有机无机肥料对小麦的肥效及其交互作用

在京郊大同肥力水平土壤上,有机肥和化肥配合施用小麦增产量最高,其增量在中、高肥力试验点上大于低肥力试验点.有机肥和化肥配合施用时的增产作用是它们各自增产效应之和,它们之间的交互效应不显著.在高肥力土壤上甚至有负的交互效应,即配台施用时的增产量小于分施时各自增产量之和.根据肥料试验,本文提出了京郊不同肥力水平土壤上小麦有机无机肥料配合施用量,并发现在低肥力土壤上随着有机肥的施用,化肥氮的用量增加,化肥磷用量可减少;在高肥力土壤上随有机肥的施用,化肥氮用量减少,化肥磷用量增加;在中等肥力土壤上配合有机肥的施用,氮磷化肥用量均个应减少,应略为增加.     

畜禽粪肥与化肥配施对春小麦产量和养分吸收利用的影响

为了解不同畜禽粪肥在春小麦生产上的应用效果,通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾养分等量的情况下,比较分析了施用猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪和羊粪后春小麦产量和养分吸收利用的差异。结果表明,4种畜禽粪肥与化肥配施均能提高春小麦产量,促进养分吸收,提高肥料利用效率,培肥土壤,尤其以鸡粪与化肥配施效果最好。相比单施化肥处理,鸡粪与化肥配施处理的籽粒和秸秆产量分别提高13.43%和8.20%,籽粒和秸秆中的氮、磷和钾含量分别提高0.73%、9.74%、6.98%和2.86%、4.00%、9.19%,氮、磷和钾的累积量分别提高了14.27%、22.81%、22.81%和11.48%、11.11%、18.07%;氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥生理利用效率分别提高0.48%、52.77%、42.51%、13.46%和33.71%;磷素收获指数、磷肥农学效率、磷肥吸收利用效率、磷肥偏生产力和磷肥生理利用效率分别提高2.42%、52.77%、62.00%、13.47%和25.82%;钾素收获指数、钾肥农学效率、钾肥吸收利用效率、钾肥偏生产力和钾肥生理利用效率分别提高2.45%、52.77%、55.72%、13.47%和29.11%。土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高5.75%、10.94%、22.26%、1.95%、9.42%、26.85%和28.43%。     

猪粪秸秆不同物料比对固体产酸发酵效果的影响

在沼液回流的条件下,研究猪粪和秸秆固体产酸发酵过程中,不同原料配比（猪粪与秸秆质量比分别为4︰1、2︰1、1︰1、1︰3和0︰1即纯秸秆）对产酸发酵效果的影响。试验结果表明：增加发酵原料猪粪比例有利于调节发酵体系pH值,但酸化液中氨氮质量浓度较高;沼液回流能有效避免体系过酸现象;上述不同原料质量配比产酸发酵产物以乙酸为主,试验周期内,累积产乙酸质量分别占各反应器挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）总质量的80.8%、81.8%、77.1%、78.3%和73.8%,酸化液中丙酸质量浓度均低于1.6 g/L,累积产生质量分别占各反应器VFAs总质量的4.8%、2.8%、7.2%、6.5%和8.4%。综合分析表明,猪粪与秸秆比为2︰1时,发酵过程中产酸效果优于其他配比试验。     

Verbesserungsvorschlag zur gefahrlosen Beheizung brennbarer Lösungsmittel zur Fettextraktion (Kurzmitteilung)

