福建省水产品贮藏与加工学科发展现状与趋势

本文总结了福建省水产加工业及水产品贮藏与加工学科发展的现状,在此基础上对比国内外水产加工业发展的情况,分析发展过程中存在的问题,预测水产品贮藏与加工学科发展的趋势及产业的主要走向,并提出福建省水产品贮藏与加工学科未来应重点发展的关键技术。     

水产胶原蛋白的特性及应用研究进展

水产胶原蛋白是一种天然高分子物质,在水生动物体的皮、鳞、骨、韧带中含量较高,不仅来源广泛而且具有独特的结构和功能,其结构主要以Ⅰ型胶原蛋白为主.本文论述了水产胶原蛋白的理化特性及其应用现状,并对今后的研究方向与前景作了展望.     

原位杂交技术在水产动物育种与疾病诊断中的应用

原位杂交技术作为分子杂交的基本原理和免疫组织化学两者相结合的一项技术,有很高的应用价值,其中地高辛标记物凭借其系统安全、方便、省时,敏感性和质量控制优于生物素标记和放射性物质标记技术,被广大研究者认可。本文重点介绍了地高辛原位杂交的原理,概括了其在水产动物育种与疾病诊断中的应用现状。     

抗菌肽$807对水产动物的生物活性研究

为测定抗菌肽S807（强生肽）对水产动物抗病、促生长功效以及生产应用价值。首选药敏试验结果表明,抗菌肽S807对大肠杆菌K99、金黄色葡萄球菌Cowan I和枯草芽孢杆菌最小抑菌菌浓度分别为0．78、3．12和6．25μg/mL。选择大黄鱼、真鲷、白鲢、草鱼、花鲢鱼和青虾为实验动物,在基础日粮中添加强生肽S807150mg／kg。监测实验鱼虾成活率、日增重、饵料投入比等生产性能比较指标。结果显示,抗菌肽S807对实验鱼虾成活率平均提高10％以上,青虾养殖效果显著。     

利用水生植物改善南太湖水质的研究

2010年对太湖水域非种植区与景观水生植物种植区的浮游植物群落结构及水质理化指标进行了调查。结果显示,非种植区和种植区采样点的理化指标在一定程度上存在差异性,且6个水生植物种植区水质理化指标均有一定程度的好转;其中,TN、TP、叶绿素a、COD Mn的降幅分别在13.76%～40.12%、5.81%～37.10%、5.50%～32.64%、3.04%～20.64%;从浮游植物群落结构分析,不同月份浮游植物优势种群变化明显,太湖水域采样点处蓝藻爆发时间比水生植物种植水域早,且爆发规模大;表明种植水生植物对于减轻南太湖营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化具有积极作用,岸边和水域内均有大量水生植物分布的1～3号采样点的净水效果略优于岸边有大量水生植物但分布较少的4～6号点。     

3株水产动物病原弧菌主要分泌性蛋白的鉴定及其分泌性序列的分析

从3株水产动物病原菌鳗弧菌MN、鳗弧菌3101、费氏弧菌培养液中分别获取了分泌性蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE,对表达量较高的5条蛋白区带进行MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱鉴定表明,它们分别是鳗弧菌MN金属蛋白酶(empA-MN)、鳗弧菌3101金属蛋白酶(empA-3101)、锌金属蛋白酶(zincempA)、费氏弧菌VFMJ11_1094蛋白(VFMJ11_1094)和费氏弧菌ES114的外膜蛋白(OMP).根据所鉴定的序列设计引物,分别从鳗弧菌MN、鳗弧菌3101和费氏弧菌中扩增出相应基因,克隆后测定emp-MN、empA-3101、zinc empA、VFMJ11-1094和OMP相应基因的序列,经在线软件SignaIP 3.0分析,确定emp-MN、empA-3101、zinc empA、VFMJ11-1094和OMP均存在不同的分泌性信号肽序列angMN-35、ang3101-35、ang3101-25、vf-38和vf-23,通过在线软件PSORT分析表明,所有信号肽均定位在细胞的周质空间或细胞外膜上.     

