补灌对旱地小麦花后旗叶和籽粒氮代谢及产量的影响

为了探讨旱地高产麦田的高产潜力,在莱阳市冯格庄的旱地高产麦田（曾多次创出旱地9 000 kg·hm-2以上产量）研究了补充灌水（简称“补灌”）对旱地小麦生育后期氮代谢及产量的影响。结果表明,补灌对旱地小麦旗叶氮代谢指标有一定的调节作用。在补灌120 mm的处理中,旱地小麦达到高产水平（9 310.20 kg·hm-2）。随着补灌次数的增加,在补灌180 mm和240 mm的处理中旱地小麦旗叶的硝酸还原酶活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸含量和脯氨酸含量有所降低。在本试验条件下,补灌120 mm的处理产量最高。继续增加补灌次数,产量开始下降,甚至低于对照处理,表明合理灌溉对旱地小麦产量提高有积极的促进作用。     

中华红杨叶片生长过程中光合特性及花青素的关系研究

[目的]探讨红杨叶片发育过程中从幼叶到老叶的光合特性和花青素的关系。[方法]通过气体交换、叶绿素荧光和光谱技术研究了中华红杨叶片发育过程中的光合特性及与气孔发育的关系。[结果]①随着叶片的生长,花青素含量逐渐降低,叶绿素含量迅速增加。②光饱和光合速率随着叶片面积的增加而持续升高,但气孔导度的增加明显滞后。③增加CO2浓度时不同发育阶段的叶片净光合速率均有大幅度增加,但叶片发育后期光合速率增加程度较大。④光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）在叶片发育过程中增加幅度较小（〈15%）。[结论]叶片发育过程中存在明显的气孔限制;随着中华红杨叶片的生长光合机构逐步完善,叶绿素含量增加和花青素含量降低是叶片从红色逐渐变成绿色的主要原因。     

缺钾对黄瓜幼苗光合作用和氮素代谢的影响

本试验以黄瓜幼苗为材料,研究了缺钾对光合作用和氮素代谢的影响。结果表明,缺钾显著抑制黄瓜的净光合速率和生长及硝酸还原酶活性,随着缺钾程度的提高,铵态氮含量升高,硝态氮含量降低。     

不同嫁接方法对黄瓜幼苗生长特性的影响

本试验以“铁力砧F1”为砧木,“新泰密刺”为接穗,采用靠接、劈按、插接、改良插接4种嫁接方法处理,以自根苗为对照,研究了不同嫁接方法对黄瓜幼苗生长特性的影响。结果表明：改良插接法幼苗成活率最高,靠接法次之,劈接法成活率最低。嫁接苗在株高、茎粗、最大叶面积、最大侧根长、根系活力、叶绿素含量、光合作用等方面均显著优于自根苗;靠接苗的各项指标均显著高于其它嫁接苗,改良插接苗与插接苗差异不显著。嫁接可显著增加幼苗的叶绿素含量,提高幼苗的净光合速率,促进其生长。     

增补UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊光合作用和光合色素的影响

强太阳紫外线-B(UV-B)辐射是青藏高原的主要环境胁迫因子,以高山植物美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料,在2008和2009年植物生长盛期的7,8月份,采用选择性过滤膜和UV-B荧光灯管组合的方法研究了净光合速率(P_n)、稳态PSⅡ光化学效率、光合色素和紫外线吸收物质对强UV-B辐射的响应,探讨了典型高山植物的UV-B适应特性。结果表明:增补UV-B辐射能引起P_n和气孔导度(G_s)的增加;随处理时间的延长,第11和16天PSⅡ实际量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)呈下降趋势,说明UV-B辐射对高山植物叶片光合机构仍具有负作用,PSⅡ光化学效率的降低反映了UV-B辐射效应的积累。增补初期光合色素有增加的趋势,但随处理时间的延长最终呈降低趋势,表明UV-B辐射对光合色素的光破坏是本质的,而基于叶片厚度增加导致的光合色素含量升高是一种表象。增补UV-B处理没有引起紫外线吸收物质含量的变化,表明高山植物叶表皮层丰富的黄酮类物质能有效保护光合机构,受环境UV-B辐射波动的影响较少。综上表明:增补UV-B后叶片G_s的增加以及单位叶片面积光合色素增加有利于P_n的提高,但青藏高原强太阳UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合生理过程仍具有潜在的负效应。     

铁胁迫对甜瓜幼苗光合作用及生理特性的影响

以甜瓜为材料,研究了铁胁迫对甜瓜光合作用和生理特性的影响。结果表明,铁浓度的增大会促进超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性升高,SOD、POD活性随着处理时间的延长继续上升。低铁和高铁导致甜瓜幼苗PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）降低,而初始荧光（Fo）上升。     

Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L.

