家禽MHC概况及其在抗病育种中的应用

主要组织相容性复合体(majohistocompatibility complex,MHC)是脊椎动物中发现的编码免疫球蛋白样受体(immunoglobulinlike receptors)的高度多态的基因群,其表达产物分布于各种细胞的表面,称为MHC分子MHC是Snell等(1956)在研究小鼠的移植排斥反应时发现的,家禽中的MHC分子首先是有一种血型被识别的,随之被命名为B复合体(B complex),Schierman和Nordskog(1961)定义家禽的B基因座就是主要组织相容性复合体。1家禽MHC结构特征1.1基因结构鸡的MHC基因被定位于16号染色体上,可分为三类:B-F(ClasⅠ)、B-F(ClassⅡ)、B-G(ClassⅣ),…     

MHC基因在鱼类遗传育种中的研究与应用

主要组织相容性复合体（MHC,Major histoeompatibility complex）是最具多态性的免疫分子。其多态性主要取决于群体内MHC基因的大量等位基因及等位基因间高度的序列变异。等位基因的序列变异主要发生在抗原肽结合区（peptide binding region,PBR）,这决定了不同基因型个体的免疫力差异。鱼类受多倍化影响,MHC基因的多态性还表现在同一基因存在多个基因座位（多拷贝）。MHC的高度多态性及与机体免疫力的相关性,使其在鱼类遗传进化、抗病育种等方面倍受关注。本文介绍了有关鱼类MHC基因的结构、功能及其在遗传育种中的应用。     

鱼类主要组织相容性Ⅱ类基因的研究进展

简要概述了鱼类主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的遗传图谱及起源,对鱼类的MHCⅡ类基因的结构、抗原分子组成、表达及功能、遗传多态与进化机制作了较为详细的阐述。建议鱼类主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类基因座、等位基因组、等位基因及单倍型的命名规则尚需进一步规范,并提出有关鱼类MHCⅡ类基因的研究在抗病育种以及鱼类分子系统学上的重要意义     

MHC基因的遗传变异及其与鱼类抗病性研究进展

概述了主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的结构与功能以及在脊椎动物特别是鱼类中的研究进展。对MHC基因的遗传变异与鱼类抗病性机制做了较为详细的阐述,介绍了MHC的遗传变异与多种鱼类抗病性关系的研究进展,重点介绍了草鱼MHC基因的研究。展望了MHC基因在鱼类及草鱼未来抗病育种中的研究前景。     

鱼类MHCⅡ类基因与免疫抗性的研究进展

主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）与免疫应答和疾病抗性密切相关，对其免疫遗传机制的深入探讨是多年来的研究热点。随着分子生物学的发展，从遗传选育角度提高鱼对病原的抗性，开展抗病育种具有治本的功效。本文就鱼类MHCⅡ类基因的表达调控和多态性研究，与细菌性疾病、病毒性疾病和寄生虫的关联分析加以阐述，为今后进一步探讨MHC基因与鱼类抗病育种等提供了参考。     

中华鳖群体间编码MHCⅠ类分子α2结构域基因的克隆及序列分析

通过主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）基因的分析，探讨了中华鳖5个群体（黄河、淮河、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、太湖）间的遗传变异与分化。中华鳖编码MHCⅠ类分子α2结构域基因的多态性很丰富。主要表现在：（1）中华鳖编码MHCⅠ类分子α2结构域的基因序列存在插入或缺失变异，共获得7种不同长度的基因序列，其中222bp、231bp分别在42、23个体出现，为两种主要长度的基因序列；（2）共获得41种不同的核苷酸序列，这些核苷酸序列的相似度在0．386—0．995之间，表明序列间的歧异度较大；（3）在所有核苷酸序列中，共有250个有效位点，其中174个为变异位点，多态位点百分率达69．6％，但群体间存在差异：①多态位点百分率大小顺序为鄱阳湖鳖（71．02％）〉太湖鳖（58．05％）〉淮河鳖（57．69％）〉黄河鳖（55．32％）〉洞庭湖鳖（48．09％）；②核苷酸多样性指数（π）大小顺序为鄱阳湖鳖（0．4273）〉太湖鳖（0．2872）〉洞庭湖鳖（0．2840）〉黄河鳖（0．2727）〉淮河鳖（0．2463）；（4）分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明，太湖鳖与黄河鳖、淮河鳖2群体间，淮河鳖与洞庭湖鳖间有极显著的遗传分化（P〈0．001）；（5）根据核苷酸序列的平均遗传距离，用UPGMA和NJ法进行聚类分析，黄河鳖与淮河鳖、洞庭湖鳖与太湖鳖分别先聚在一起，最后再与鄱阳湖鳖聚类，显示鄱阳湖鳖与其它4群体中华鳖在MHC基因上有明显歧化。     

