施氮水平和打顶后涂抹NAA 对盐渍土壤上长绒棉铃脱落和产量的影响

为探讨减少盐碱地棉花铃脱落的途径, 田间条件下研究了土壤供应低氮(N 226.5 kg·hm^-2)和高氮(N 346.5 kg·hm^-2)条件下, 不打顶、打顶和打顶后涂抹生长素对棉花铃脱落和产量构成因素的影响。结果表明, 低氮和高氮水平下, 打顶、打顶后涂抹NAA 处理果枝落铃率都低于不打顶处理。打顶后涂抹浓度为0.3 mmol·L^-1 的NAA 处理在低氮水平下的成铃率比传统打顶处理高1.3 个百分点, 而铃脱落率比传统打顶处理低0.8 个百分点, 皮棉产量比传统打顶处理高23.7%。高氮水平下, 与传统打顶处理相比, 打顶后涂抹浓度为3 mmol·L^-1 的NAA 单株成铃率、铃脱落率、皮棉产量之间差异不显著。在同一处理中, 高氮水平的单株成铃数、单铃重和吐絮数均低于低氮水平, 而衣分无明显差异, 从而导致皮棉产量下降。上述结果说明, 打顶后涂抹一定浓度的NAA 可增加棉花单株现铃、成铃、吐絮数, 增加单铃重, 降低落铃率, 从而提高产量, 而过量施用氮肥会导致产量下降。     

Effect of Silver-Sheet and Figaron on Flower Production, Abscission of Reproductive Organs, Yield and Yield Components in Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Both silver-sheet (a light reflector) and Figaron (a phytohormone), used individually, influence the production and abscission of reproductive organs during the reproductive stages of soybean. The combined use of silver-sheet and Figaron, however, has a much larger effect on production and abscission than the use of each alone. Experiments were conducted in the field at Niigata University, Japan, to investigate the light intensity at the canopy attributable to light reflection by silver-sheet and the individual and combined effects of silver-sheet and Figaron on reproductive abscission, yield and yield components of soybean. The field study was conducted on a sandy loam soil at 25 and 16 plants m⁻² in 1999 and 2000. The results of the 2-year study indicated that Figaron had no effect on growth parameters, whereas silver-sheet had an effect. Flower production in the Figaron and Figaron + silver-sheet treatments tended to be lower than in the control and silver-sheet treatments. Silver-sheet increased the light intensity in the lower canopy of soybean through reflection, and thus the percentage of reproductive abscission in the lower canopy was lower in the silver-sheet treatments than in the other treatments. Greater pod set was observed in the middle and upper canopies than in the lower canopy in the Figaron treatments. Therefore, total pod set or pod number was greater in the combined silver-sheet and Figaron treatments. Yield and its components were greater at higher plant densities and tended to be greater in the combined treatments of silver-sheet and Figaron. The increase of yield components in the combined silver-sheet and Figaron treatments was believed to be a result of favourable light conditions and source–sink alterations in the canopy induced by Figaron.     

植物离区发育及调控信号的多样性研究进展

植物器官脱落发生的特定区域叫做离区。植物离区发育及其研究主要集中在番茄、水稻、拟南芥等模式作用与重要的经济作物上。本文主要从植物离区脱落发生的多样性及其调控信号的多样性上进行综述,植物离区脱落的主要形式有：花器官脱落、叶脱落、果实脱落、种子脱落、开裂区脱落、侧根脱落等;主要的调控信号有花发育信号、乙烯与生长素信号、细胞凋亡信号、ROS信号等。旨在为今后经济作物离区相关基因研究提供理论依据和基础,并对今后离区相关研究的前景进行展望。     

