低氮水平下H_2S对小麦硝态氮吸收的影响

为探讨硫化氢(H2S)作为潜在的新型氮肥增效剂的可能性,通过水培实验,以扬麦16为材料,以NaHS为H2S供体(浓度0.01mmol·L-1),研究了外源低浓度H2S对低氮(2.5mmol·L-1)、中氮(7.5)和高氮(15mmol·L-1)条件下小麦幼苗光合作用、硝态氮吸收和同化的影响。结果表明,外源低浓度H2S促进了小麦幼苗的光合作用及对硝态氮的吸收,使低氮条件下植株干物质重增加15.5%,显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮及叶绿素含量。外源H2S处理后,低氮和中氮水平下叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)以及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性有所增加,尤其是在低氮水平下增加显著,但在高氮水平下NR与GS活性分别下降22%和13%,GDH活性与对照无明显差异。以上结果说明外源低浓度H2S可提高小麦幼苗对低氮的适应性,促进其生长及对氮素吸收与同化。     

外源丙酸对干旱胁迫下小麦氮代谢和产量的影响

为了解外源丙酸对小麦抗旱性的影响,以豫农211为试验材料,在大田条件下测定和分析了外源丙酸(拌种5mmol·L~(-1),喷施0.25mmol·L~(-1))对小麦氮代谢相关指标和产量的影响。结果发现,干旱胁迫下,小麦的生长发育受到明显抑制,干物质积累量、可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性均显著下降,脯氨酸含量升高,产量下降。外源丙酸处理可以使受干旱胁迫小麦的干物质积累量、可溶性蛋白含量、GS活性、NR活性和产量均显著增加,脯氨酸含量显著下降。说明适宜浓度的外源丙酸处理可减轻干旱对小麦生长发育的抑制作用,提高小麦的氮代谢和产量水平。     

不同氮反应冬小麦品种幼苗素质及氮代谢关键酶活性的耐低氮差异研究

为了明确不同氮敏感型冬小麦品种的幼苗对低氮胁迫的反应,基于小麦籽粒产量和籽粒氮含量的耐低氮指数,对24个冬小麦品种进行了耐低氮丰产型和氮敏感型分类,并以典型品种为材料,比较了其幼苗(5叶龄)在不施氮(0mmol·L~(-1))和施氮(16 mmol·L~(-1))条件下,地上部和根部的干物质积累量、氮含量、氮积累量及其叶片和根部的硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性。结果显示,与施氮处理相比较,不施氮处理小麦品种的幼苗根部干物质积累量、根冠比均增加,地上部干物质积累量、氮含量和氮积累量、根部氮含量和氮积累量以及NR和GS活性均降低。在不施氮处理下,耐低氮丰产型小麦品种的幼苗地上部干物质积累量的降幅小于氮敏感型品种,根部干物质积累量和根冠比的增幅均大于氮敏感型品种;耐低氮丰产型小麦品种幼苗总根长和总根表面积显著增加,根直径显著下降;氮敏感型小麦品种幼苗根直径和总根体积显著降低。与氮敏感型品种相比,耐低氮丰产型小麦品种幼苗地上部、根部的氮吸收能力较高,NR和GS两种酶活性降幅较小。     

腐植酸浸种对不同耐盐性小麦品种幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为了解腐植酸对小麦盐胁迫的缓解作用,以春小麦耐盐品种龙麦26和盐敏感品种克旱16为材料,分别用清水和腐植酸浸种,利用水培方式进行幼苗培养,在NaC1胁迫7d后,测定幼苗叶片硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量,以及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,分析腐植酸与盐胁迫对小麦碳氮代谢的互作效应.结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了春小麦茎叶的生长,降低了幼苗叶片硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量,以及NR活性和NR/SPS活性比.盐胁迫后,龙麦26的蔗糖、可溶性糖含量降低,叶片GS活性提高,但克旱16的蔗糖和可溶性糖含量升高.腐植酸浸种降低了盐胁迫下叶片硝态氮含量和NR、GS、SPS活性,提高了铵态氮、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量,增加了龙麦26的可溶性蛋白质含量和NR/SPS活性比,以及克旱16的SPS活性,而降低了克旱16的可溶性蛋白质含量和NR/SPS活性比及龙麦26的SPS活性.推测腐植酸浸种可能是通过调控SPS活性和降低NR活性来增加蔗糖含量,从而影响小麦在盐胁迫下的碳氮代谢及平衡.     