A crop rotation field study with manure application was established at Tartu in 1985. Biological and chemical properties were evaluated on fine sandy loam Podzoluvisol in May 1989. The treatments included unmanured (N_o and N₈₀) controls, two peat based composts and five manures of different origin. The procedures of the most probable number (MPN) and spread plate counts were used for microbiological investigation, but also enzymatic activities, nitrogen forms, total‐C and pH were simultaneously estimated in plough layer soil. The most variable i.e. the most clearly differentiated physiological groups within manures were cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria followed by Azotobacter spp. together with actinomycetes. Abundance of aerobic cellulolytic and ammonifying bacteria correlated positively with the number of soil algae and fungi, and negatively with nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reductase. The number of actinomycetes correlated positively with urease and catalase activity. Soil enzymatic activity was mainly modified by nitrite‐reductase. Peat composts had the highest C‐content and highest pH value compared with other soils. Pig slurry and NH₄NO₃ (N80) treatment had the highest level of fixed NH⁺ ₄ ‐ions in soil. Nine months after manure application no differences were found in the unstable NO^– ₃content of soil. Variation in the number of the studied microbial physiological groups between treatments remained insignificant.     

Incidental phosphorus losses – are they significant and can they be predicted?

Fresh applications of phosphorus (P) may cause ‘incidental’ losses of dissolved and particulate P forms in land runoff when rainfall interacts directly with fertilizers and manures which are spread, or excreted, onto the soil surface. Research indicates that when incidental P losses (IPL) occur, they often make the dominant (50–98 %) contribution to measured P loads in surface and sub‐surface runoff from field plots, with increased risk of eutrophication where P‐enriched runoff is routed directly to the watercourse. Rates of P loss are temporally and spatially very variable (< 1 to 25 % of total P applied) depending on the amount of P applied; the P release properties of the materials applied (% P extractable in water), the timing of storm events after application and the amounts of runoff generated. Large P applications left on the surface of wet, frozen, compacted, and intensively underdrained soils in high rainfall areas are particularly vulnerable to IPL. Concentrations of P in runoff are often greatest during the first storm event following P application, but can remain high for several weeks, or even months after application. Catchment scale impacts are more difficult to quantify due to the effects of dilution with runoff from fields without IPL, and the contributions of P from other sources. Approaches to predicting IPL are discussed and need to be improved in order to assess the contribution of IPL to catchment P loads in river basin management planning. Strategies to control IPL should focus on adoption of more sensitive management practices in fields with a high risk of rapid runoff or preferential flow, and are likely to very effective.     

规模化养殖畜禽粪主要有害成分测定分析研究

随着我国规模化养殖业的快速发展,畜禽粪中重金属、兽药残留、盐分及有害菌等有害污染物的增加,构成影响农田土壤健康功能的限制因素,甚至带来生态环境风险。对我国7个省、市、自治区的典型规模化养殖畜禽粪的主要化学组成进行了测定。结果表明,规模化养殖畜禽粪中富含有机质、氮、磷、钾及钙、镁、铁、钠、锰、钴等矿质元素;砷、铜、锌、铬等重金属及盐分含量较高,55个猪粪、鸡粪样中,Cu、Zn、Cr、As含量变幅分别为10.7～1591mg/kg、71.3～8710.mg/kg、0～688.mg/kg、0.01～65.4.mg/kg。同时多有四环素类抗生素残留,32个猪粪样中,土霉素、四环素、金霉素平均含量分别为9.09.mg/kg、5.22.mg/kg、3.57.mg/kg;23个鸡粪样中,土霉素、四环素、金霉素平均含量分别为5.97.mg/kg2、.63.mg/kg1、.39.mg/kg。因此,规模化养殖畜禽粪对农田施用后存在潜在危害性,规模化养殖畜禽粪必须进行无害化处理,才能资源化利用。     

