钙素对乙烯诱导番茄花柄脱落过程中乙烯受体LeETRs基因表达的调控作用

以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentur Mill)品种辽园多丽的花柄外植体为试材,用生长素、乙烯及乙烯条件下钙及其抑制剂处理,研究不同处理对番茄花柄外植体脱落的影响及此过程中乙烯受体基因的变化情况。结果表明:生长素处理抑制脱落,乙烯处理加速脱落;乙烯条件下,钙处理进一步加速乙烯诱导的脱落,钙胞外螯合剂(EGTA)、钙调素抑制剂(TFP)处理降低了乙烯诱导的脱落。对番茄乙烯受体家族基因表达规律分析表明,LeETR3是生长素调控途径的重要乙烯受体基因,LeETR1,2是乙烯调控番茄花柄脱落过程中的关键乙烯受体基因;LeETR1,2,3是乙烯诱导番茄花柄脱落过程中钙调控的关键乙烯受体基因。     

2,4—D对甜橙幼果脱落及离区纤维素酶活性的抑制效应

暗柳橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)第一次生理落果期(3月下旬～4月中旬)的果实外植体脱落过程中,离区纤维素酶A、B的活性明显升高,第二次落果(4月下旬～5月中旬)期的果实脱落过程中,纤维素酶A的活性也显著提高,但纤维素酶B活性变化较小。细胞内、外纤维素酶的活性在外植体脱落过程中也不断升高。2,4—D能明显抑制胞内、外纤维素酶及纤维素酶A的活性,同时还能抑制外植体及非离休果实内乙烯的产生,但对纤维素酶B活性的影响无明显效应。田间喷布低浓度的2,4—D,明显地减少第一次生理落果,但对第二次落果的作用不如赤霉素。本文还讨论了果实的脱落、纤维素酶活性与乙烯之间的相互关系,及2,4—D的调控作用。并认为采用外植体的方法不失为研究脱落问题的有效手段。     

Effects of ABA Content on the Development of Abscission Zone and Berry Falling After Harvesting of Grapes

The commodity price of grape reduces as berry falling after harvest. It is crucial to prevent grape from berry falling during storage. In this article, the structure change of grape cells in the abscission zone was observed, the ABA content and the activities of cellulase and polygalacturonase （PG） were measured, and the relationship of ABA and berry falling was investigated. The results suggest that cells in the abscission zone grow into a separation layer soon after the grapes are cut off. According to the level of development, we designed 6 grades to sort the different development stages. The grade 3 plays an important role in berry falling. ABA enhances the activities of cellulase and polygalacturonase, and accelerates the decomposition of cellulose and pectin, which determines the level of development of abscission zone and berry falling. If ABA ratio is less than 20 ng g-i flesh weight （FW）, the abscission zone is not developed to the grade 3, and the berry falling is effectively stopped. We treated grape bunches with nine plant growth regulators and two chemicals. The results indicated that 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid （TIBA） can （a） inhibit the generation of ABA significantly, （b） inactivate the activities of cellulase and PG, （c） delay the development of the grade 3 of abscission zone, and （d） stop berry falling. Indole acetic acid （IAA）, gibberellic acid （GA3）, naphthalene acetic acid （NAA）, 6-benzylaminopurine （6-BA）, calcium chloride （CaCl2）, and potassium permanganate （KMnO4） caused similar results as TIBA. Chlorocholine chloride （CCC）, dimethyl amino succinamic acid （B9）, chloroethylphosphonic acid （CEPA） and exogenous ABA showed opposite effects.     

Effects of Exogenous Calcium on Some Postharvest Characteristics of Cut Gladiolus

In order to apply calcium to the vase solutions of cut gladiolus （Gladiolus hybridus）, the vase life and some physiological characteristics were studied in this article. A gladiolus cultivar, Mascagni, was chosen for experiments, and its cut flowers were held into solutions, which contained calcium acetate, ethylene glycol bis-amino tetmacetate （EGTA）, and water, respectively. The effects of calcium were probed by measuring the ornamental quality of cut gladiolus and the physiological characteristics such as calmodulin （CAM）, abscisic acid （ABA）, gibberellins （GA）, zeatin （ZRs）, endogenous calcium, malondialdehyde （MDA）, and soluble sugar in florets. In a solution of 2 mmol L-1 calcium acetate, the opening rate of cut gladiolus was higher than that of control, and the vase life and ornamental value of flowers were better than that in control and other treatments of calcium acetate. Thus, the solution of 2 mmol L^-1 calcium acetate has the best effect on the fresh keeping of cut gladiolus. In petals and bracts of cut gladiolus, the contents of CaM and GA and the ratios of GA/ABA and ZRs/ABA were higher in treatment of 2 mmol L^-1 calcium acetate than that in control, while the contents of ABA and MDA were lower. Compared with the control, the solution of 2 mmol L^-1 calcium acetate increased the endogenous calcium contents, and decreased the MDA contents, and alleviated the effects of EGTA on CaM, GA, GA/ABA, and ZRs/ABA. It made the soluble sugar content higher in petals than the control, but lower in bracts. Thus, the solution of 2 mmol L^-1 calcium acetate not only stabilizes the membrane structure of cut gladiolus, but also activates CaM. It thereby controls the endogenous hormone levels, and transports soluble sugar into petals, and increases the vase life of the flower.     

