新疆裸燕麦引进筛选及评价

【目的】鉴定新疆引进3个燕麦品种的丰产性、适应性、抗逆性,筛选出适合新疆地区种植的高产、稳产、优质的燕麦新品种,为燕麦在新疆的推广提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆引进裸燕麦品种为试材,2007～2008年在新疆奇台、沙湾、塔城、昭苏县同时鉴定,测定其籽粒、干草产量、生育期、主要农艺性状、籽粒品质等。【结果】花晚6号平均籽粒产量为217.61 kg/667 m2,比对照增产26.33%,增产达极显著水平,干草产量为837.06 kg/667 m2,比对照增产14.64%,增产达极显著水平;坝莜3号籽粒产量为213.22 kg/667 m2,比对照增产23.78%,增产达极显著水平,干草产量为777.57 kg/667 m2,比对照增产6.49%,增产不显著;白燕2号籽粒产量为198.22 kg/667 m2,增产不显著,干草产量为640.63 kg/667 m2,比对照减产12.26%,减产达极显著水平。【结论】白燕2号、花晚6号、坝莜3号均可在新疆奇台、沙湾、塔城、昭苏种植。白燕2号为早熟、优质的裸燕麦品种。花晚6号为中熟、高产、粮草兼用型裸燕麦品种。坝莜3号为中熟裸燕麦品种,可作为新疆裸燕麦的储备品种。     

硒肥对莜麦生产性能的影响

在河南省黄河滩区种植莜麦(Avena nuda)的地段上播前基施硒肥,研究硒肥(Na₂SeO₃·5H₂O)用量在570~1143 g·hm^-2时,对莜麦生产特点和生产性能的影响,探索提高莜麦生产水平的新途径,进一步丰富河南优质饲草资源。结果表明:对莜麦生产适宜的硒肥基施量为765~954 g·hm^-2,基施硒肥能使莜麦的鲜干比平均降低6.69%(P<0.05),茎叶比平均提高10.01%(P<0.05),分蘖数平均提高12.50%(P<0.05),扬花期干草产量平均提高8.22%(P<0.05);另外,硒肥还能显著提高种子的千粒重,但不能提高莜麦果实产量。 因此,合理基施硒肥是提高莜麦生产水平的可行而有效的手段,为莜麦在滩区的优质高产提供技术保证。     

不同食用菌菌糠复配基质对番茄和青花菜秧苗出苗的影响

为研究开发我省来源丰富、经济实惠和性能优良的蔬菜无土育苗基质,采用正交试验设计方法,利用食用菌菌糠茶树菇渣、草菇渣和粘土矿物等材料混合配制蔬菜育苗基质。试验结果表明：不同配方基质对番茄种子出苗率有显著影响,但对青花菜种子发芽率没有显著影响;不同配方基质对番茄和青花菜秧苗壮苗指数都有显著影响。从9个配方基质处理中筛选出一个最适合番茄和青花菜等蔬菜穴盘育苗的无土基质配方--8号基质处理（由茶树菇渣按体积分数0.4、草菇渣按体积分数0.35、珍珠岩按体积分数0.1和粘土矿物按体积分数0.15均匀混配而成）,该基质处理的番茄和青花菜种子出苗率高、壮苗指数均中等、pH和电导率也较合适。     

Rice Bran Oil Extraction by Screw Press Method:Optimum Operating Settings,Oil Extraction Level and Press Cake Appearance

The appearance of rice bran ’cake’ or discharge from a screw press corresponds to the level of oil produced in the extraction process.The relationships between operating settings,oil extraction level and cake appearance were studied.Cake characteristics reliably indicate the expected oil recovery extraction level.These conclusions applyed to both Chainat 1 rice bran and parboiled rice bran.Variables were the speed of the screw press(set at five levels from 8.5 to 19.8 r/min) and corresponding clearance distances between the screw and barrel(set between 1.0 and 1.9 cm).Results showed that the maximum levels of extraction were 4.17% for the rice bran and 8.20% for the parboiled rice bran.At the maximum extraction level,the apparatus continuously discharged cake that were hard,crispy,flaky,shiny and polished on one side but dull and coarse on the other.     

不溶性草酸氧化酶的包埋及草酸快速检测方法研究

通过研究不溶性草酸氧化酶包埋方法和草酸快速检测方法,建立氧电极法测定草酸的便捷体系。以大麦麸皮为原料制备不溶性草酸氧化酶,采用5%的琼脂糖包埋,检测包埋酶的稳定性和抗离子干扰能力;以包埋酶为工具酶,通过氧电极法检测草酸含量。试验结果表明:包埋酶连续反应2 h酶活性下降低于5%,贮存30 d活性下降低于8%;草酸检测线性范围0.1～0.8mmol/L,外标法草酸回收率为83%～97%。用氧电极法与显色法测定小麦草酸含量,两种方法的测定值无显著性差异。但氧电极法测定耗时短,反应体系简单,易于推广应用。     

