辽宁省粳型超级稻品种生物产量与光合特性研究

【目的】辽宁省近年育成一批在生产上推广应用的超级稻品种或杂交组合,为北方粳稻单产水平的再次提高做出了重大的贡献,本研究旨在探讨辽宁省超级稻品种高产的主要成因及光合特点。【方法】以盐丰47和辽星1号2个中晚熟超级粳稻品种为试材,以辽粳9号为对照品种,种植于大田,对其生物产量、稻谷产量、光合特性等进行调查分析。【结果】2个超级稻品种的生物产量和稻谷都显著高于辽粳9号。盐丰47生物产量和收获指数都高于对照品种,产量水平最高,辽星1号的生物产量最高,收获指数略低于对照,产量水平居第2位。超级稻品种出穗后光合生产能力高于对照品种。【结论】增加或保持现有品种的收获指数,增加品种生物产量,并提高品种的生育后期叶源量和光合速率是今后水稻超高产育种的主要技术途径。     

Gas exchange responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. africana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. robusta</Emphasis> to varying soil moisture content in semi-arid (Thika) Kenya

A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO₂ concentrations of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g _s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), C. africana (17.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g _s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol⁻¹ and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown trees.     

根系分区交替灌溉对苹果叶片光合作用的影响

以西北农林科技大学白水苹果试验站果园12 a生的红富士(Malus domestica Borkh,cv fuji)为试验材料,研究了不灌溉(对照)、树盘两侧分区交替灌溉和不分区灌溉3种处理对苹果叶片、新梢生长量等形态指标以及叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等光合指标的影响.结果表明:分区交替灌溉在较不分区灌溉节水50%的前提下,新梢生长量和叶面积均大于对照而小于不分区灌溉,叶绿素含量高于对照和不分区灌溉;测定时间段的平均净光合速率,不分区灌溉相比对照增加23.9%,分区交替灌溉相比对照增加36.4%,同时分区交替灌溉相比不分区灌溉增加10.1%;测定时间段的平均蒸腾速率,不分区灌溉相比对照增加25.0%,分区交替灌溉相比对照增加17.7%,而分区交替灌溉相比不分区灌溉降低13.4%.     

盐胁迫对臭椿的生长与光合的影响

文章研究了在盐分胁迫条件下一年生臭椿苗的某些生长、生理指标的动态变化,目的在于探讨臭椿的耐盐特性。结果表明：盐分胁迫能显著降低苗高生长,单位面积叶重有随着盐分升高而增加的趋势;而单株叶面积则呈下降趋势。盐胁迫处理初期影响光合的主要因素是气孔因素,而随着盐胁迫处理时间的延长,叶肉因素则成为影响光合的主要因素。     

开花和灌浆初期高温胁迫对国稻6号结实的生理影响

为研究杂交稻对开花结实期高温胁迫的生理生态适应性,选用具代表性的主栽杂交稻组合国稻6号、协优46,人工设计极值高温40~42℃,自始穗期至此后15 d每天6 h行热害处理,以自然气候条件为对照,比较研究高温胁迫对国稻6号与协优46结实的生理影响。结果表明,国稻6号具较高的受孕小穗成粒效应,即不仅不孕小穗率低,而且秕谷率也低。国稻6号对开花结实期高温较协优46钝感,两者在小穗育性和热害指数上的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。究其生理原因, (1)成熟期间稻株剑叶光能转化效率及光合效率较高,茎鞘储藏物质较丰;(2)成熟期间稻株仍具较强根系吸水能力与叶片蒸腾水平,维持蒸腾流利于光合物质运输;(3)成熟灌浆期稻株自动调节粒间顶端优势,增进迟开花的弱势粒充实成实粒。     

Spring wheat response to timing of water deficit through sink and grain filling capacity

Water and nitrogen (N) availability are the main factors influencing crop growth globally. Poorly distributed or insufficient water for crop growth requirements decreases yields in drought-prone areas such as those with a Mediterranean type environment. Cereal grain yield is a complex trait of interrelated components: plants per unit land area, spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, grains per spikelet, and single grain weight (SGW). The effect of water limitation and timing on development of yield components was studied in detail at the spike level in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Amaretto. An experiment with three watering treatments (control watering, CONT; drought prior to pollination, DR1 and terminal drought, DR2) was arranged in a large greenhouse (20 m × 30 m), with the use of standard field-trial machinery. Automated blackout curtains were used to control day length, which was set to correspond to that at 40°N. With watering treatments, two N application rates (60 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹) were used to investigate the N effect and potential watering × N interaction on yield formation and realisation. The water deficit effect exceeded the effect of N on fertile floret and grain number and SGW. DR1 strongly reduced the number of fertile florets and grains, whereas terminal drought reduced the number of grains per spike. Resuming the watering at pollination markedly enhanced photosynthesis, and hence grain filling capacity, resulting in the highest SGW in DR1. Enhancement in availability of key resources was associated with reduced rate of fertile floret and grain abortion, which resulted in higher grain to fertile floret ratio in DR1. Spikelets in the mid-section of the spike dominated yield formation in all treatments. In DR1 this was especially emphasised as 53% of the grain yield was produced in spikelets 4–6, whereas in DR2 and CONT this was 45 and 41%, respectively. Grains in proximal position in the spikelets produced about 80% of the spike grain yield, the proportion being slightly higher in stressed plants and plants receiving 60 kg N. No marked N × water deficit treatment interaction occurred for any of the measured parameters.     