Effects of Exterior Abscisic Acid on Calcium Distribution of Mesophyll Cells and Calcium Concentration of Guard Cells in Maize Seedlings

In this study, the direct effects of exterior abscisic acid （ABA） on both calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and cytosolic calcium concentration of guard cells were examined. The distribution of Ca^2＋ localization were observed with calcium antimonate precipitate-electromicroscopic-cyto-chemical methods after treated with ABA and pretreated with ethylene glycol-bis-（2-aminoethylether）-N,N,N＇,N＇-tetraacetic acid （EGTA）, verapamil （Vp）, and trifluoperazine （TFP）. The laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to measure the cytosolic calcium concentrations of guard cells under different treatments. The results showed that the cytosolic Ca^2＋ concentration of mesophyll ceils was induced to increase by ABA, but to decrease in both outside cell and the vacuoles within 10 rain after treatments. The cytosolic calcium concentration of guard cells was increased gradually with the lag in treatment time. However, both EGTA and TFP could inverse those effects, indicating that the increase of cytosolic calcium induced by exterior ABA was mainly caused by calcium influx. The results also showed that calmodulin could influence both the calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and calcium concentration of guard cells. It shows that calmodulin participates in the process of ABA signal transduction, but the mechanism is not known as yet. The changes both calcium distribution of mesophyll cells and calcium concentration of guard cells further proved that the variations of cytosolic Ca^2＋ concentration induced by ABA were involved in the stomatal movements of maize seedlings.     

梅花采后衰老的内源激素调节

瓶插实验、ＧＣ及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证实,ＳＴＳ及６ ＢＡ可有效抑制梅花脱落及乙烯释放,间接表明梅花脱落与乙烯有关．动态测定还表明,乙烯及ＩＡＡ是调节梅花脱落衰老的重要因子．在离体及连体梅花中,ＡＢＡ分别在开放期前后参与了衰老调节．ＣＴＫ匮乏导致梅花衰老,其外源应用可抑制乙烯生成及梅花脱落,因此ＣＴＫ是梅花延衰的主要因子．ＧＡ仅有利于促进梅花绽开率,而并非为其延衰因子．根据上述结果,制定了切花梅科学的保鲜对策     

黄瓜子叶节离体再生过程中内源激素变化

采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),测定黄瓜子叶节再生过程中不同发育阶段愈伤组织的内源激素含量,探讨子叶节再生过程中内源激素的变化规律和激素间的相互关系.结果表明,随着黄瓜子叶节再生阶段的变化,内源激素含量也呈现不同变化.外植体培养0 d时,ABA含量最高,IAA和GA含量最低;愈伤组织诱导期(3～9 d),ABA、IAA、GA、ZR含量先升高后降低;愈伤组织分化期(9～15 d),IAA和GA含量均先升高后降低,ZR含量一直降低,而ABA含量则先降低后升高.     

蝴蝶兰的组织培养技术研究

以蝴蝶兰的叶片、花梗腋芽、花梗节间、茎尖、根尖为外植体,通过对蝴蝶兰组织培养的不同类型的基本培养基及各种激素配比进行组合试验,筛选出蝴蝶兰组织培养的最适外植体及其培养基配方。试验结果表明：花梗腋芽是蝴蝶兰组培的最佳外植体,其理想培养基配方为：1／2MS＋2mg/L6-BA＋0．2mg/L NAA＋0．3％Ac＋20g/L蔗糖＋8g／L琼脂,原球茎诱导率可达72．9％。     

GA_3 处理对纽荷尔脐橙留树保鲜果实内源激素变化的影响

以纽荷尔脐橙为试材,研究不同浓度GA3处理对留树保鲜脐橙果实的内源赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZRs)、脱落酸(ABA)的含量变化和相互间平衡关系的影响,以及对落果率变化的影响。结果表明:不同浓度GA3处理能有效地延缓纽荷尔脐橙果实内源GA、IAA、ZRs含量的下降速度20～40d,推迟内源ABA含量的累积20d左右,有效延缓果实内源ABA/GA、ABA/IAA的上升速度,并能减少留树保鲜过程中的落果。     

