Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), hatcheries: studies on broodstock, eggs, fry and environment

The occurrence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum at four rainbow trout hatcheries was investigated to provide more knowledge about the reservoirs and transmission of this bacterium. Broodstock were sampled at stripping (including both unfertilized and fertilized eggs), and the offspring were then sampled at the eyed egg and fry stages. Water and surface samples (e.g. hatchery trays) were also sampled. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was found in ovarian fluid and milt, indicating that broodstock may serve as a reservoir and are latent carriers of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was not found on or inside eggs, but further egg studies will be necessary to elucidate the possibility of vertical transmission of the pathogen. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was isolated from water samples, but only from water that had been in close contact with farmed rainbow trout or eggs. Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates were characterized and compared with well-characterized strains, using degradation of elastin, serotype and ribotype profiles. Different ribotypes of F. psychrophilum were found between hatcheries, but a common ribotype A was found at all four hatcheries. Different ribotypes were found in broodstock without clinical disease, whereas only a few ribotypes (mostly ribotype A) were found in diseased fry. The same ribotype A was found in broodstock, in water samples from hatchery trays and in fry, which suggests the possibility of transmission of F. psychrophilum between broodstock and offspring.     

长吻鮠精子保存液在人工授精中的应用试验

分别在安徽长江流域的无为和淮河流域的滁州进行长吻鮠的人工繁殖,使用LRH-A2、PG、混合激素B型、DOM 进行催产,从长江捕获的亲鱼立即催产,其催产率为66．67％,受精率80％-85％,经培育选择后催产率为83．33％,受精率65%- 87％。在滁州经多年培育的亲鱼催产率为100％,受精率78％-95％。精子保存液在精子保存和人工授精中使用效果良好。在冰桶内保存,20-30 h仍能保持良好的受精能力。     

Physiological and biochemical parameters for egg quality determination in lake trout,Salmo trutta lacustris

The present study investigated the relationships between egg viability and ovarian fluid composition, egg physiology and egg metabolism in lake trout, Salmo trutta lacustris, to obtain biomarkers for egg quality determination. The ovarian fluid pH, protein levels and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and -d-glucuronidase were significantly correlated with egg viability expressed as the number of eyed stage embryos. Regression models demonstrated that an ovarian fluid pH between 8.44 and 8.57, protein levels below 235.56 mg 100 ml^–1ovarian fluid, aspartate aminotransferase activity below 31.65 m min^–1 l^–1ovarian fluid and -d-glucuronidase activity below 8.62 m min^–1 l^–1 ovarian fluid characterized egg batches with high viability (80%).The increase in the egg wet weight during water hardening was also significantly correlated with the number of eyed stage embryos, and egg batches with high egg viability (80%) increased in wet weight by 13% during water hardening.From the investigated metabolic parameters the number of eyed stage embryos was significantly correlated with activities of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (egg viability 80% at 2.07 nM min^–1 mg^–1 protein) and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (egg viability 80% at 47.25 nM min^–1 mg^–1 protein), with the respiration rate (egg viability 80% at 8.71 nM min^–1 mg^–1 protein), with the ratio of NADH to NAD levels (egg viability 80% 0.872), with the levels of free, non-esterified fatty acids (egg viability 80% 72.34 g mg^–1 protein), and the ratio of non esterified to esterified fatty acids (egg viability 80% at 0.749). Also, subjective and visual control methods were described to distinguish between batches with viable and non viable eggs.     

Motility Parameters of Rainbow Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) Spermatozoa in Relation to Sequential Collection of Milt,Time of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Post-mortem</Emphasis> Storage and Anesthesia

The present study investigated the effects of sequential collection of milt, time of post-mortem storage and anesthesia on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm motility parameters (using computer-assisted sperm analysis – CASA) as well as seminal plasma osmolality and sperm concentration. The post-mortem storage and time of anesthesia altered motility characteristics of rainbow trout sperm to different extents. The moderate impact of time of anesthesia was manifested in a shortened duration of sperm motility after 10 min exposure of fish to anesthetic. The prolonged post-mortem storage (≥40–60 min), in addition to lowering sperm motility duration, also significantly influenced sperm motility parameters, such as sperm velocities, percentage of motile sperm and sperm trajectory parameters. These results clearly demonstrate that when milt from sacrificed fish is used for sperm motility studies, the time of post-mortem storage significantly alters sperm motility characteristics. Since sperm motility rate and swimming velocity could predict fertilizing ability, detrimental effects of prolonged post-mortem storage may lead to reduced fertilization success. Sperm concentration and seminal plasma osmolality were lower in the first fractions and increased with successive collections of milt. It suggests the presence of urine contamination of the first milt fractions which were collected by stripping. Therefore, testing of sperm concentration and/or seminal plasma osmolality should be mandatory while handling stored milt.     