老芒麦种子离区酶活变化及组织学分析

通过对青藏高原东北缘6种野生老芒麦不同时期种子离区组织结构的观察和细胞壁水解酶活性的测定,在组织学和生理学层面阐释老芒麦种子落粒的成因。结果表明,老芒麦种子离区结构的形成时期早于种子脱落,离层由2~3层小体积、椭圆形的细胞紧凑排列组成且这些细胞木质化程度高于周围组织细胞,低落粒材料离层木质化细胞数量多于高落粒材料;低落粒材料在种子成熟期无明显的离层断裂,其断裂面粗糙,离层结构完整,而高落粒材料在种子成熟期出现明显的离层断裂,断裂面光滑且离层结构不完整;6种材料纤维素酶(CE)与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的变化趋势在种子发育各时期均有差异,落粒关键期(抽穗后4~5周)这两种酶活性均与种子脱落密切相关;供试材料在落粒关键期CE与PG活性排序一致,且与同时期电镜观察结果相近;高落粒材料XH09在落粒关键期的两种酶活性均为最高(XH09_CE=479.52 IU·L^-1,XH09_PG=188.87 pg·mL^-1),而低落粒材料ZHN03两种酶活性均为最低。研究表明,老芒麦高落粒与低落粒材料在离层木质化程度、断裂面光滑度、离层结构完整性及落粒关键期细胞壁水解酶活性等方面具有差异。同时,离层木质化程度与落粒关键期细胞壁水解酶活性是造成野生老芒麦种子脱落的重要因素。     

不同叶面积损失对油茶产量及品质的影响

2011年5月对12年生、树高1.5～2.1m、造林密度为1500株·hm-2的普通油茶进行不同面积剪叶处理,以此模拟病虫等的危害,研究油茶叶片损失对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同剪叶处理对油茶落果率、果实质量、果实鲜出籽率、出仁率、干仁含油率均有一定影响。当叶损失量(剪叶量)为25%,50%和75%时,落果率分别为61.2%,83.8%和84.1%,是对照的1.54,2.11和2.12倍,显著高于对照;而叶损失量为12.5%时,油茶落果率与对照差异不显著。当叶损失量高于25%时,鲜出籽率(低于41%)、出仁率(低于14%)和干仁含油率(低于37%)均出现明显的下降趋势,与对照(44.6%,14.7%和42.2%)差异显著;瘪籽率则随着剪叶量的增加而上升。剪叶对茶油中饱和脂肪酸——棕榈酸和不饱和脂肪酸——油酸的含量也有影响,尤其是剪叶75%后,茶油中棕榈酸的含量为24.8%,比对照的(9.2%)显著增高;油酸的含量为68.9%,比对照的(82.5%)显著降低。剪叶后对油茶植株翌年(2012年)的生长及结果情况调查表明:剪叶50%和75%的树势衰弱,抽梢不正常且新叶少,平均果实数仅为2.2和0个·株-1,基本没有结果,显著低于其他处理组;而剪叶12.5%的油茶树翌年生长正常,结果数与对照差异不显著。研究结果表明叶面积损失超过25%将严重影响油茶的产量和翌年树势的生长,叶面积损失12.5%以上对茶油的品质有一定影响。     

禾本科牧草种子的落粒性

落粒性是植物在长期进化过程中为抵御恶劣环境和繁衍后代形成的一种适应机制,但会给种子生产造成严重损失,因此,落粒性一直是广大草业工作者关注的重点研究领域之一。由于经过人类选择驯化的时间较短,禾本科牧草通常存在落粒现象。本文主要就落粒对种子生产的影响、落粒率的测定方法、禾草种子落粒机制的研究、减少种子落粒的田间管理以及抗落粒品种的选育等方面做以综述,并提出相应的研究展望。     

Analysis of Calcium Content, Hormones, and Degrading Enzymes in Tomato Pedicel Explants During Calcium-Inhibited Abscission