2个枇杷品种叶片氮代谢的比较

以‘东湖早’和‘早钟6号’枇杷为材料,研究其叶片氮含量和氮代谢相关酶活性,并探讨其间的相关性。结果表明,‘东湖早’枇杷春梢叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均显著高于‘早钟6号’,而2个品种的夏梢、秋梢和冬梢叶片则均无显著性差异。相关性分析表明,四个季节中,2个品种的叶片全氮含量均与NR、GS和GDH活性呈显著或极显著正相关;‘早钟6号’枇杷叶片氨态氮含量与NR和GS活性呈显著正相关,而‘东湖早’枇杷叶片氨态氮含量与NR和GS活性则呈不显著相关;2个品种的叶片硝态氮含量与NR、GS和GDH的活性均不存在显著相关性。     

外源水杨酸对小麦幼苗镍毒害的缓解效应

为了解外源水杨酸(SA)对小麦镍胁迫的缓解作用,以小麦品种陇春3031为材料,采用溶液培养法,研究了不同浓度的SA对1 mmol·L-1 Ni2+胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,1mmol·L-1 Ni2+胁迫显著降低了小麦幼苗的鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,显著提高了小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量。与单独Ni2+胁迫相比,0.1和0.5mmol·L-1 SA处理,可显著提高小麦幼苗地上部和根的鲜重和干重(P0.05),增加小麦幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,且叶绿素a/b显著升高。0.1mmol·L-1 SA处理,小麦幼苗总叶绿素含量升高了37.77%;提高了小麦幼苗叶和根中的POD活性和叶中的脯氨酸含量,降低了小麦幼苗根中脯氨酸含量;有效抑制了小麦叶和根中MDA含量的增加。说明适宜浓度的SA处理能缓解镍胁迫对小麦幼苗的毒害,增强其抗镍胁迫能力。     

砧木对甜瓜叶片氮代谢的影响

以"新盛玉"甜瓜为材料,研究不同砧木对其叶片氮代谢的影响,并探讨叶片氮含量与代谢相关酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明,新盛玉/越瓜嫁接组合的甜瓜叶片全氮、氨态氮和硝态氮含量,以及代谢相关酶(NR、GS和GDH)活性在3个处理中均为最高,植株生长势强、开花坐果早、单株坐果数多、衰老迟。新盛玉/南瓜嫁接组合前期生长势弱于对照,但从始花期开始生长势强于对照。3个处理的甜瓜叶片全氮和氨态氮含量均与NR和GS活性呈显著正相关、与GDH活性呈极显著正相关,GS活性与NR活性呈显著或极显著正相关。综合各项生理指标显示,"新盛玉"甜瓜接穗与越瓜砧木的亲和性优于南瓜砧木。     

硫肥不同用量对花生氮代谢的影响

为探讨花生在不同硫素水平下氮素代谢特点,选用606为试验材料,硫素设四个水平,测定不同生育时期主要氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH))活性和各器官蛋白质含量.结果表明,施用硫肥显著提高花生不同生育时期叶片中NR、GS、GOGAT和GDH活性;显著增加花生营养器官中蛋白质积累量和转移量,提高籽仁中蛋白质含量.其中施硫量为40kg/hm2时,氮代谢酶活性最大,籽仁蛋白质含量最高.     

硅对铬胁迫下小麦幼苗超微结构和铬吸收积累的影响

为探讨水培条件下外源硅对小麦铬毒害的缓解效应,以小麦品种京冬8号为材料,设置2种不同的铬浓度(0.4和0.8 mmol· L-1)和3种不同的硅浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol· L-1)梯度,研究了铬胁迫下硅对小麦幼苗铬吸收积累和超微结构的影响.结果表明,0.4 mmol·L-1铬胁迫下,硅浓度达0.5mmol·L-1时可以有效抑制小麦根系对铬的吸收积累,显著降低根系铬浓度和富集系数;0.8 mmol·L-1铬胁迫下,硅浓度达到1.0 mmol·L-1时可以有效抑制小麦根系对铬的吸收积累,显著降低根系铬浓度和富集系数.硅处理有使小麦叶鞘和叶片的铬浓度、富集系数和转移系数整体升高的趋势.硅可以减轻铬胁迫对小麦细胞超微结构的伤害,维持细胞形状的规则和结构的完整性,维护膜系统结构的正常和完整,恢复叶绿体的形状和类囊体结构的整齐规则,使线粒体结构恢复完整及内嵴结构清晰,恢复细胞核的完整性,且在试验范围内随硅浓度增大,缓解程度逐渐增大.     

