云南省农科院热带亚热带经济作物研究所胡椒园杂草种类调查研究

通过对云南省农科院热带亚热带经济作物研究所科技园内胡椒园杂草种类调查,结果表明,该胡椒园内杂草有14科42种,外来入侵杂草有8科17种。从胡椒园杂草的田间均度、田间密度、田间频率和相对多度分析结果得出:该胡椒园主要杂草为马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)、酢浆草(Oxalis corniculata L.)、白茅[Imperata cylindrica var.jnajor(Nees)C.E.Hubb]、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides L)和反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.),其相对多度分别为35.51%、32.42%、31.62%、30.47%和27.18%。本研究对明确云南省农科院热经所科技园内胡椒园杂草种类、危害程度具有重要意义,同时为整个云南怒江干热河谷区胡椒园杂草危害情况调查以及外来入侵杂草的后续监测提供基础数据。     

杉木林改造后的土壤有机质动态研究

利用红锥、火力楠、黎蒴、山杜英和樟树对杉木林进行改造,采用5点取样法对5种改造林分0～20 cm和20 ～40 cm土层的土壤有机质动态进行研究,结果表明,红锥林2个土层的有机质含量呈波动性上升趋势;火力楠林0 ～ 20 cm土层的有机质含量呈升—降—升的变化,20 ～ 40 cm土层的有机质含量缓慢下降又微升;黎蒴林2个土层的有机质含量均呈缓慢上升后下降变化;山杜英林2个土层的有机质含量均呈波动性变化;樟树林0 ～ 20 cm土层的有机质含量升到最大值后逐渐下降,20 ～ 40 cm土层的呈“M”型变化.5个林分的土壤有机质含量在相对应时间段均为0～20 cm土层极显著高于20 ～40 cm土层（P＜0.01）.     

中国茶园杂草无效名录修订

经查阅整理1959—2018年期间发表的中国茶园杂草相关文献和实地调查,编制报导名录清单信息,比对国内主要植物种类鉴定资料,确认其所表物种,判断其无效性,采用增补、修正和替换等方法修订转化。结果表明,中国茶园杂草报导文献中存在517条无效名录,修订转化有效名录331条,比对已有报导,新增170个茶园杂草名录,分属46科,129属。截止本文,中国累计报导茶园杂草种类共412种,8个亚种,分属72科251属,报导频度最高的为小蓬草(Conyza canadensis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)和马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)等。     

内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂研制及其除草活性评价

为研究内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂的制备材料及其除草活性,本试验采用单因素法筛选生防除草内生菌HL-1最适碳氮源、固体发酵基质、适宜载体和助剂,制备可湿性粉剂,并进行盆栽和田间小区接种,测定其除草活性。结果表明：HL-1最适碳氮源分别是蔗糖和酵母浸粉,最适固体发酵基质为麦麸,最适载体与助剂为硅藻土、膨润土、羧甲基纤维素和可溶性淀粉;在苗期盆栽和田间小区试验中,菌株HL-1可湿性粉剂对繁缕（Stellaria media L.）、灰藜（Chenopodium album L.）、藜（Chenopodium glaucum L.）和密花香薷（Elsholtzia densa Benth.）4种杂草均表现出较强致病性,盆栽试验中对繁缕的发病率和鲜重效分别是85.50%和84.74%,小区试验中对繁缕的发病率和鲜重效分别是84.50%和85.36%。本试验制备的内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂,可作为生防菌剂有效控制繁缕、灰藜等杂草。     

施肥位置与杂草管理对间作玉米、马铃薯生长和产量的影响

【目的】施肥和除草是农业生产中两大重要的管理措施。近年来,施肥位置作为一种精准施肥措施越来越引起关注,本研究调查了施肥位置与杂草防控在玉米、马铃薯间作中对作物生长和产量的影响。【方法】采用2∶2间作行比,进行了玉米、马铃薯间作大田试验。杂草管理设除草和不除草,施肥位置处理包括:均匀施肥(HF)、种间行施肥(TERF)和种内行施肥(TRAF),共6个处理,每个处理3次重复。调查了间作玉米、马铃薯的株高、生物量、根系总生物量和产量,以及杂草生物量。【结果】施肥位置和杂草管理对玉米产量、生物量和株高均有显著影响,且存在显著的交互效应(产量P <0.001、生物量P=0.002、株高P=0.007)。相比于均匀施肥,在不除草情况下,种间行和种内行施肥均显著提高了玉米的产量、生物量和株高。而在除草情况下,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米的产量和生物量,种间行施肥仅显著增加了玉米的株高。除草对马铃薯株高无显著影响(P=0.494),但显著提高了马铃薯产量和生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置对马铃薯产量(P=0.114)、生物量(P=0.580)和株高(P=0.772)均无显著影响。在均匀施肥和种内行施肥下,除草显著提高根系总生物量(P <0.001),但在种间行施肥下则无显著影响。不论除草与否,与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著提高了玉米、马铃薯的根系总生物量(P <0.001)。施肥位置(P=0.001)和生长位置(P <0.001)均对杂草生物量有显著影响。与均匀施肥相比,种内行施肥显著降低种间行和马铃薯种内行的杂草生物量,而种间行施肥对种间行杂草生物量无显著影响,但显著降低两种作物的种内行杂草生物量。【结论】在玉米、马铃薯间作体系中,种内行施肥结合除草,可显著促进玉米和马铃薯根系发育,抑制杂草生物量,进而提高产量及肥料施用效果。     

