俄罗斯黄花草木樨生物活性成分资源的分布与开发利用

为了查明生物活性成分在黄花草木樨根、茎、叶、子中的含量与分布特征,本研究重点开展了黄花草木樨活性成分的检测及田间开发试验。分别采用凯式定氮法和高效气相色谱法测蛋白质；氨基酸自动分析仪法测氨基酸；气相色谱-质谱、分子蒸馏仪检测脂肪酸；重量法检测皂苷与生物碱；高效液相色谱仪检测香豆素；福林试剂比色法检测多酚；蒽铜-硫酸比色法检测多糖；亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠比色法检测黄酮。按产量测算后,得出每公顷牧草生物活性成分的总产量为3016.3 kg/hm2。其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪酸原料的产量分别为1400.6 kg/hm2,112.2 kg/hm2,1246.8 kg/hm2。有效成分皂苷、生物碱、多酚、香豆素的产量分别为97.0 kg/hm2、77.9 kg/hm2、41.7 kg/hm2、40.1 kg/hm2。上述成分经分离提取纯化后,可作为开发医药、食物、化工等生物技术产品的天然原料。本文为开发利用植物自然资源提供了新的途径。     

林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响

为研究不同林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响,以38 a生5种密度杉木人工林为研究对象,调查林下植被,测定土壤理化性质及酶活性,对物种多样性指数和土壤指标进行单因素方差、相关性及主成分分析。结果显示:杉木人工林下物种种类多达121种,灌木层以杜茎山(Maesa japonica)为主,草本层以双盖蕨(Diplazium)、黑足鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fuscipes)等蕨类为主。灌木层和草本层物种多样性各指数大多在初植密度为5 000 hm~(–2)时最高。不同土层间各种土壤养分变化趋势基本一致,不同密度间土壤养分变化趋势不同,更多的土壤养分在高密度或低密度林)分下达到最大。除了p H、有机碳以及纤维素酶外,其他土壤养分受林分密度变化响应均显著(P0.05)。0～20 cm土层的土壤养分与草本层物种多样性关系更为密切,而20～40 cm土层的土壤养分与灌木层物种多样性关系更为密切。p H、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷与灌草层多样性指数的相关性最为密切。主成分分析综合得分显示,初植密度为6 667 hm~(–2)时最高(1.17),第二为3 333 hm~(–2)(0.93),其次为5 000 hm~(–2)(0.28)、1 667 hm~(–2)(0.12)和10 000 hm~(–2)(–2.49),得分前两名显著大于其他得分。以上结果表明,初植密度在5 000 hm~(–2)更有利于林下物种多样性的稳定,但不利于土壤养分的累积;密度过低或过高皆不利于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展,特别是密度过高时,对林地伤害巨大;基于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的主成分分析结果出现"驼峰模式",杉木人工林初植密度6 667 hm~(–2)和3 333 hm~(–2)更适合土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展。     

杧果‘汤米·阿京斯’香气特征分析

以杧果品种‘汤米·阿京斯’的叶片和果肉为材料，通过固相微萃取结合气相色谱/质谱法，分析和鉴定挥发性物质的组成。分别检测出叶片和果肉中挥发性物质64和51种。果肉中的主要挥发性成分为萜烯类化合物和苯甲醛；果肉中所特有的且含量较高的香料物质为3-蒈烯和苯甲醛，二者含量占56.68%。对果肉中挥发性物质的香味进行分析，结果发现其包含14种香型，其中果香、松香和木香是最主要的香韵类型，对松香味有贡献的化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和α-水芹烯，其中3-蒈烯贡献最大。     

一种国外野生沉香的生物活性和化学成分研究

研究一种国外野生沉香乙醚提取物的生物活性并分析其化学成分，为国外野生沉香的进一步研究和开发利用 提供一定的基础。采用乙醚浸提法提取沉香，对提取物分别用 MTT 法、Ellman 法、pNPG 法和贝曼漏斗法进行细胞毒、 乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制和杀全齿复活线虫活性测试，利用 GC-MS 分析提取物化学成分。结果表明，该 提取物对 5 株人体肿瘤细胞、乙酰胆碱酯酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和全齿复活线虫均表现出一定的生物活性。GC-MS 检测鉴 定了其中的 26 个化合物，相对含量为 57.39%，包括 23 个倍半萜类成分，相对含量为 56.72%，1 个 2-(2-苯乙基)色酮 类成分，相对含量为 0.35%。本次对此种国外野生沉香的生物活性和化学成分研究，发现沉香乙醚提取物具有杀线虫 的活性，为更好地开发沉香的药用价值提供了一定的科学依据。     

电子鼻和电子舌单独与联合检测掺大豆蛋白或淀粉的鸡肉糜

为实现掺杂掺假鸡肉的快速、客观评价，该研究利用电子鼻和电子舌联合检测技术对掺杂鸡肉糜进行快速检测，通过对采集的数据进行主成分分析和偏最小二乘法分析，所得结果表明，采用主成分分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测掺大豆蛋白鸡肉糜和掺淀粉鸡肉糜的主成分总贡献率分别为99.8%和99.1%；采用偏最小二乘法分析，电子鼻和电子舌联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂大豆蛋白含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.992，均方根误差为2.8%；联合检测鸡肉糜中掺杂淀粉含量的预测值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.996，均方根误差为2.4%。表明电子鼻和电子舌联合检测对鸡肉糜的掺杂情况具有良好的区分和预测能力，并且是一种有效、高精度的肉类掺假检测方法。     