外源脱落酸缓解小麦幼苗铜胁迫伤害的生理机制初探

为了解脱落酸(ABA)缓解小麦幼苗铜胁迫伤害的生理机制,采用营养液培养方法,研究了外源ABA对0.5mmol·L~(-1) Cu~(2+)胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素、可溶性糖含量及抗氧特性的影响。结果表明,0.5mmol·L~(-1) Cu~(2+)胁迫对小麦幼苗伤害明显,降低了叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量及根、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,提高了根和叶片丙二醛含量。铜胁迫下,添加1μmol·L~(-1) ABA可显著提高小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量及根和叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、叶片SOD活性,降低叶片铜含量。说明适宜浓度的外源ABA可通过调节渗透调节物质含量、增强抗氧化酶活性来减轻铜胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害,提高其抗铜胁迫能力。     

大气NH3浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响

为揭示大气NH₃浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦生物量和氮素利用的影响，通过开顶式气室，以小偃22为试验材料，于2020-2022两年进行田间微区试验，设置3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg·hm^-2）和两种大气NH₃浓度（空气背景NH₃浓度:0.01~0.03 mg·m^-3;高NH₃浓度:0.30~0.60 mg·m^-3）,对不同处理下小麦地上部和根系干物质、氮素积累量及氮素利用效率进行分析。结果表明，大气NH₃浓度升高能显著提升小麦地上部生物量、根系生物量、地上部氮素积累量和根系氮素积累量，2年内平均增幅分别为5.77%、6.74%、8.94%和9.98%。在空气背景NH₃浓度下，施氮后小麦显著增产， 180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平分别提高了45.26%和50.67%。在大气NH₃浓度升高环境中，随着施氮量的增加，小麦产量出现先升后降趋势， 180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下产量最高， 240 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下小麦产量较0 kg·hm^-2施氮水平降低17.97%，小麦氮肥农学效率和氮素利用率也随之降低。这说明，大气NH₃浓度升高的环境中适当减少氮肥施用量能有效提升冬小麦的氮素利用率，稳定小麦产量。     

氮素供应和pH值对玉米根系形态的影响

实验设正常供氮(0.5 mmol/L NO3-)和高氮(10 mmol/L NO3-)处理,研究不同pH值水平下(4.5～8.0)氮素供应对玉米根系生长的影响。结果表明,氮供应与溶液pH值对玉米根系的影响不存在互作效应。高氮供应不影响地上部与根的干物质积累;pH值提高有利于促进干物质向地上部分配,向根的分配比例相对下降,根冠比下降。高氮使单株根系总长度平均下降,降幅为34.5%,主要是轴根和侧根长度下降,轴根数和侧根密度受影响较小。在两个氮水平下,总根长、轴根长、侧根长均随pH值的上升表现增加的趋势,高pH值主要增加侧根密度。研究表明,在酸性土壤上,不能通过大量施用硝态氮肥缓解氢离子对根系生长的抑制作用。     