根癌农杆菌感染对甘薯外植体生理生化特性的影响

 【目的】研究根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）菌株N9-1侵染甘薯外植体后其生理生化特性的变化规律。【方法】用根癌农杆菌菌株N9-1侵染甘薯品种“新大紫”的茎段、叶片和叶柄为外植体,分别在共培养0、1、3、5 d后取样,测定根癌农杆菌感染甘薯外植体后的生理生化特性变化。【结果】根癌农杆菌感染甘薯茎段、叶片和叶柄外植体后,可溶性蛋白质含量随共培养天数的增加而逐渐下降。在感染初期,由于逆境的出现,消耗了外植体内大量的POD和SOD,从而使其POD活性和SOD活性下降。感染后期由于植物抗病机制的作用使POD和SOD活性升高。感染后的甘薯外植体中的内源ABA和GA3含量均表现为先增加后减少的变化趋势,但内源iPAs的含量变化趋势却正相反。在甘薯茎段处于最佳感受态区段时（3 d左右）,POD活性增高减缓,SOD活性、内源GA3和iPAs含量处于相对低值阶段,内源ABA含量处于高值区。【结论】与其它逆境条件下表现出的变化趋势一致,根癌农杆菌感染甘薯外植体后可溶性蛋白质含量降低,POD和SOD酶活性升高,内源GA3含量增加,这些生理生化指标的变化可以反映甘薯外植体对根癌农杆菌侵染的感受状况。     

蝴蝶兰催花过程中叶片内源激素含量的动态变化

为研究蝴蝶兰‘绿熊’在催花过程中的内源激素的动态变化,以2年生健康成熟的‘绿熊’为试验材料,测定其在花芽分化期、抽梗期、着苞期和开花期内的生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量变化。结果表明,在催花15~45天（花芽分化期）,IAA和GA开始大幅度降低,在45天时达到了花芽分化时期内的最低值;在抽梗期内IAA和GA开始迅速升高并在催花95天时达到最大,显著高于其他各时期的IAA和GA含量;催花195~240天（开花期）内两者均降低。ABA和ZR在催花15天（花芽分化期）时开始显著上升;抽梗期内ABA的含量下降,而ZR变化不显著;着苞期和开花期内两者均上升,ABA和ZR催花240天（开花期）时达最高值,分别为催花0天（花芽分化期）时的3.2倍和2.97倍。研究认为,内源激素变化对‘绿熊’的花芽分化花器官发育起着十分显著的调控作用,低浓度的IAA、GA和高水平的ABA、ZR有促进‘绿熊’花芽分化的作用,高浓度的IAA、GA和ZR有利于‘绿熊’花梗的伸长。     

The Influence of Endogenous Hormones on Culture Capability of Different Explants in Rice

The endogenous hormones (EHs) content of different explants (anther, young panicle, young embryo and mature embryo)and calli with different culture capability were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the contents and ratio of endogenous hormones were one of the key factors affecting callus induction frequencies (CIF) and green plantlet differentiation frequencies (GPDF). The influence of endogenous hormones of different explants on CIF represented as: Zoatin ribosile (ZR) showed negative effect, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) did positive effect, and gibberellic acid (GA) did negative effect except for mature embryos. The influence of endogenous hormones on green plantlet differentiation frequency (GPDF) showed: IAA and GA were negative effect; abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin+ zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) were positive effect. The mixture ratio of endogenous hormones played a role on CIF and GPDF. IAA/Z+ZR had a positive effect on CIF, and there was a notable positive correlation between Z+ZR/IAA and GPDF, so was between ABA/IAA and GPDF.     

桂花OfPSY、OfPDS和OfHYB基因启动子克隆及表达特性分析

  目的  探究高温和外源脱落酸对桂花Osmanthus fragrans类胡萝卜素生物合成的3个相关基因,包括八氢番茄红素合成酶基因(PSY)、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(PDS)、β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因(HYB)的调控作用,为阐释桂花类胡萝卜素代谢调控的机制提供研究基础。  方法  根据桂花基因组数据库的序列,从桂花品种‘堰虹桂’‘Yanhong Gui’中克隆OfPSY、OfPDS、OfHYB基因的启动子序列,并进行生物信息学分析,再构建PCAMBIA3301-LUC载体在烟草Nicotiana benthamiana中瞬时表达,结合高温(37 ℃)和200 mg·L?1脱落酸处理,分析启动子活性。  结果  获得OfPSY、OfPDS、OfHYB基因的部分启动子,其长度分别为1 908、1 521及1 830 bp。作用元件分析表明:3个启动子中均存在TATA-box和CAAT-box等启动子基本元件、光响应元件、脱落酸响应元件以及MYB和MYC结合位点。此外,在OfPSY启动子中,存在赤霉素响应元件;在OfPDS启动子中,存在茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、赤霉素响应元件、厌氧诱导型元件参与防御和胁迫的元件;在OfHYB启动子中,存在生长素、乙烯、茉莉酸甲酯等激素响应元件、低温响应元件和厌氧诱导型元件。烟草瞬时转化试验表明:相对高温能激活OfPSY、OfPDS和OfHYB的启动子活性,脱落酸能激活OfPDS和OfHYB的启动子活性。  结论  高温和脱落酸可能通过调控桂花类胡萝卜素合成基因启动子活性,影响桂花类胡萝卜素的积累。图4表5参28     

