农业生产托管模式效率差异及其影响因素研究——以黑龙江省为例

农业生产托管是实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接的重要途径,但不同托管模式可能存在效率差异,探究不同托管模式的效率差异对农业现代化发展具有重要的现实意义。本文基于产权理论,以黑龙江省为例,利用农业生产托管组织的调查数据,运用超越对数随机前沿生产函数,分析不同农业生产托管模式的技术效率差异并探讨其影响因素。结果表明,农业生产托管分为村集体主导型和新型农业经营主体主导型两种模式,村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式之间存在技术效率差异,村集体主导模式的平均技术效率比新型农业经营主体主导模式高7.79个百分点。农业生产托管规模、托管土地细碎化程度、托管组织自给劳动力人数、设置农业经纪人能显著影响农业生产托管的技术效率。村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式效率差异原因在于村集体主导模式土地细碎化程度较低,且由于产权原因自给劳动力人数普遍较多,而新型农业经营主体主导模式没有充分发挥托管规模与农业经纪人优势。因此,提出积极鼓励发展村集体主导模式、进一步支持新型农业经营主体扩大托管规模、培育农业经纪人队伍等建议。     

草莓种子实生苗的病毒分子检测

草莓易感染病毒,从而导致产量减少和品质下降。目前生产上主要采用茎尖组织培养脱毒的方法,并不能保证完全脱除病毒,还需要进行无病毒检测鉴定。因此,需进一步探索简便、高效、免检的脱毒体系。利用RT-PCR技术,以草莓肌动蛋白基因序列为内标,结合4种草莓病毒特异性扩增,验证了草莓种子实生苗不携带病毒。旨在助推种子繁殖型草莓品种的应用。     

METTL21C蛋白的序列特征、三维结构及分子进化

METTL21C蛋白作为甲基转移酶参与多种细胞进程的翻译后修饰,在生命活动中发挥重要的调控作用。从蛋白质信息数据库UniprotKB中选取36个不同代表物种的METTL21C蛋白作为研究对象,理化参数分析显示一级序列中氨基酸残基个数差异较大,平均为254个氨基酸残基,大多为偏酸亲水性蛋白。系统进化树显示36种METTL21C蛋白共分为哺乳类、爬行类、鸟类和鱼类4支,与物种的亲缘进化关系基本吻合。多序列比对和motif分析结果表明不同物种METTL21C蛋白的序列相似度较高,10个motif序列几乎覆盖了全长多肽链,大都含有motif 1～motif 5,但N端序列差异较大,在哺乳动物中包含特有的motif 7、motif 8和motif 10,而在多种鸟类中有大段序列缺失。结构对比分析发现不同物种METTL21C蛋白的空间构象绝大部分区域近乎完全重叠,仅少部分自由度较高的局部肽段有一定程度的差异,表明不同物种METTL21C在进化过程中一级序列有一定的差异,但是空间结构极为相似。以人METTL21C为蛋白质互作网络中心,直接相关蛋白质共11种,间接相关蛋白质共9种,说明METTL21C直接或间接参与多种细胞进程,调控机体的生命活动,为进一步深入研究METTL21C的生物学功能及其分子机制提供了理论基础。     

乡村振兴背景下农业经营组织雇佣的减贫效应

基于乡村振兴视角,使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,采用内生转换Probit(ESP)模型,在反事实框架下分析了农业经营组织雇佣对农户多维相对贫困的处理效应。结果表明:农户的受雇状况(是否接受农业经营组织雇佣)对其多维相对贫困发生概率在1%水平上具有显著负向处理效应。基于反事实假设下,若接受雇佣的农户未被雇佣,其多维相对贫困的发生概率将上升19.4%;若不接受雇佣的农户被农业经营组织雇佣,其多维相对贫困的发生概率将降低6.1%。样本总体的处理效应为-0.096,表明如果农户接受农业经营组织雇佣,其多维贫困的发生概率将降低9.6%。从群组差异性来看,对于那些学历水平较高、家庭农业劳动力比例高、签订劳动合同的农户而言,农业经营组织雇佣的减贫效应更为明显。据此,从产业振兴、人才振兴、组织振兴视角提出激励农业经营组织增加雇佣机会、强化农户农业技能培训、改善利益联结方式等增强农户反贫困能力的对策建议。     

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of duck Toll-like receptor 5

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is responsible for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in vertebrates. In this study, we cloned the single-exon TLR5 gene of the Maya breed of Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna). The TLR5 open reading frame is 2580 bp in length and encodes an 859-amino acid protein. The putative amino acid sequence of duck TLR5 consisted of a signal peptide sequence, 11 leucine-rich repeat domains, a leucine-rich repeat C-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain. The duck TLR5 gene was highly expressed in the lung, bone marrow, spleen, and liver; moderately expressed in kidney, small intestine, large intestine, and brain. A plasmid expressing duck TLR5 was constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells, and expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. HEK293T cells transfected with duck TLR5- and NF-κB-luciferase-containing plasmids significantly responded to flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, indicating that it is a functional TLR5 homolog.     