液力偶合器三维涡识别方法及流场时空演化

精细刻画液力偶合器内部非定常多尺度三维涡结构对于揭示液力偶合器流场时空演化规律与能量损耗机理具有重要意义。该研究基于计算流体动力学理论,采用应力混合涡湍流模型多尺度解析模拟制动工况下液力偶合器三维旋涡流场。通过3种不同的涡识别方法提取涡轮内部多尺度涡系结构,从空间重构效果、阈值选择范围及敏感性角度分析不同涡识别方法的适用性。依托粒子图像测速（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）流场试验验证数值模拟及涡结构辨识结果的准确性与可靠性。围绕三维涡结构特征解析结果和二维流场图谱信息,分析并揭示流道内部湍流的时空演化规律及能量损耗机理。结果表明：Q准则方法的阈值选择盲目性大,难以同时识别强涡与弱涡结构,丢失很多涡结构细节特征,无法准确预测三维涡空间连续性运动趋势;Ω方法能够在阈值范围为0.51～0.59内精确辨识弱涡结构,但涡系空间重构后涡的运动趋势感不强;ΩL方法对阈值不敏感,在阈值范围为0.51～0.67内该方法空间涡系重构效果最好,强涡、弱涡结构特征识别度高。制动工况下涡轮内部整体流动为逆时针大尺度环流,并伴有小尺度涡流等局部流动现象,与主流涡运动相同旋向的旋涡促进主流旋涡运动,相反旋向的旋涡阻碍主流旋涡运动,由于涡的撕裂、破碎、分离、碰撞、摩擦、挤压等作用,导致流体能量损失,以热能形式耗散。研究结果可为液力偶合器结构设计与优化提供理论与技术指导。     

沼渣、沼液的养分含量及安全性研究

[目的]研究供试沼渣、沼液的养分含量及安全性。[方法]通过检测正常使用中的大型沼气工程产生的沼渣、沼液,根据相关国家标准进行对比分析,进而得出沼渣、沼液的养分情况和安全情况。[结果]沼渣的有机质含量超过国家有机肥标准,总养分基本达到国家制定的指标,沼液有机质含量和总养分低于国家有机肥标准,沼液、沼渣适宜与其他营养元素混合施用。供试沼渣和沼液中重金属含量低于国家复合肥标准,是可以用于农事生产的安全养分供应来源。供试沼渣和沼液中血吸虫、钩虫卵和寄生虫卵为零,表明沼气工程发酵过程能够杀灭有害虫卵。[结论]该研究可为沼渣、沼液应用于农业生产提供理论基础。     

泵站正向进水前池底坎整流机理数值模拟

为研究正向进水前池存在的不良流态,基于N-S方程和Realizable k-ε紊流模型,采用SIMPLE算法,数值模拟了正向进水前池中无任何措施和增设底坎整流措施的流态.CFD计算结果表明：原方案的前池两侧出现了大面积的回流区,泵站两侧机组进水条件差,水流偏斜较为明显;加底坎,且当底坎离进水池较远时,整流效果并不明显,前池内仍有大面积的回流产生,偏流依然严重;当底坎离进水池较近时,坎后旋涡直接影响到进水池的流态;通过CFD优化,底坎设在离进水池入口（7~10）D处,能明显改善前池的流态,水流能较均匀地流入各台机组;随着底坎坎高的增大,底层回流区会逐渐变小,较大回流区发生的位置也由坎后变为坎前,坎高的取值约为0.3H＇时,前池内流态较好;底坎的顶宽尺寸对前池流态的影响较小.CFD计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,研究成果对正向扩散前池流态改善有借鉴价值和实际意义.     

全射流喷灌喷头射流元件的流场分析

全射流喷灌喷头射流元件对喷头工作性能有重要影响,其内部液气两相流动影响着射流元件的尺寸设计。采用流体体积函数两相流数学模型,对射流元件稳定附壁情况下二维及三维流场进行数值模拟,获得射流元件壁面压力分布规律、射流中线速度衰减规律、无因次附壁点距离和液气两相界面坐标位置。壁面静压试验数据与计算值对比具有一致性。在相同入口速度下,随着偏移率的增大,射流元件壁面压力极大值减小,附壁点下移。归纳出小偏移率情况下无因次附壁点距离与偏移率的经验关系式。该研究为射流元件的尺寸设计提供依据。     

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机改进设计

3WZF-400A型果园风送喷雾机通过安装直线导流板引导了气流速度场，在一定程度上解决了传统轴流式风送喷雾机农药浪费以及防治效果差的问题，但仍无法使靶标区域的气流速度分布与作物冠层轮廓匹配。本文以计算流体力学为手段，对该型喷雾机进行了改进设计。通过设置不同数量和角度的短导流板进一步引导喷雾机气流场，并建立了对应的气流速度场分布模型。通过对比选取最佳的改进设计方案，并进行了试验验证与喷雾性能测试。研究结果表明，当短导流板数量为2，喷雾机导流板角度组合为45°、15°、-15°和5°,且风机风速为20m/s时，在靶标处的气流速度分布能够与作物冠形轮廓匹配，所建立的模型能够较准确地模拟喷雾机实际气流速度场的分布。在此基础上以雾滴覆盖率为指标评价了改进设计后的喷雾机喷雾性能，并与改进前的喷雾机喷雾性能作对比，结果表明雾滴能够在垂直平面内按照作物冠形合理分布。