陕西省农家种大豆资源11S 和7S 球蛋白含量分析

利用SDS-PAGE分析了陕西省75份农家种大豆核心种质的11S和7S球蛋白亚基组成、相对百分含量和11S/7S比值,并对陕北、关中和陕南三个地区的资源材料进行了分析和比较。结果表明:大豆贮藏蛋白质由许多亚基组成,其中含量较高的有α′、α、β、A3、Acid和Basic;不同品种间大豆球蛋白组成几乎没有差异,但是各亚基的含量存在较大差异;75份供试材料的7S、11S球蛋白含量的平均值分别为36%和64%,变幅分别为28%~48%和52%~72%;11S/7S比值的变异幅度在1.09~2.53,平均值为1.78,高于2.0的种质有19个;陕北、关中、陕南三个地区农家种大豆群体11S/7S比值存在显著差异。     

Nitrogen rate applied affects dry matter translocation and performance attributes of wheat under deficit irrigation

Crop production in arid/semi-arid regions is restricted by soil moisture and nitrogen (N) deficiencies. Consequently, sufficient levels of N and irrigation are important in improving the crop's productivity. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to understand influences of watering techniques namely 300, 500 and 700 mm with contrasting N supply (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha^?1) on wheat cv. “landrace” productivity, dry matter translocation (DMT) and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain (CPAAG, %). Experiments were conducted each year using a split-plot design with three replications at a private farm, North Hamedan Province, Iran. Accordingly, when 500/700 mm water was applied, CPAAG values were higher than those obtained after applying 300 mm water, i.e. 49.99 and 45.45 vs. 40.13%. The highest productivity in terms of grain yield, grain N concentration, nitrogen harvest index, special products analysis division and protein content was achieved in normal deficiencies of irrigation and N. This was further supported by a higher leaf area index, crop growth rate and N uptake of such treatment. Meanwhile, co-application of 120 kg N and 500 mm water significantly improved DMT, water and N use efficiency, and it was the optimal scheme for wheat production.     

小麦农家品种‘红蚰子’苗期白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析

白粉病是小麦的重要病害之一,优异抗病种质的鉴定和利用是控制该病害的有效措施。当前,我国小麦生产中的多数栽培品种和品系对白粉病表现为感病,可利用的优异抗性基因为数不多,因此,很有必要发掘新的有效抗源和抗性基因。我国小麦农家品种‘红蚰子’(京2350)苗期对国内38个小麦白粉病原菌菌株中的34个表现为高抗至免疫,且成株期对石家庄地区的田间混合白粉病原菌表现为免疫或近免疫。为了进一步研究‘红蚰子’抗白粉病遗传特点,发掘并利用其中的优异抗白粉病基因,本研究利用白粉菌E09菌株,分别对‘红蚰子’与感病亲本‘铭贤169’和‘辉县红’组合各自的F_1、F_2后代植株和F_(2:3)株系,进行苗期抗性鉴定和抗性遗传分析。结果表明,‘红蚰子’与‘铭贤169’和‘辉县红’组合的所有F_1均感病,各自F_2后代植株中抗病植株与感病植株的比例均符合1∶3分离比,且各自F_(2:3)株系中纯合抗病株系∶杂合株系∶纯合感病株系的比例均符合1∶2∶1的比例。因此,‘红蚰子’对E09菌株的抗性由1对隐性基因控制,暂时命名为PmHYZ。‘红蚰子’是我国农家品种中优异的白粉病抗源,研究并发掘其中的抗性基因,将为其在抗病育种中的有效利用奠定基础。     

中国不同省份籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱分析

【目的】通过对中国不同省份籼稻地方品种的SSR标记多样性分析,为中国籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱构建及其有效保护和利用提供理论依据。【方法】利用78对SSR引物,对中国14个省280份籼稻地方品种进行指纹图谱检测,分析不同省份籼稻地方品种间SSR标记遗传多样性差异、等位基因组成及其出现频率等。【结果】共检测到330个等位基因,每对引物等位基因数为2—12个,平均等位基因数为4.141个。RM336、RM334、RM264、RM297、RM204、RM248、RM444的等位基因数和有效等位基因数较多,分别在6和3以上,且遗传多样性指数较高,在1.4以上。78对SSR引物各等位基因的出现频率变异在0.18%—99.56%,RM338的A等位基因出现频率最高,RM131的E等位基因和RM276的F等位基因出现频率最低。RM338、RM308、RM484、RM29等44对SSR引物的某个等位基因在单个或多个省份籼稻地方品种中出现频率为100%。RM336、RM334、RM264、RM204、RM297、RM248、RM263、RM276、RM444、RM21、RM246和RM258等12对引物在多数省份中均表现为较高的遗传多样性。【结论】上述12对SSR引物适用于中国籼稻地方品种的指纹图谱构建。     

贵州地方水稻品种的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用21对SSR引物对74份贵州"禾"水稻品种及6份国际上常用的典型籼稻和粳稻品种进行遗传多样性研究。共检测到92个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数变幅为2~9个,平均4.381个;平均Shannon信息指数为0.935,变幅为0·2793~1.8732;期望杂合度为0.5145,范围在0.0988~0.8313;品种间遗传相似系数为0.64~0.98。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在相似系数为0.682处可将"禾"品种分为4大类,大部分材料被聚类到典型粳稻的附近,品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源关系不大;主坐标分析结果与UPGMA聚类结果基本吻合。SSR检测结果表明,贵州省水稻地方品种——"禾"的多样性程度较低,且大多数属于粳稻。     

