Effect of fungal exposure on the strength of thermally modified Norway spruce and Scots pine

Abstract

Thermal modification at elevated temperatures changes the chemical, biological and physical properties of wood. In this study, the effects of the level of thermal modification and the decay exposure (natural durability against soft-rot microfungi) on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce were investigated with a static bending test using a central loading method in accordance with EN 408 (1995). The results were compared with four reference wood species: Siberian larch, bangkirai, merbau and western red cedar. In general, both the thermal modification and the decay exposure decreased the strength properties. On average, the higher the thermal modification temperature, the more MOE and MOR decreased with unexposed samples and increased with decayed samples, compared with the unmodified reference samples. The strength of bangkirai was least reduced in the group of the reference wood species. On average, untreated wood material will be stronger than thermally modified wood material until wood is exposed to decaying fungi. Thermal modification at high temperatures over 210°C very effectively prevents wood from decay; however, strength properties are then affected by thermal modification itself.     

Decay resistance of sapwood and heartwood of untreated and thermally modified Scots pine and Norway spruce compared with some other wood species

Abstract

Thermal modification has been developed for an industrial method to increase the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. In this study the effects of thermal modification on resistance against soft- and brown-rot fungi of sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce were investigated using laboratory test methods. Natural durability against soft-rot microfungi was determined according to CEN/TS 15083-2 (2005) by measuring the mass loss and modulus of elasticity (MOE) loss after an incubation period of 32 weeks. An agar block test was used to determine the resistance to two brown-rot fungi using two exposure periods. In particular, the effect of the temperature of the thermal modification was studied, and the results were compared with results from untreated pine and spruce samples. The decay resistance of reference untreated wood species (Siberian larch, bangkirai, merbau and western red cedar) was also studied in the soft-rot test. On average, the soft-rot and brown-rot tests gave quite similar results. In general, the untreated heartwood of pine was more resistant to decay than the sapwood of pine and the sapwood and heartwood of spruce. Thermal modification increased the biological durability of all samples. The effect of thermal modification seemed to be most effective within pine heartwood. However, very high thermal modification temperature over 230°C was needed to reach resistance against decay comparable with the durability classes of “durable” or “very durable” in the soft-rot test. The brown-rot test gave slightly better durability classes than the soft-rot test. The most durable untreated wood species was merbau, the durability of which could be evaluated as equal to the durability class “moderately durable”.     

Durability of thermally modified Norway spruce and Scots pine in above-ground conditions

Abstract

One of the main objectives of thermal modification is to increase the biological durability of wood. In this study the fungal resistance of Norway spruce and Scots pine, thermally modified at 195°C and 210°C, was studied with a lap-joint field test. Untreated pine and spruce and pine impregnated with tributyl tin oxide (TBTO) and copper, chromium and arsenic (CCA) were selected as reference materials. The evaluations were carried out after 1, 2 and 9 years of exposure. After 1 and 2 years of exposure mainly discoloration was detected. Only the untreated pine was slightly affected by decay fungi. There were significant differences in the decay ratings of untreated and thermally modified wood materials after 9 years in the field. While the untreated wood materials were severely attacked by decay fungi or reached failure rating, only small areas of incipient decay were detected in the thermally modified samples. Thermally modified pine was slightly more decayed than thermally modified spruce. The only wood material without any signs of decay was CCA-treated pine, since some of the TBTO-treated pine samples were also moderately attacked by fungal decay. The results of the lap-joint test had a good correlation with mass losses in a laboratory test with brown-rot fungi.     

超声辅助玉米醇溶蛋白基乙烯吸附膜的制备及其香蕉保鲜性能

【目的】乙烯是影响水果品质及货架期的关键植物激素。本研究利用高场强超声波(HIU)对玉米醇溶蛋白(zein)进行物理改性处理,使其蛋白结构舒展,内部活性官能团暴露;利用超声改性zein膜中的活性官能团(如巯基等)与乙烯发生“点击反应”吸附乙烯,从而达到延长水果货架期的目的。【方法】将5 g zein溶于80%醋酸溶液中,选用频率为20 kHz、功率为400 W的超声波经不同时长(0、5、15和30 min)的预处理后,分别取2 mL蛋白溶液移至培养皿(55.0 cm²)中,放置于40℃烘箱干燥24 h,分别得到zein-0膜、zein-5膜、zein-15膜、zein-30膜,通过圆二光谱、内源性荧光、粒径电位仪和扫描电镜分析不同条件超声处理后蛋白结构及形貌的变化;借助物性分析仪和VOC检测仪表征zein膜的力学性能和乙烯吸附性能。以香蕉为研究对象,将超声处理后的zein膜与香蕉放置于同一塑封袋中,室温密闭放置10 d,基于香蕉表皮的褐变程度、香蕉果肉的硬度变化和香蕉失重率分析zein膜延长水果货架期的性能。【结果】高场强超声波处理对蛋白质的高级结构具有修饰作用,...     