ＭＨＣ基因的遗传变异及其与鱼类抗病性研究进展

概述了主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)的结构与功能以及在脊椎动物特别是鱼类中的研究进展。对MHC基因的遗传变异与鱼类抗病性机制做了较为详细的阐述,介绍了MHC的遗传变异与多种鱼类抗病性关系的研究进展,重点介绍了草鱼MHC基因的研究。展望了MHC基因在鱼类及草鱼未来抗病育种中的研究前景。     

高盐胁迫下大弹涂鱼MHC Iα基因对病毒拟似物poly(I:C)的免疫反应

主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)是一类编码细胞表面糖蛋白的基因,在所有硬骨鱼的适应性免疫系统中起着至关重要的作用,而关于MHC基因的研究一直是鱼类分子免疫学和鱼类抗病辅助育种的研究热点之一。本研究首次分析了大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)MHCIα基因的cDNA序列特征,构建了系统发生树,评估了大弹涂鱼MHC Iα基因mRNA在健康个体不同组织中的表达差异,研究了注射病毒拟似物poly(I:C)后MHC Iα基因在机体主要免疫器官肝和脾的表达情况。结果显示,大弹涂鱼MHC Iα基因具有由1101个碱基组成的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码366个氨基酸残基,具有3个蛋白激酶C-磷酸化位点、1个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点和1个N-糖基化位点。系统发育分析显示与大弹涂鱼MHCIα基因亲缘关系最密切的是河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)。RT-PCR分析显示,MHCIα基因mRNA在不同组织中均有表达,其中肾和脾组织中表达量最高,鳃和肠组织中表达次之。大弹涂鱼在腹腔注射poly(I:C)后,肝和脾组织中mRNA表达量明显上升,在12 h时, MHC Iα基因mRNA表达量在肝和脾中均达到峰值。本研究结果表明, MHC Iα基因参与了大弹涂鱼在高盐胁迫下的免疫应答。     

卵形鲳鲹MHCⅡβ基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)的结构和作用,利用RACE技术克隆获得MHCⅡβ基因的全序列,其长度为1 472 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)747 bp,编码248个氨基酸,分为信号肽区、肽结合区、Ig样区、跨膜区、胞质区。通过NJ法构建的系统进化树分析显示卵形鲳鲹独立聚为一支,与其他鱼类亲缘关系较近,与两栖类和哺乳类的亲缘关系较远。利用同源性比对发现其与大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)亲缘关系较近,同源性达到79%。qRT-PCR分析表明MHCⅡβmRNA在卵形鲳鲹13个组织中均有表达,在脾和头肾中表达量较高,在鳍中表达量最低。感染美人鱼发光杆菌(Photobacterium damselae)3 h后,卵形鲳鯵MHCⅡβmRNA在肠中显著上调表达;感染12 h后在肝中上调表达;感染24 h后在脾和头肾中显著上调表达,以上研究表明MHCⅡβ基因参与了卵形鲳鲹的免疫反应。     

中华鳖MHCⅡα基因cDNA的克隆及组织表达分析

为了探究中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)的结构和功能,本研究利用RACE技术成功克隆获得中华鳖MHCⅡα基因的cDNA全长序列,其长度为1296 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为807 bp,共编码268个氨基酸,分为信号肽序列、Ⅱ类组织相容性抗原α结构域、IGc1结构域及跨膜结构域4个功能结构域。通过NJ法构建的系统进化树分析显示,中华鳖与西部锦龟(Chrysemys picta bellii)亲缘较近,而与哺乳类、鸟类及鱼类亲缘关系较远。荧光定量PCR结果显示,MHCⅡα mRNA在中华鳖8个组织中均有表达,在脾、心、肝及肠组织中表达水平较高,在肌肉组织中表达量最低。感染嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) 12 h后,中华鳖MHCⅡα mRNA在肝和肠组织中的表达显著上调;感染1 d时,在脾组织中的表达显著上调;感染1 d及5 d时,在肾组织中的表达显著上调。研究表明,中华鳖MHCⅡα基因参与了中华鳖免疫反应。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.