干旱对大豆生理及产量影响的研究

干旱对农业生产影响巨大,开展干旱胁迫对大豆生理及产量影响的研究,将为干旱地区大豆生产提供理论依据。利用塑料整理箱进行了干旱胁迫对大豆光合生理、叶片抗氧化物酶和渗透调节物以及生物量、产量影响的研究,土壤水分为干旱(45%~55%的田间土壤最大持水量)和湿润(80%~100%的田间土壤最大持水量,CK)2个水平,进行了2年的试验研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使大豆净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均明显下降,使水分利用率增加;干旱胁迫对大豆叶片过氧化酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量无显著影响;干旱使大豆叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原糖含量和可溶性总糖含量增加25.00%,47.09%和47.16%。干旱胁迫使大豆株高、节数、茎粗明显下降。干旱使大豆地上部分生物量明显下降,其中2013年下降39.4%,2014年下降69.6%。干旱使大豆籽粒产量明显下降,2013,2014年分别下降46.9%和81.6%。干旱胁迫下,大豆叶片气孔导度显著下降,使CO2供应受到严重影响,降低叶片净光合速率。干旱胁迫还会使大豆细胞膜结构造成一定的破坏,影响植物正常的光合作用,使大豆光合代谢产物下降。虽然大豆可以通过渗透调节物质来保持细胞的水分,但干旱仍然抑制了植株的正常生长,使大豆生物量和产量下降。     

NaCl胁迫下外源壳聚糖对菜用大豆光合作用及叶绿体活性氧代谢的影响

采用蛭石栽培,以菜用大豆为试材,研究外源壳聚糖对NaCl胁迫下幼苗叶片光合作用及叶绿体活性氧(ROS)代谢的影响,以期探明NaCl胁迫下壳聚糖调控菜用大豆光合作用的生理机制。结果显示:NaCl胁迫下,外源壳聚糖通过诱导非气孔因素显著缓解了菜用大豆在胁迫中期(第6~12天)净光合速率(Pn)的下降;外源壳聚糖显著抑制了叶绿体O-·2的产生速率及H2O2含量的上升,显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)在胁迫中期(第6~12天)的活性。无盐条件下,外源壳聚糖在处理早期对上述各指标产生了显著影响,中、后期该作用消失。上述结果表明:外源壳聚糖在NaCl胁迫下对菜用大豆的作用与无盐条件下不同;NaCl胁迫下,壳聚糖可诱导菜用大豆叶绿体保护酶活性及As A-GSH循环的运转速率,及时清除过量ROS,以抑制盐胁迫对光合膜的伤害,这可能是壳聚糖缓解Pn下降,进而缓解菜用大豆干质量下降的重要原因之一;外源壳聚糖的作用具有时效性。     

不同抗旱措施对东试早柚光合生理特性及产量的影响

以东试早柚为试材,采用常规管理为对照,开展黑地膜、白地膜、杂草覆盖和添加保水剂措施的田间比较试验,研究不同抗旱措施对柚子物候期光合生理特性及其产量的影响。结果表明,柚子各物候期叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）均以黑地膜和白地膜处理最高,其次为草覆盖和保水剂处理,对照表现为最低。各抗旱措施柚子叶片的水分利用效率（WUE）均高于对照,从柚子现蕾期（1月）至壮果期（6月）以草覆盖和保水剂处理的WUE最高,而在柚子成熟期（7~9月）以黑地膜处理的WUE最高,对照的WUE表现最低。总的看来,不同抗旱措施均明显提高了全物候期柚子叶片的Pn及WUE;各抗旱措施处理以黑地膜处理的座果率和产量较对照均增加最为显著,较对照分别提高了91.7％和56.9％,白地膜和草覆盖的座果率及保水剂处理的产量居中,分别较对照提高了29％和47％、36.5％和31.9％,而对照的座果率与产量均最低。各抗旱措施效果从高到低依次为：黑地膜>白地膜>草覆盖>保水剂>对照。     

越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

为了解越冬期测墒补灌对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响,于2013-2014年小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,在大田条件下,依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌。设置5个试验处理,即全生育期不灌水（W0）、越冬期不灌水（W1）、越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量70%（W2）,越冬期补灌至土壤相对含水量75%（W3）及越冬期+拔节期+开花期各灌溉60 mm（W4）,其中W1、W2和W3处理在越冬期补灌基础上于拔节期和开花期分别补灌至土壤相对含水量的65%和70%,对不同水分条件下冬小麦叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、干物质积累、籽粒产量和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明,小麦各生育期总灌水量为W4＞W3＞W2＞W1＞W0。在灌浆中期,小麦旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0,拔节期、开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为W4＞W2＞W3＞W1＞W0;W2处理开花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率与W4处理无显著差异,均显著高于W0、W1和W3处理;各处理籽粒产量表现为W4＞W2、W3＞W1＞W0;水分利用效率表现为W2＞W1、W3＞W4＞W0。依据0~40 cm土层进行测墒补灌,小麦越冬期土壤目标相对含水量达70%的W2处理的补灌水量低于W3和W4处理,籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优,分别为8 864. 46 kg·hm^-2和22.14 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,是高产节水的最佳灌溉处理。