Nitrogen uptake,fixation and response to fertilizer N in soybeans: A review

Although relationships among soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) seed yield, nitrogen (N) uptake, biological N₂ fixation (BNF), and response to N fertilization have received considerable coverage in the scientific literature, a comprehensive summary and interpretation of these interactions with specific emphasis on high yield environments is lacking. Six hundred and thirty-seven data sets (site–year–treatment combinations) were analyzed from field studies that had examined these variables and had been published in refereed journals from 1966 to 2006. A mean linear increase of 0.013 Mg soybean seed yield per kg increase in N accumulation in aboveground biomass was evident in these data. The lower (maximum N accumulation) and upper (maximum N dilution) boundaries for this relationship had slopes of 0.0064 and 0.0188 Mg grain kg⁻¹ N, respectively. On an average, 50–60% of soybean N demand was met by biological N₂ fixation. In most situations the amount of N fixed was not sufficient to replace N export from the field in harvested seed. The partial N balance (fixed N in aboveground biomass − N in seeds) was negative in 80% of all data sets, with a mean net soil N mining of −40 kg N ha⁻¹. However, when an average estimated belowground N contribution of 24% of total plant N was included, the average N balance was close to neutral (−4 kg N ha⁻¹). The gap between crop N uptake and N supplied by BNF tended to increase at higher seed yields for which the associated crop N demand is higher. Soybean yield was more likely to respond to N fertilization in high-yield (>4.5 Mg ha⁻¹) environments. A negative exponential relationship was observed between N fertilizer rate and N₂ fixation when N was applied on the surface or incorporated in the topmost soil layers. Deep placement of slow-release fertilizer below the nodulation zone, or late N applications during reproductive stages, may be promising alternatives for achieving a yield response to N fertilization in high-yielding environments. The results from many N fertilization studies are often confounded by insufficiently optimized BNF or other management factors that may have precluded achieving BNF-mediated yields near the yield potential ceiling. More studies will be needed to fully understand the extent to which the N requirements of soybean grown at potential yields levels can be met by optimizing BNF alone as opposed to supplementing BNF with applied N. Such optimization will require evaluating new inoculant technologies, greater temporal precision in crop and soil management, and most importantly, detailed measurements of the contributions of soil N, BNF, and the efficiency of fertilizer N uptake throughout the crop cycle. Such information is required to develop more reliable guidelines for managing both BNF and fertilizer N in high-yielding environments, and also to improve soybean simulation models.     

Limited Increase of Agricultural Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Due to Increased Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations

SUMMARY

Increased atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ may lead to increases in agricultural soil carbon and nitrogen storage, but the impact is likely to be small and is uncertain due to limitations in other resources (e.g., nutrients, water) and interactions with climatic changes. Since only a small percentage of carbon added to the soil becomes stabilised, the impact of CO₂ fertilisation of crops is considered to be very small compared to deliberate efforts to increase soil carbon by improved agricultural management. Even if agricultural soil carbon stocks are increased, carbon credits cannot be claimed under the Kyoto Protocol since the increases are not directly human-induced, a condition which must be met in order for any carbon sink to be included in emission reduction targets.     

CO2 Enrichment Effects on Forage and Grain Nitrogen Content of Pasture and Cereal Plants

SUMMARY

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations [CO₂] have the potential to enhance growth and yield of agricultural plants. Con-comitantly plants grown under high [CO₂] show significant changes of the chemical composition of their foliage and of other plant parts. Particularly, high [CO₂] result in a decrease of plant nitrogen (N) concentration, which may have serious consequences for crop quality. This presentation summarizes the results of a variety of CO₂ enrichment studies with pasture plants (Lolium spp., Trifolium repens) and cereal species (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare) which were conducted at our laboratory under different growth and CO₂ exposure conditions ranging from controlled environment studies to investigations under free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE). With the exception of clover in all experiments a CO₂-induced decline of forage and grain N concentration was observed. The magnitude of this reduction differed between species, cultivars, management conditions (N fertilization) and CO₂ exposure conditions. No unambiguous evidence was obtained whether N fertilization can contribute to meet the quality requirements for cereals and grass monocultures with respect to tissue N concentrations in a future high-CO₂ world. As shown in the FACE experiments current application rates of N fertilizers are inadequate to achieve quality standards.     

施氮和大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦拔节期光合作用的影响

为明确高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合作用的适应机制及氮素的调控作用,利用开顶式气室,通过盆栽试验,测定和分析了不同大气CO2浓度和施氮量下小麦拔节期叶片的光合参数、叶绿素含量等指标.结果表明,高大气CO2浓度(760 μmol·mol-1)处理的小麦叶片的叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(G5)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均随着施氮水平的升高而升高,平均增幅分别为31.6%、69.6%和57.6%,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)随施氮水平的升高而呈先下降后上升的趋势.高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片Pn、Ci和WUE显著高于正常CO2浓度(400 μmol·mol-1)处理,平均增幅分别为36.8%、74.O%和102.7%.在400 μmol·mol-1 CO2浓度下测定时,与正常大气CO2浓度下生长的小麦相比,高大气CO2浓度下生长的小麦拔节期叶片Pn在高施氮水平(0.2 g N·kg-1土)下未发生下调,而在低、中施氮水平(0和0.1 g N·kg-1土)下叶片Pn明显降低.因此,高大气CO2浓度下施氮可显著提高小麦叶片的Pn和WUE,且充分供氮可使叶片不发生光合适应现象,这可能与较高的施氮水平提高了高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片的叶绿素含量有关.     