不同裂解温度的污泥生物质炭理化特性分析

研究裂解温度对污泥生物质炭基础理化性质的影响,为安全、合理、高效处置污泥提供理论依据。将干燥污泥分别在200、300、500、700℃下进行热裂解处理(SBC200、SBC300、SBC500、SBC700),获得污泥生物质炭,测定其基础理化特性。结果表明：不同温度制备的污泥生物质炭表面颗粒结构完好,孔径范围均集中在10~50 μm,其中低温生物质炭SBC200表面较光滑,最可几孔径和中值孔径最大,分别为20.1 μm和14.8 μm,高温生物质炭SBC700表面较粗糙,比表面积最大,为5.98 m²/g。随裂解温度的提高,污泥生物质炭的产率、含水量、电导率、挥发分、阳离子交换量显著下降,全碳、氧、全氮、氢含量、有效磷和铵态氮均逐渐降低,pH和灰分含量显著增加。将污泥制备成生物质炭,是安全处置污泥的有效途径,低温制得的污泥生物质炭具有更大的提高土壤肥力的潜力,而高温制得的生物质炭在改良土壤酸性的应用上具有更大的潜力。     

Information extraction and dynamic evaluation of soil salinization with a remote sensing method in a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Monitoring the dynamics of soil salinization is of great importance for agricultural production. This study selected Yucheng County, a typical county on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (HHHP) of China, as the study area and evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of soil salinization. Three methods, consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) transformation, tasseled cap (TC) transformation, and optimal band combination (OBC), were used to extract information from an early Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) image from 1984, and their advantages were compared. In addition, OBC was used on a thematic mapper (TM) image from 2009. An iteratively self-organizing data analysis algorithm was used together with prior knowledge of likely classifications to interpret the MSS and TM images for data classification. Finally, a transfer matrix method was used to assess the spatial and temporal variability of soil salinization and analyze the driving factors of soil salinization. Compared to PCA transformation and OBC, TC transformation was a more effective method for extracting soil salinization information from the MSS sensor. The results indicate that a soil area of approximately 298 km² was affected by salinity in 1984 in Yucheng County, of which 5.40%, 11.96%, and 12.75% were classified as being subject to slight, moderate, and severe salinization, respectively. In 2009, the saline area was reduced to only 146 km², of which 10.70% and 3.75% were characterized by slight to moderate salinization and no severe salinization, respectively. The saline land decreased at an average rate of 6 km² per year. This decrease was probably a result of lower groundwater depth, increased organic fertilizer or crop straw in soil, changed land use type, and increased vegetation coverage.     

Effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in Phyllostachys praecox stands

Phyllostachys praecox is a bamboo species cultivated for edible shoots under intensive management. However, the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in bamboo soils is not clear under the intensive management for a long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in bamboo stands subjected to intensive management. Soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of bamboo stands which had been cultivated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 years in Lin''an, Zhejiang Province of China. Eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) present in the soil were selected, and their potential pollution risk was evaluated by chemical speciation analysis. Possible heavy metal sources were explored using multivariate and cluster analysis. Our results showed that Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd contents in the soil increased with the cultivation time, while Ni, Cr, Pb, and As levels were similar among all stands. Furthermore, the bioavailabilities of all analyzed heavy metals increased with the cultivation time. Multivariate and cluster analysis showed that sources of Ni, Cr, Pb, and As were likely lithogenic in origin, whereas input of Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd was mainly due to cultivation practices. Current bamboo management strategies raised the potential risks of heavy metal pollution in bamboo shoots in the long term. Soil acidification in P. praecox stands induced by intensive cultivation should be controlled since it stimulated and improved the bioavailability of heavy metals. Appropriate management strategies should thus be adopted to ensure safe and sustainable production of bamboo shoots.     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

常州市钟楼区耕地产能空间分布与影响因素分析

耕地产能评价对于耕地资源保护及质量提升具有重要的现实意义。通过构建耕地产能评价体系，运用空间自相关及主成分回归分析法对常州市钟楼区的耕地产能进行空间分布及影响因素分析。结果表明：基于气候、自然因素和技术水平综合指标的耕地产能评价体系具有适用性和可操作性；钟楼区耕地产能等别分为6等和7等，其中6等地占比达到97.55%，等别空间分布呈现出城区内部街道低、外围地区较高的格局；耕地产能整体空间集聚性显著，各街道（乡镇）均表现出较强的空间正相关性，正相关类型（HH型和LL型）多呈现组团式，负相关类型（LH型和HL型）则分布零散；耕地自然质量和技术水平是影响钟楼区耕地产能空间分布的主要驱动因素，其中，耕作层厚度、有机质含量、障碍层距地表深度和土壤养分元素为主导因素，pH值、灌溉保证程度和排水条件为次要因素。因此，应从增强耕地自然质量、提高耕地技术水平等方面制定提高耕地产能的针对性措施。