和千粒质量提高及稳产等多种因素,推荐在小麦的分蘖末期喷施60 m L/667 m²的5%抗倒酯水乳剂,能达到控高且不会明显降低其产量的目的。     

环境变化对植物叶片结构·光合作用的影响

环境变化往往对植物叶片结构和光合作用产生影响.综述了不同环境条件（光照、温度、水分、盐、干旱）下叶片结构和光合作用的变化情况,加深对植物生长特性的认识及应用.     

苏州主要园林树种的光合固碳能力对比分析

园林树种的光合固碳能够维持城市空气中CO2和O2的平衡。以苏州地区32个园林树种为材料,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用仪测定了其光合日变化,并利用测定结果计算其日净固碳能力,再以聚类分析法对其日净固碳量进行分类。结果如下:第1类[日净固碳量极高,17.55~18.76 g/(m2·d)]有紫荆、枫杨、垂柳,第2类[日净固碳量高,12.25~16.02 g/(m2·d)]有大叶女贞、乌桕、榉树、枫香树、垂丝海棠、樱花、夹竹桃,第3类[日净固碳量中等,8.57~11.97 g/(m2·d)]有银杏、红花檵木、朴树、乐昌含笑、红叶李、杜英、海桐、金边黄杨、杜鹃、重阳木、樟树、金丝桃、红叶石楠,第4类[日净固碳量低,3.81~7.64 g/(m2·d)]有红枫、洒金东瀛珊瑚、金叶女贞、八角金盘、五角枫、鹅掌楸、紫薇、木芙蓉、桂花。上述分析结果可对苏州的园林规划及树种选择提供一定的理论指导。     

The effects of light and temperature on the photosynthesis of the Asparagopsis armata tetrasporophyte (Falkenbergia rufolanosa), cultivated in tanks

The integrated aquaculture of the tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata Harvey (Falkenbergia rufolanosa) using fish farm effluents may be viable due to the species high capacity of removing nutrients and its content of halogenated organic compounds with applications on the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In order to optimize the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa, we followed the daily variation of the potential quantum yield (F_v/F_m) of PSII on plants cultivated at different biomass densities and different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) fluxes to check if they are photoinhibited at any time of the day. Moreover, the photoinhibition under continuous exposure to highly saturating irradiance and its potential for subsequent recovery in the shade was assessed. The potential for year round cultivation was evaluated by measuring rates of O₂ evolution of plants acclimated at temperatures ranging from 15 to 29 °C, the temperature range of a fish farm effluent in southern Portugal where an integrated aquaculture system of F. rufolanosa was constructed.Photoinhibition does not seem to be a major constrain for the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa. Only when cultivated at a very low density of 1.5 g fresh weight (FW) l^− 1 that there was a midday decrease in maximal quantum yield (F_v/F_m). At densities higher than 4 g FW l^− 1, no photoinhibition was observed. When exposed to full solar irradiance for 1 h, F. rufolanosa showed a 33% decrease in F_v/F_m, recovering to 86% of the initial value after 2 h in the shade. A midday decline of the F. rufolanosa F_v/F_m was also observed under the lowest TAN flux tested (∼6 μM h^− 1), suggesting that this fast and easy measurement of fluorescence may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to detect nutrient-starved unbalance conditions of the cultures. Maximum net photosynthesis peaked at 15 °C with 9.7 mg O₂ g dry weight (DW)^− 1 h^− 1 and remained high until 24 °C. At 29 °C, the net oxygen production was significantly reduced due to a dramatic increase of respiration, suggesting this to be the species' lethal temperature threshold.Results indicate that F. rufolanosa has a considerable photosynthetic plasticity and confirm it as a good candidate for integrated aquaculture at temperatures up to 24° C and cultivation densities of at least 5 g FW l^− 1. When cultivated at these densities, light does not penetrate below the first few centimetres of the surface zone. Plants circulate within the tanks, spending around 10% of the time in the first few centimetres where they are able to use efficiently the saturating light levels without damaging their photosynthetic apparatus.     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.