间种白三叶草和稻草覆盖控制丘陵茶园杂草效果

开展丘陵茶园杂草生态控制,可减少对茶园土壤水分和养分的消耗,避免使用化学除草剂。连续2年的田间试验,野外应用小样方多点采样调查茶园杂草种群数量、生物量、平均株高和茶芽密度等指标,结合实验室的茶叶内含成分分析和感官评审。结果表明:茶园共有杂草16科31属31种,春季(4月)以生长速度较慢、生物量小、株高在30cm以下的杂草为主,夏季(7月)以生长快、植株高和生物量大恶性杂草为主,秋季(9月)恶性杂草开始减少,酢浆草、白花蛇舌草等生物量小、株高矮的杂草逐渐增多;稻草覆盖处理茶园春、夏和秋季3个观测时期杂草物种丰富度(S)、多样性(H)、均匀度(J)等指数均高于清耕对照,优势集中性指数(C)低于清耕对照;间种白三叶草处理春、夏和秋季3个观测时期杂草总数量和生物量均显著低于清耕对照,夏、秋季杂草平均株高显著低于清耕对照;稻草覆盖和间种白三叶草处理春季茶芽重和产量显著高于清耕对照,鲜叶中游离氨基酸含量高于清耕对照,茶叶感官评审得分高于清耕对照处理。这表明稻草覆盖和间种白三叶草能改变茶园杂草群落结构,有效控制杂草生长,增加茶叶产量和改善茶叶品质。     

减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响

【目的】分析减量施肥对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响,旨在为化肥农药“双减”政策产生的生态环境效应科学评价提供参考。【方法】以陕西杨凌曹新庄试验地冬小麦肥料试验为基础,设置不施肥（CK）、减量施肥（氮（N）、磷(P₂O₅)用量分别为165和122 kg/hm²）和常规施肥（N、P₂O₅用量分别为220和160 kg/hm²）3个处理,测定不同处理小麦产量及夏季休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度、丰富度,以及藜、狗尾草和马唐的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算植物多样性指标及生态化学计量比（C/N、C/P、N/P）,研究减量施肥对农田杂草物种多样性及生态化学计量特征的影响。【结果】与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理均对冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的生物量、株高、盖度、多度、频度有明显影响,冬小麦籽粒产量和杂草生物量增加;施肥处理藜和地锦草的株高和生物量均显著增加,其他农田杂草的株高和生物量总体降低。与对照相比,施肥处理苋的有机碳含量以及藜、狗尾草、马唐和葎草的全氮含量均显著增加,藜、马唐全磷含量显著降低。相较于常规施肥,减量施肥处理狗尾草全磷含量显著降低。与对照相比,减量施肥和常规施肥处理藜、狗尾草和马唐氮磷比和碳磷比总体显著增加,碳氮比显著降低。相对于常规施肥处理,减量施肥处理缓解了藜和马唐氮磷比的增加幅度。与对照相比,施肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均显著降低;与减量施肥处理相比,常规施肥处理Pielou均匀度指数与丰富度显著降低。植物β多样性指数表明,常规施肥对小区植物多样性的影响最大。【结论】减量施肥和常规施肥处理冬小麦休闲期农田杂草的物种多样性均明显降低,但减量施肥处理缓解了常规施肥对农田杂草生物多样性和生态化学计量特征的影响。     

Weed seedling emergence in contrasting fodder crop systems following 30 years of cultivation in the lowlands of Northern Italy

Five fodder crop systems of different intensity (ranging from a double annual crop of Italian ryegrass + silage maize to a permanent meadow) were adopted for 30 years in the lowlands of Northern Italy under two input levels, differing mainly in their provision of organic fertiliser (manure). Herbicides were used in the maize crops included in all systems, except the meadow. After 30 years, the weed seedbank of all systems and input levels were assessed by the seedling emergence technique on soil samples from each plot. The cropping systems determined the abundance and composition of the weed assembly. Relatively few, frequent species made up the majority of the emerged seedlings in all systems, and there was no relationship between the total number of emerged seedlings and the mean number of species recorded in the different systems. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oxalis corniculata were abundant in the annual double crop and in the 3- and 6-year rotations that also comprised the annual double crop. These weeds, however, were unlikely to represent a major threat to the crops, due to their vigour and growth period. The permanent meadow tended to greater weed biodiversity than the other systems. The application of manure favoured the seedbank of species such as Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis and A. thaliana. Weed communities in the different systems were mainly determined by herbicide application, (through the ability of weeds to avoid its effects, determined by the weed life history and emergence period) and manure application (with its possible dual effect of spreading weed seeds and favouring nitrogen-responsive weeds).     

植保无人机在江苏农垦稻麦病虫草害防治中的应用及展望

植保无人机作为一种新型施药工具,以作业高效安全、节水省药环保等特点于近几年迅速发展,并已广泛应用于农作物病虫草害防治。本综述重点对我国植保无人机的施药发展现状、近年来江苏农垦植保无人机的应用情况和植保无人机应用过程中存在的问题进行阐述,并对植保无人机应用的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

Interactions between rodents and weeds in a lowland rice agro‐ecosystem: the need for an integrated approach to management

Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia. The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented. In temperate cereal systems, seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents. In 2012 and 2013, a replicated study (n = 4) in Bago, Myanmar compared 4 treatments (rodents and weeds; no rodents and weeds; rodents and no weeds; no rodents and no weeds) each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice. Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season, and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season. Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents. We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species, rodent damage, rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds. The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis. In the dry season, Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus‐galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage. In the wet season E. crus‐galli was a dominant weed throughout the season. Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season. There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season (258 US$/ha) than in the wet season (30 US$/ha). Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.