新疆小麦地方品种遗传多样性的SSR分析

为了评价新疆小麦地方品种的遗传多样性,利用42对SSR引物对75份新疆小麦地方品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：在75份地方品种中42个SSR位点共检测到317个等位变异,等位变异变化范围为2~15个,平均7.55个;多态性信息指数(PIC值)变化范围为0.169~0.905,平均0.696。基因组的平均等位变异是D＞B＞A,遗传多样性指数为B＞D＞A。聚类分析表明75份供试新疆小麦材料可划分为3大类8亚类,聚类结果与材料的生态型密切相关,冬小麦地方品种和春小麦地方品种分别归属不同的类或亚类,春小麦地方品种的遗传多样性高于冬小麦地方品种,同时也反映了一定的地域特性。总之,新疆小麦地方品种具有丰富的遗传多样性,可用以拓宽育成品种的遗传基础。     

不同品种哺乳仔猪精氨酸代谢特性比较研究

我国地方品种猪与外来猪生长速度差异明显。鉴于精氨酸对仔猪生长发育的重要性,本研究选用14日龄哺乳的宁乡猪、湘西黑猪、蓝塘猪、巴马香猪、环江香猪和长白猪各12头,公、母各半,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血清,测定其中游离精氨酸和一氧化氮(NO)的浓度;采集肠道、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏等组织,测定其中的游离精氨酸浓度和NO合成酶(NOS)活性以及N-乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(NAGS,内源性精氨酸合成限速酶)mRNA的绝对表达量。结果表明,长白猪的血清精氨酸浓度显著高于(P<0.05)其他地方品种猪,血清NO浓度高于(P＞0.05)其他地方品种猪;各品种猪空肠前段和肝脏中的NOS活性最高,肾脏中的NOS活性最低;长白猪的空肠前段NOS活性仅低于宁乡猪,肝脏NOS活性仅高于环江香猪;在各个组织均检测到NAGS mRNA不同程度的表达,其中肠道和肝脏中的表达水平最高。综上所述,本研究揭示了不同品种哺乳仔猪血清精氨酸和NO浓度、3种主要组织游离精氨酸含量和NOS活性以及12种组织中NAGS基因的表达谱差异,为解释不同品种猪的生长表型差异提供了营养生化基础。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种产量相关性状的遗传分析

采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对亲本穗部性状差异较大的3个杂交组合,大头稻/呆长青（组合Ⅰ）、老来红/盐粳2号（组合Ⅱ）和呆长青/上海青（组合Ⅲ）的后裔世代的产量相关性状进行了遗传分离分析,得到了这些性状的最适遗传模型。结果表明：组合Ⅰ每穗总粒数的最适遗传模型为一对主基因+加性 显性多基因混合模型,而组合Ⅱ、Ⅲ为一对完全显性主基因+加性 显性多基因遗传模型;组合Ⅱ、Ⅲ的单株有效穗数受一对主基因控制,组合Ⅰ则受两对主基因控制;组合Ⅰ、Ⅱ千粒重的遗传模型为两对主基因+多基因模型,组合Ⅲ为一对主基因+多基因遗传模型;每穗实粒数为两对主基因遗传模型。选用P1、P2、F1、B1、B2、F2六世代联合分离分析方法,相比于单个分离世代的分析方法,增加了试验的精确度,保证了分析结果的准确性,并可鉴别多基因的存在。根据试验结果,分析了不同性状、不同组合的育种策略。     

Geographical patterns of morphological variation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) germplasm from Ethiopia and Eritrea: Quantitative characters

A total of 415 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions representing different regions of Ethiopia, Eritrea and a group of introduced lines were evaluated for 15 quantitative characters to determine the extent and geographical pattern of morphological variation. The extent of variation was highly pronounced for agronomically important characters for sorghum. These characters included plant height, days for 50% flowering, peduncle exsertion, panicle length and width, number and length of primary branches per panicle and thousand seed weight. Significant regional variation was also observed for most of the characters. The results implied that environmental factors such as altitude, rainfall, temperature and growing period are important in regional variation. Mean for plant height and for days for 50% flowering showed clinal variation along the gradients of rainfall pattern and growing period in Ethiopia. Moreover, there were significant positive correlation coefficients between most of the characters. This included the correlation between agronomic characters of primary interest in sorghum breeding such as plant height and days for 50% flowering and also between various characters and the altitude of the collection sites. The implications of the results in plant breeding, germplasm collection and conservation as well as the probable sources of the wide range of variation are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heterosis in landrace-based topcross hybrids of pearl millet across arid environments

This study quantified the magnitude of heterosis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) topcross hybrids produced by crossing 16 diverse landraces and three high yielding open-pollinating varieties on two homozygous male-sterile lines. Hybrids and pollinators were grown in 12 year ×;location combinations in India that were grouped into three zones. Genetic components of variance quantifying the differences among these hybrids were estimated. The hybrids showed a conspicuous heterosis for grain yield, earliness and biomass yield but not for straw yield. The level and direction of heterosis for time to flowering depended strongly on the earliness of the male-sterile line. In the terminal drought stress zone hybrids made on the early maturing male-sterile line 843A had the highest level of heterosis for grain yield (88%). This was partly due to escape from terminal stress. In the other two zones the heterosis for grain yield was on average 30%. Heterosis for biomass yield and biomass yield per day was on average also positive in all three zones. For all traits, except time to flowering and biomass yield per day, pollinator effects were the only significant source of variation. Differences between hybrids were mostly caused by additive genetic effects. Significant amount of heterosis observed in landrace-based topcross hybrids for grain yield and other productivity-related traits suggested that substantial improvement in pearl millet productivity in and environments can be obtained by topcrossing locally adapted landraces on suitable male-sterile lines. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.