化肥配施不同有机肥对土壤养分释放及烤烟养分吸收的影响

为了解化肥配施不同有机肥在不同生态条件下对植烟土壤养分释放及烤烟养分吸收的影响,于2008年在广西靖西县和南丹县烟区进行了化肥配施花生麸、猪厩肥、糖厂滤泥堆肥和稻草堆肥等有机肥的田间试验。结果表明:与纯化肥或当地推荐施肥相比,化肥配施有机肥处理的烤烟产量和上等烟比例在靖西县分别提高4.6%~15.5%和92.3%~106.7%,南丹县提高0.06%~32.4%和65.7%~97.8%;两县烤烟上、中部叶片的全钾、总氮、总糖、还原糖含量提高,烟碱下降,氮/碱比更接近0.8~0.9,糖碱比更接近10。不同的化肥配施有机肥处理间,烤烟产量及优质烟比例差异不显著;化肥配施有机肥在烤烟移栽后65 d内氮素释放较慢,但肥效较长,显著提高烤烟生长期土壤速效磷、钾供应能力,烟株养分吸收能力增强,后期烤烟叶片的全氮和全磷含量提高8.6%~61.5%和2.9%~34.3%。各处理中以化肥配施40%花生麸处理的烤烟产量、质量最佳,土壤养分指标与烤烟叶片养分指标含量最高,是烟田土壤较优的有机肥配施模式。相关分析表明,土壤速效养分与烟叶养分、烤烟大部分化学品质呈正相关,与烟碱呈负相关,表明化肥配施有机肥对土壤养分、烤烟养分吸收及烤烟品质的影响是一致的。     

Impact of water content on the solubilisation of arabinoxylan during xylanase treatment of wheat bran

Arabinoxylan (AX) has a major impact on the functional properties of wheat bran, and it has been shown that technological properties of bran can be improved by using endoxylanases. Enzymatic treatments are typically conducted at high water content. However, in industrial applications, low water content may be advantageous, especially when targeting dry end products. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of water content, ranging from 20 to 90%, on the efficiency of endoxylanase treatment of wheat bran. Interestingly, AX solubilisation was highest at the water contents of 40 and 90%. At water contents 50–80%, AX solubilisation was lower than at 40 and 90%. Furthermore, at low water content, less depolymerisation was detected. At water content of 40%, the bran-water mixture was transformed from powder-like into compact mass. Probably the compact consistency of the material enhanced AX solubilisation by increased breakdown of bran cell walls due to shear forces or via enhanced enzyme binding to the substrate. The results show that solubilisation of bran AX can also be efficiently performed at low water content.     

Rice bran, a potential source of biodiesel production in Indonesia

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The cost of raw materials comprises 60-88% of the production cost in commercial biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) production. Therefore, the use of low-cost raw material as a substrate and an in situ process for biodiesel production are being preferred. In this case, rice bran, which contains 13.5% oil, was an interesting substrate. In situ esterification of high-acidity rice bran with methanol and sulfuric acid catalyst was investigated. The individual and interaction effects of methanol to rice bran ratio, sulfuric acid catalyst concentration and reaction time on purity and recovery of biodiesel were discussed. Our results suggest that under the following operation conditions: methanol to rice bran ratio of 5 mL/g, sulfuric acid concentration in methanol of 1.5 vol.%, and reaction time of 60 min, an in situ esterification operated on rice bran could yield FAMEs with a high purity and recovery. By applying an in situ esterification with n-hexane/water extractions, Indonesia will be succesfull in obtaining biodiesel from rice bran up to 96,000 ton per year.     

A simple method based on laboratory inoculum and field inoculum for evaluating potato resistance to black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani

A two-step method was developed to evaluate potato resistance to black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Tuber piece inoculum was first conducted in the laboratory, which was also first reported in this study. After inoculation with pathogen discs and culture for 48 h, the necrotic spots on the inoculated potato pieces were generated and measured by the crossing method. Further evaluation was conducted through field experiments using a wheat bran inoculum method. The wheat bran inoculum was placed into the pit dispersedly and surrounded seed tubers. Each cultivar or line was subjected to five treatments of 0-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-g soil inoculum. The results showed that 2–4 g of wheat bran inoculum was the optimum for identifying tuber black scurf resistance. The laboratory scores positively correlated with the incidence and severity of black scurf in the field. According to the results in the laboratory, relatively resistant cultivars could be selected for further estimation of tuber black scurf resistance in field experiments. It is a practical and effective screening method for rapid identification of resistant potato germplasm, which can reduce workload in the field, shorten time required for identification.     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵米糠制备活性肽及其抗氧化性评价

[目的]研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵米糠中蛋白多肽的水解度和抗氧化活性,为米糠的高值化综合利用提供技术参考。[方法]以枯草芽孢杆菌为菌种,研究米糠发酵制备活性肽的条件,并对活性肽的抗氧化活性进行评价。[结果]当枯草芽孢杆菌接种量5%、发酵时间48 h、发酵温度36℃、p H 8时,米糠发酵液中水解度较高,达到了21.74%。枯草芽孢杆菌发酵制备的米糠活性肽具有较强的清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。此外,米糠活性肽分子量主要分布在100~5 000 Da,富含天冬氨酸和谷氨酸,并包含了6种人体必需氨基酸。[结论]枯草芽孢杆菌发酵具有提高米糠功能特性的潜力,可为米糠的高值化利用提供参考。