A Polymorphism in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene (MC4R:c.92C>T) Is Associated with Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight Domestic Shorthaired Cats

Background

Feline diabetes mellitus (DM) shares many pathophysiologic features with human type 2 DM. Human genome‐wide association studies have identified genes associated with obesity and DM, including melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), which plays an important role in energy balance and appetite regulation.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the feline MC4R gene and to determine whether any SNPs are associated with DM or overweight body condition in cats.

Animals

Two‐hundred forty domestic shorthaired (DSH) cats were recruited for the study. Of these, 120 diabetics were selected (60 overweight, 60 lean), along with 120 nondiabetic controls (60 overweight and 60 lean). Males and females were equally represented.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was performed. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and used as template for PCR amplification of the feline MC4R gene. The coding region of the gene was sequenced in 10 cats to identify polymorphisms. Subsequently, genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis assessed MC4R:c.92C > T allele and genotype frequencies in each group of cats.

Results

No significant differences in MC4R:c.92C>T allele or genotype frequencies were identified between nondiabetic overweight and lean cats. In the overweight diabetic group, 55% were homozygous for the MC4R:c.92C allele, compared to 33% of the lean diabetics and 30% of the nondiabetics. The differences between the overweight diabetic and the nondiabetics were significant (P < .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified a polymorphism in the coding sequence of feline MC4R that is associated with DM in overweight DSH cats, similar to the situation in humans.     

Genetic diversity of livestock-associated MRSA isolates obtained from piglets from farrowing until slaughter age on four farrow-to-finish farms

During a previous longitudinal study, performed on four farrow-to-finish farms (A to D), samples were taken from twelve sows, their offspring, and the environment on various occasions over six months to study the MRSA presence. During the present study, a selection of the obtained MRSA isolates were typed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and SCCmec typing to study the genetic diversity of LA-MRSA isolates and to determine possible MRSA sources for pig(let)s. PFGE, spa typing, and SCCmec typing revealed the presence of one or few dominant genotype(s) per farm. In contrast, 212 MLVA types were detected on the four farms, forming one cluster on farm A, three on farm B, four on farm C and two on farm D. The genotype, found on farm A was unique for this farm. Farms B, C and D shared one cluster. In general, MLVA types from these clusters were isolated from piglets, sows, and the environment on various sampling events. Piglets carried MLVA types both related and unrelated to their mother sows’ MLVA types at farrowing and onwards. In conclusion, molecular typing revealed that within a farm one or a few dominant strain(s) are widespread. Potential MRSA sources for piglets were mother sows, the environment and other piglets.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0089-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

基于信任成本的社员对合作社信任的影响研究

为提高社员对合作社的信任程度,运用因子分析法分析了社员对合作社信任成本的内容结构,然后运用结构方程模型从信任成本的角度分析了社员对合作社信任的影响。结果表明:信息成本、制度成本、心理成本和监督成本构成了社员对合作社的信任成本,其中心理成本对社员对合作社信任的影响最大,其次是监督成本和信息成本,制度成本影响最小。     

关于农村基层学习型党组织建设现状、问题的调查及对策思考

在农村基层创建学习型党组织,对于引导农村党员干部开拓发展思路,提升新农村建设能力,巩固党在农村的执政基础,加快农村小康社会的建设进程具有重要意义。但是,农村地区由于学习资源有限,人才短缺等原因,在农村基层创建学习型党组织还存在诸多问题,也面临很多困难。本文以调查为基础,分析了当前农村基层学习型党组织建设存在认识不足、人才缺乏、学习内容单调、学习手段单一等突出问题,并从组织保障、人才支持、创新手段、健全制度等方面提出了对策。     

家禽MHC概况及其在抗病育种中的应用

主要组织相容性复合体（major histocompatibility complex，MHC）是脊椎动物中发现的编码免疫球蛋白样受体（immunoglobulinlike receptors）的高度多态的基因群，其表达产物分布于各种细胞的表面，称为MHC分子。MHC是Snell等（1956）在研究小鼠的移植排斥反应时发现的，家禽中的MHC分子首先是有一种血型被识别的，随之被命名为B复合体（B complex），Schierman和Nordskog（1961）定义家禽的B基因座就是主要组织相容性复合体。