1-MCP处理对采后青花菜内源激素变化的影响

以青花菜品种"曼陀绿"(Brassica olracea L.var.italica)为试材,研究了1-MCP处理对青花菜采后叶绿素含量、乙烯释放速率和内源玉米素(ZR)、赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量的影响.结果表明:1-MCP延缓了叶绿素降解,降低了组织对乙烯的敏感性,延缓了GA的分解,推迟了ABA的积累.经1-MCP处理的青花菜ABA/GA和ABA/IAA比值上升缓慢.     

加工番茄离区发育过程及有无离区相关生理特性分析

以有离层和无离层品种的加工番茄为试材,采用石蜡切片技术和番红-固绿染色法对花梗进行解剖学研究,并对完全形成离层的时期(花完全开放时期)进行生理生化方面的研究.结果表明,离层是在花芽分化过程中逐步产生的,并伴随着花梗的生长而生长.在花完全开放时期,离层品种中细胞壁降解酶的活性显著高于无离层品种,而可溶性蛋白含量与酶活性呈负相关性.研究为进一步探讨离区发育机制奠定理论基础,也对生产中防止落花落果具有重要指导意义.     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系（CMS）子叶培养植株再生

笔者以细胞分裂素、生长素、赤霉素、硝酸银为培养基的附加成分,利用辣椒CMS9704A和8214A子叶作为外植体,研究辣椒CMS子叶再生体系,为辣椒CMS的遗传改良奠定基础。     

激素处理对楸树种子在不同温度下萌发特性的影响

以鄂西南楸树(Catalpa bungei C.A.Meyer)种子为供试材料,用质量浓度为100、200、300、400 mg·L-1的赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)、脱落酸(ABA)对楸树种子进行处理,测试发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,分析外源激素处理对楸树种子萌发的影响。结果表明:在外源激素质量浓度为100~400 mg·L-1时,随着外源激素质量浓度的增大,GA3处理的种子无论在恒温还是变温条件下,种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均先增大后减小;IBA处理的种子,在恒温条件下随着外源激素质量浓度的增大发芽率不断增大,而在变温条件下呈先上升后下降趋势;ABA处理的种子,随着外源激素质量浓度的增大,种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,无论恒温还是变温均呈显著下降趋势。一定质量浓度的GA3、IBA会对楸树种子的萌发起到促进作用,而ABA无论质量浓度高低均对楸树种子的萌发具有抑制作用。     

雷竹花芽形态分化过程中内源激素的变化规律

 采用间接酶联免疫吸附分析法（ELISA）测定了雷竹Phyllostachys violascens花芽形态分化过程中的内源激素变化规律。结果表明：随着花芽形态分化程度的增加,吲哚乙酸（IAA）和异戊烯基腺苷（iPA）质量摩尔浓度表现为先迅速下降后又逐步回升到一稳定值;脱落酸（ABA）与赤霉素（GA）质量分数有一定波动,但大体上表现为先上升再下降再上升的趋势;ABA/IAA,GA/IAA和iPA/IAA 均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,而且峰值均出现在花芽长度为12～14 mm的时期。此外,开花植株的iPA和ABA水平,ABA/IAA和iPA/IAA基本上高于未开花植株,而IAA和GA水平低于未开花植株,表明上述内源激素水平及比值对雷竹花芽形态分化有相应的促进与抑制作用。图6参15     

番茄采后成熟过程种子和果皮中脱落酸与乙烯代谢的关系

以番茄中杂101为材料，研究采后果实成熟过程种子和果皮中脱落酸（ABA）含量与乙烯生物合成的关系，以及外源ABA及其生物合成抑制剂（fluridone）处理对果实ABA含量和乙烯释放量的影响。结果表明：采后番茄果实成熟过程中．种子的乙烯释放量、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）含量和ABA含量均高于同时期果皮；种子和果皮中ABA和ACC含量的峰值都出现在乙烯跃变之前；ACC氧化酶（ACO）活性变化趋势与ABA含量及乙烯释放量的变化趋势相一致；外源ABA处理使果皮和种子中ABA含量显著增加，促进了果实乙烯的生成；fluridone处理则相反。以上证据表明，番茄果实中的ABA通过刺激乙烯的生成促进果实成熟，种子可能通过调控果实内ABA含量和乙烯释放量而影响果实的成熟。