氮高效玉米基因型氮素生产效率研究

通过田间试验,在高氮和低氮条件下对不同氮效率的27个玉米自交系氮素生产效率进行研究。结果表明,高氮和低氮下,高产氮高效型自交系在吐丝期氮素干物质生产效率最高,分别为53.69、58.69 g/g,高产氮高效型自交系在吐丝期干物质量高于低产氮低效型自交系。施氮肥后氮素子粒生产效率和氮素干物质生产效率均有下降趋势。高氮和低氮下高产氮高效型自交系在生育后期植株氮积累量高于低产氮低效型自交系,低氮下二者差异显著,高产氮高效型自交系比低产氮低效型自交系高5.88%,氮积累量的差异主要来自于吐丝后氮的积累。高产氮高效型植株生育后期根系吸收能力强,子粒氮素利用效率高,施氮肥后高产氮高效型植株生育后期氮吸收积累能力增强。     

氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响

通过氮肥运筹对雨养条件下玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响研究表明,氮素积累量在吐丝后45d前后达到最大;高密度有利于氮量积累;植株总氮量与产量呈正相关,高密度下相关系数大;高密度下子粒氮含量和氮收获指数均与产量呈显著正相关;吐丝期氮肥比例相对高有利于叶片和穗部(子粒+苞叶+穗轴)氮素在生育后期的积累及茎鞘氮素的转运,前期氮肥比例大易造成穗部氮代谢延后。氮素吸收高峰在吐丝到吐丝后15 d;吐丝期氮肥比例高的施肥方式提高了生育后期的氮素吸收速率,在较高密度下吸收速率前移。氮肥施用比例适当后移有利于氮肥利用;前期氮素累积太多对后期氮素吸收利用有抑制作用。     

土壤全氮含量和氮肥种类对棉花产量和氮素吸收的影响#br#

采用桶栽试验,研究尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钙3种氮肥等量氮投入在不同土壤全氮含量条件下（分别为0.67、0.71、0.86、0.93、1.30 g·kg^－1）对棉花的产量和氮素吸收的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主区为5种不同土壤全氮含量的土壤,副区为3种不同氮肥。结果表明,土壤全氮含量对棉花单株干物质质量、单株成铃数、籽棉产量的影响达到了显著水平,但对棉株铃重和氮素积累量无显著影响,土壤全氮含量1.30 g·kg^－1处理棉花单株干物质质量、单株成铃数、籽棉产量显著高于土壤全氮含量0.67 、0.71、0.86 g·kg^－1处理,但与土壤全氮含量0.93 g·kg^－1处理无显著差异。氮肥种类对棉花单株干物质质量、单株成铃数、铃重、籽棉产量、单株氮素吸收量的影响未达到显著水平。土壤全氮含量和氮肥种类对棉花单株干物质质量、单株成铃数、籽棉产量、单株氮素吸收量的互作效应不显著。本研究结果为不同土壤肥力条件下氮肥的合理施用提供了实践基础。     

Nitrogen Responses and Nitrogen Management in Potato

Innumerable experiments have been carried out to establish the yield response of potato to the rate of nitrogen (N) supply. Given the continuing change in production level of potato and because of the need to maximise the nutrient use efficiency and to reduce losses of harmful nitrogenous compounds to the environment, such research is still necessary and topical. This minireview addresses dose–response curves of fertiliser N input; the development of N fertiliser recommendation systems; the so-called three-quadrant diagram of fertiliser N response which dissects the ‘agronomic response’ into the underlying components; the concept of critical nitrogen concentration as a function of crop biomass; environmental aspects of fertiliser nitrogen supply; and the strategy of the potato plant to cope with nitrogen limitation. European legislation sets limits on the input of nitrogen and sets norms on water quality, making nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) a critical issue. Precision agriculture may help to maximise NUE, provided an adequate diagnostic system is developed that distinguishes between nitrogen deficiency and other causes of spatially divergent crop performance.