Utilization of sorghum distillers dried grains in extruded and steam pelleted shrimp diets

Use of distillers dried grain with solubles from sorghum (sDDGS) was studied with respect to processing and physicochemical quality of shrimp feed, followed by growth trials with Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp). Shrimp diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% sDDGS inclusion, as a replacement for soybean meal, were produced using extrusion and steam pelleting. Bulk density of extruded feed (0.53–0.58 g cm^?3) was lower than that of pelleted feed (0.61–0.65 g cm^?3), although sDDGS level did not have an impact. Finished diets were 100% sinking, with some exceptions in the case of extruded feed. Pellet durability index (89.4–96.3%) had an increasing trend up to 20% and 30% sDDGS for extruded and pelleted diets respectively. Extruded feed had higher degree of gelatinization than pelleted feed, although proportion of gelatinized starch generally decreased with sDDGS level. Water stability (76.2–91.6%) was higher for extruded feed as compared to pelleted feed, and remained unchanged or decreased with sDDGS level. The extruded and pelleted diets were evaluated in two growth trials with L. vannamei for duration of 9 and 6 weeks in 40 and 60 tanks (initial weight 0.36–0.38 g; 10 shrimps per tank) respectively. Significant differences were not observed in final mean weight and survival with respect to sDDGS level, indicating that up to 40% of this novel protein source can be used in feed formulations without affecting the performance of L. vannamei. Comparison of extruded feed with pelleted feed for impact on mean weight and feed conversion ratio did not yield conclusive results.     

Impact of aquatic acoustic noise on oxidative status and some immune parameters in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles

This study evaluated the ambient noise effect of onshore and offshore aquaculture systems on oxidative status and on some immune parameters in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. The experiment was performed for 40 days, projecting two different playlists of acoustic stimuli: offshore aquaculture noise condition that created the typical acoustic field in proximity of an offshore sea cage for fish farming, using a random sequence of quite sea background and boat noises; and onshore aquaculture noise condition that represented the acoustic field inside an open concrete tank for fish farming. A third group without any acoustic projection was used as a control. After 40 days from the beginning of acoustic noise, fish exposed to the offshore aquaculture condition showed significantly higher levels of total oxidant status, lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity and white blood cells together with a lower albumin/globulin ratio in comparison to fish from the control group; whereas fish exposed to the onshore condition showed analytical data placed between the other groups, though never significantly different. These results demonstrate that the offshore aquaculture noise, and in particular the sea soundscape, adversely influences the oxidative status and the immune function of gilthead sea bream determining a mild stress condition that could affect the sea bream welfare.     

循环水养殖欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)重金属污染状况与富集分布特征

为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定.结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg.从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉＞肝脏＞鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏＞鳃＞肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉＞鳃＞肝脏,Cr含量为鳃＞肝脏＞肌肉.可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染.水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89).表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内.     

Fisheries production in Southeast Asian farmer managed aquatic systems (FMAS): I. Characterisation of systems

Southeast Asian rice farmers often manage aquatic habitats and resources on their land to increase production of aquatic animals. We introduce the concept of ‘farmer-managed aquatic systems’ (FMAS) to capture the diversity of these resource systems at the interface of aquaculture and capture fisheries and characterize FMAS in contrasting agro-ecosystems of Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Cambodian and Thai FMAS yielded primarily self-recruiting species (SRS) and were managed to allow or attract them, while Vietnamese FMAS were managed more intensively to produce mostly hatchery-reared species. More than 90% of rice farming households in the study areas of Cambodia and Thailand harvested aquatic animals from their land, and about 70% created aquatic habitats such as ponds in addition to rice fields in order to increase aquatic resource production. Cambodian households created and utilized a wide variety of man-made aquatic habitats, while Thai households created predominantly trap ponds. In contrast, less than half of Vietnamese farming households harvested SRS and very few undertook FMAS management specifically for them. Vietnamese FMAS were intensively stocked and managed as aquaculture systems, with SRS accounting for less than 30% of production. Nonetheless, SRS production per area of FMAS was comparable in the three countries. Contrasting FMAS characteristics in different study areas reflect underlying differences in agro-ecosystems, aquaculture technologies, farmer livelihoods and markets.