This study was designed to analyze the changes of phytohormone concentrations, calcium fraction, and the activities of degrading enzymes during calcium-inhibited and ethyleneglycol-bis-（β-aminoethyl ether）N, N＇-tetraacetic acid （EGTA）-induced abscission of tomato pedicel explants. Added calcium caused an increase in the total calcium content within the abscission zone and produced a corresponding reduction （20%） in pedicel explant abscission. As expected, EGTA treatment produced the opposite effect and resulted in a decrease in the total calcium content, while accelerating abscission of pedicel explants. Hormone analysis revealed that indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） concentrations in the abscission zone first decreased and then increased before the occurrence of abscission in all treatments, with the greatest effect produced by addition of EGTA. Similarly, abscisic acid （ABA）, and gibberellin （GA1＋3） concentrations, and ethylene production were elevated in the abscission zone during the first 16 h before abscission when explants imbibed EGTA. With calcium treatment, the concentrations of ABA, ethylene, and GA1＋3 also increased in pedicels throughout the first 16 h following exposure, but the increase was slower and less dramatic than with EGTA. Both cellulase and polygalacturonase were induced in the explants during abscission and the activities were also strengthened by treatment with EGTA. Calciumtreated explants produced lower hydrolysing enzyme activities than controls throughout abscission. Calcium played a role of mediating hormone balance and degrading enzymes activities and affected on abscission.     

DTA-6对大豆花荚脱落纤维素酶和GmAC基因表达的调控

叶面喷施生长调节剂(PGRs)可以调控大豆花荚脱落。2012-2013年在大庆林甸县黑龙江八一农垦大学试验基地采用大田小区试验,R1期对大豆绥农28(SN28)、垦丰16 (KF16)和合丰50 (HF50)分别叶面喷施DTA-6调节剂,对调控花荚离区脱落纤维素酶(GmAC)基因相对表达量、荚脱落纤维素酶(AC)活性、花荚脱落率和产量进行了研究。结果表明：DTA-6抑制大豆花荚离区GmAC基因相对表达量,最大可达51% (±CK%);大豆荚的AC活性能够在喷药后阶段性地被降低,在不同品种上增加和降低存在差异;能够显著降低花荚脱落率(P<0.05);能够显著增加产量(P<0.05)。植物生长调节剂DTA-6是通过降低花荚离区GmAC基因相对表达量,调节AC活性,从而减少植株的花荚脱落率,以实现对产量的调控。     

A treatment to improve the vase life of cut tulips: Effects on tepal senescence, tepal abscission, leaf yellowing and stem elongation

The vase life of cut tulips (Tulipa spp.) is limited by a combination of leaf yellowing, tepal senescence, and tepal abscission. In many cultivars, moreover, high rates of stem elongation result in stem bending during vase life. In tests with the cvs. Apeldoorn and Frappant, stem bending could be prevented by treatment with ethylene or ethephon. However, these treatments resulted in poor flower opening. The ethephon treatment also resulted in precocious tepal abscission. The negative effect of ethephon on flower opening was overcome by a treatment with gibberellic acid (GA₃). GA₃ also somewhat delayed early leaf yellowing, but did not prevent the early tepal abscission induced by ethephon. The latter problem was overcome by a treatment with benzyladenine (BA). In addition, BA effectively delayed leaf yellowing and also delayed tepal senescence. However, BA produced browning of the lower stem end. This was prevented by the inclusion of calcium ions in the solution. The combination of chemicals (ethephon, GA₃, BA, and calcium ions) was similarly successful in a large number of other tulip cultivars tested. After adaptation of the concentrations the four chemicals were also effective if given as a pulse treatment shortly after harvest.     

采前喷施壳聚糖和油菜素内酯对葡萄采后落果的影响

以新疆无核白葡萄为试材,采前喷施油菜素内酯（BRs）和壳聚糖（CH）,观察贮藏期葡萄落果率变化,并分析对葡萄品质和衰老相关酶活的影响。结果表明,两种处理在贮藏前期均能有效降低贮藏期葡萄落果率,壳聚糖效果好于油菜素内酯。二者均降低了果实酸度,提高了果实糖酸比,对果实总维生素C（抗坏血酸）含量没有影响,但明显提高了VC的还原度,使PG、POD和LOX等果实成熟衰老相关酶的活力高峰向后推迟了15～30天。推论BRs和CH可能是通过延迟无核白葡萄果实成熟衰老进程来减少落果,也暗示了无核白葡萄迅速的成熟可能是导致果实过早脱落的原因。