The effects of silicon (Si) application on plant growth, pigments, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence parameters and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Cucumis sativus L. under cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Compared with the control, 100 μM CdCl₂ treatment caused dramatic accumulation of Cd in cucumber leaves, greatly induced chlorosis, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated that Cd treatment cucumber chloroplast showed obvious swollen, thylakoids and chloroplast membrane were seriously damaged, and could not be observed clearly. Application of Si reversed the chlorosis, protected the chloroplast from disorganization, and significantly increased the pigments contents, which might be mainly responsible for the higher photosynthetic rate and accumulation of biomass under Cd stress. Further investigation of chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that Cd treatment decreasing photosynthesis was not due to stomatal restriction, while was closely related integrity damage or function lost of the photosynthetic machinery which can be concluded from the higher intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and lower F_v/F_m and ΦPSII. Application of Si alleviated the inhibited level of photosynthesis and F_v/F_m and ΦPSII by Cd, which might imply that Si plays important roles in protecting photosynthetic machinery from damaging. The Cd treatment also greatly inhibited the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism including nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and Si supply decreased the inhibiting effects of Cd.     

Phosphorus ameliorates crop productivity,photosynthetic efficiency,nitrogen-fixation,activities of the enzymes and content of nutraceuticals of Lablab purpureus L.

Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus L.) serves as a good source of vegetable proteins in human diet. Its seeds and pods contain as much as 20–28% protein. Besides, it contains tyrosinase enzyme, which has potential use in the treatment of hypertension. Phosphorus deficiency causes a serious yield and quality constraint of beans at Aligarh, Western Uttar Pradesh, India. To address the problem, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of basal phosphorus application on the agricultural performance of this medicinal legume. The plants were grown in pots containing soil supplied with five levels of phosphorus viz. 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg P kg⁻¹ soil as potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH₂PO₄). The growth and other physiological attributes, leaf nutrient contents, nodule-nitrogen and leghemoglobin content were studied at 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS), photosynthesis and other related parameters were measured at 90 DAS and yield and quality attributes were recorded at harvest (150 DAS). Nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrate activities, leaf-N, -P, -K and -Ca contents and nodule-nitrogen and leghemoglobin contents reached the maximum extent at 60 DAS. At 90 and 120 DAS, the values decreased significantly. Chlorophyll content, carotenoids content, and photosynthesis were at maximum level at 90 DAS. At various growth stages, phosphorus application at 75 mg P kg⁻¹ soil resulted in maximum amelioration of most of the parameters studied. It increased the seed-yield by 38.3%, seed-protein content by 14.9% and seed-carbohydrate content by 5.0%, relative to the control. It was concluded that there was a hidden hunger of hyacinth bean for phosphorus owing to soil-phosphorus deficiency that was ameliorated effectively by its basal dressing at 75 mg P kg⁻¹ soil.     

云南高原甘薯地方品种光合特性分析

试验对23份自育的甘薯品系、台湾薯、川山紫、徐91-51-1和京杂4号等甘薯良种的叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率进行了测定,对照品种为甘薯良种徐薯18。结果表明：叶片叶绿素a含量以“云薯122”（3.19g/L）最高,叶绿素b含量以“云薯104”（0.86g/L）最高 ,叶绿素总量含量最高的是“云薯112”和“云薯122”,均为4.04g/L,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值最高的是“云薯52”（4.25）。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和细胞间隙CO2浓度均以“甘心红薯”最高,分别为17.98μmol/(m2?s)、7.64μmol/(m2?s)、235.63 mmol/ (m2?s)和320.12μL/L,均高于徐薯18。     

光合细菌-根瘤菌最佳施用配比的研究

（沈阳农业大学,辽宁沈阳 110161）