Coating performance on glutaraldehyde-modified wood

Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) panels were modified with glutaraldehyde(GA) to various weight percent gains and subsequently coated with several commercial coatings. The drying rate and adhesion of the coatings on the modified wood were measured; the coated/modified woods were exposed outdoors to analyze how the wood modifications influence the coating deterioration. The results showed that GA modification caused an increase in the drying rate of the waterborne coatings, but had no influence on drying of tested solvent-borne coatings. GAmodification did not change the dry adhesion but reduced the wood strength in a pull-off test. Wet adhesion of waterborne coatings was improved, while that of the solvent-borne coatings tended to be somewhat reduced. During 22 months of outdoor weathering, the coated/modified samples exhibited lower moisture content than the coated/unmodified samples, but GA modification didn't contribute a substantially synergistic effect with surface coatings on resistance to weathering.     

长链硅烷改性杨木纤维的制备及其表征

分别以十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HDS)和1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟十七烷三甲基氧硅烷(FDS)为改性剂、乙醇/水溶液为分散介质,采用浸渍法和喷雾法对杨木纤维(PWF)表面改性,制得HDS浸渍改性杨木纤维(HPWF)、FDS浸渍改性杨木纤维(FPWF1)和FDS喷雾改性杨木纤维(FPWF2)。考察了溶剂配比、硅烷用量、硅烷水解温度和时间、反应温度及反应时间等因素对PWF表面改性效果的影响,并通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、接触角测量、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线能谱(EDS)及扫描电镜(SEM)等方法表征了改性前后PWF的结构与表面性能,结果表明:在乙醇质量分数60%乙醇/水溶液中以HDS与PWF活性羟基物质的量比0.4∶1、HDS于60℃水解1 h,再与PWF于60℃反应1 h,所得HPWF的表面接触角达139°;在乙醇质量分数50%乙醇/水溶液中以FDS与PWF活性羟基物质的量比0.16∶1、FDS于60℃水解1 h,再与PWF于60℃反应1 h,所得FPWF1的表面接触角达141°;FDS与PWF活性羟基物质的量比0.008∶1,经喷雾搅拌使纤维表面润湿后于120℃活化反应1.5 h,所得FPWF2的表面接触角达138°。与浸渍法相比,喷雾法具有硅烷用量小、工艺简单、清洁高效等特点。此外,改性后杨木纤维的结晶度提高(由62.1%提高到67.7%~69.7%),表面变得粗糙,比表面积增加,表面极性降低,疏水性能显著提高,有利于改善与疏水性基体树脂的界面相容性与粘结作用。     

硬脂酸/TiO_2/CNF超疏水复合材料的制备与表征

研究了一种利用硬脂酸对纳米二氧化钛(Nano-TiO_2)和纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)复合物进行有机表面修饰的新方法,主要包括纳米二氧化钛、纤维素纳米纤维的制备和利用硬脂酸对Nano-TiO_2/CNF复合体系进行有机表面修饰制得超疏水材料三个工艺过程。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和场发射扫描电子镜(SEM)等对所得的样品进行表征,得出硬脂酸中的—COOH基团与TiO_2/CNF复合体系表面的—OH基团发生脱水反应,并将疏水性—CH_3基团引入复合体系中,复合体系表面构建的纳米级粗糙结构协同体系内引入的疏水基团使最终产物具有超疏水性。     

提高蛋白质乳化功能性的研究

蛋白质是食品加工中的重要原料,其乳化性对食品品质非常重要。本文综述了通过物理改性、化学改性、生物酶法改性、基因工程改性及复合改性等方法技术来提高食品蛋白质的乳化功能性,并为今后食品蛋白质加工过程中利用改性方法来提高乳化性提供一定理论基础和新的思路。     

桐油基改性树脂研究进展

从桐油的分子结构特征出发,综述了桐油基共聚树脂、桐油基改性醇酸树脂、桐油基改性酚醛树脂、桐油基增强复合材料及功能改性涂料等研究领域的最新研究进展,通过进一步认识桐油基改性树脂的研究进展,以期为桐油基改性树脂在各个领域的研究和应用提供参考。