膨润土改善鸡粪厌氧消化产酸产甲烷特性

为探究膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产甲烷特性和可溶性有机酸代谢特性的影响,采用L8(23)正交试验设计,以鸡粪添加量(有机负荷率)、膨润土添加量和接种量为三因素,每个因素设置2个水平,研究了中温条件下(35±1)℃膨润土添加对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产酸和产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,低有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能显著(P0.05)提高鸡粪挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了22.72%、27.72%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异不显著(P0.05));高有机负荷条件下,膨润土添加能极显著(P0.01)提高鸡粪VS产甲烷量,添加量为3.0%和1.5%时VS产甲烷量分别提升了78.68%和55.41%(膨润土添加量不同的组差异显著(P0.05))。当鸡粪添加量为19.91 g挥发性固体,膨润土添加量为3.0%(占干基比)和接种量为80 m L(体积分数20%)时,单位挥发性固体产甲烷量最高为301.92 m L/g,比对照组高87.8%,此时可变成本也最低为2.43元/m~3,比两对照组分别低1.29和1.68元/m~3。方差分析表明:膨润土添加可提高鸡粪厌氧消化过程中挥发性脂肪酸,pH值,可溶性有机碳和可溶性无机碳的稳定性。膨润土可加强鸡粪厌氧消化系统的稳定性,降低产甲烷的可变成本,为膨润土强化鸡粪厌氧处理提供了试验验证据。     

我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥潜力

为探究我国畜禽有机肥对果菜茶理论养分需求量的满足水平,评估果菜茶三大作物有机替代与化肥减量潜力,本研究借助统计资料,定量分析我国畜禽粪便养分资源供应量和果菜茶理论养分需求量,在此基础上进行全国性及区域性替代可行性分析。统计分析表明:2015年,我国果菜茶化肥氮磷(纯养分)施用总量为1.84×107t·a-1,是理论需求量的两倍左右,化肥过量施用十分严重;2015年,我国畜禽粪便产生的氮、磷(以P2O5计,下同)分别为7.98×106、6.42×106t·a-1,若全部用于果菜茶,可替代78%的化肥,减少2.88×106～5.18×106t氮、磷肥损失;90%的省(市、自治区)产生的畜禽粪便可满足区域内化肥减量20%的目标,71%的省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便可满足区域内替代50%化肥;各地区畜禽有机肥替代化肥量空间差异较大,除长三角、珠三角经济发达地区(上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、陕西)以外,其余省份(市、自治区)畜禽有机肥可100%替代区域内果菜茶化肥,并且,东北、西北地区的畜禽粪便在满足区域内果菜茶养分需求的基础上仍有较多盈余,可施用于粮食或者经济作物,或者转化为优质商品有机肥补给长三角、珠三角地区。我国果菜茶三大作物通过畜禽有机肥替代化肥,70%省份可实现化肥减量目标,减少氮磷化肥面源污染。研究结果可为我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥施用提供一定理论指导,为实现果菜茶化肥减量的目标提供决策支持。     

基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中雌激素污染特征

为了解基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中残留雌激素的污染特征,防控有机肥生产中的污染风险。采集了市面上基于鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪制备的17种有机肥,测定了其有机质、氮、磷和钾含量;采用SPE-HPLC/FLD法检测了样品中雌三醇（E3）、17β-雌二醇（17β-E2）、双酚A（BPA）、炔雌醇（EE2）四种雌激素的含量,并将结果与新鲜鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪中四种雌激素含量进行对比。结果表明,鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪有机肥中均存在有机质含量偏低的样品;鸡粪有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA均值（干质量计）分别为270.22、2.71、87.93 μg·kg^-1;猪粪有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA、EE2均值为609.71、41.84、32.69、46.74 μg·kg^-1;牛粪有机肥中E3均值为50.96μg·kg^-1。畜禽粪便有机肥存在雌激素污染风险,且E3风险最大。所检测的三种畜禽粪便制备的有机肥中,牛粪有机肥雌激素含量、检出率均最低。有机肥中E3、17β-E2、BPA、EE2检出率分别为47.06%、11.76%、17.65%、5.88%,四种雌激素在新鲜粪便中检出率则为67.74%、70.97%、70.97%、58.06%,有机肥中雌激素检出率低于新鲜畜禽粪便。综上可见,基于畜禽粪便的有机肥中仍会有雌激素残留,应引起重视。