基于CDIO的应用型本科实践教学模式改革与应用——以家畜环境卫生学课程为例

针对应用型本科实践教学中存在的教学内容与人才培养目标匹配度不高、专业特点反映不足、教学手段单一、考核方式重结果轻过程等问题,以家畜环境卫生学为例,引进CDIO教育理念,面向现代畜牧业生产实际,满足应用型本科动物科学专业要求,充实和改革课程实践教学内容,构建学生全程参与实验教学模式,完善基于实验构思、设计、运作及目标实现的全方位、全过程评价体系与考核方法,为培养畜牧生产类应用型人才打好基础,同时也为其他课程建设及同类高校课程实践教学模式改革建设提供借鉴。     

基于农作制分区的1985—2015年中国小麦生产时空变化

Comparing spatio-temporal variation characteristics of China’s wheat production, yield, sown area and yield-area-contribution in different farming zones in the past 30 years could help improving wheat planting layout and adjusting planting structure. Concentration index, rate of change, moving of gravity and resolution of yield-area-contribution were used to analyze spatio-temporal changes of China’s wheat production and yield-area-contribution based on county wheat production statistics including sown area, production and yield from 1985 to 2015. The wheat sown area decreased obviously in Northeast farming region, Northwest farming region and South farming region and increased rapidly in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Yangtze Plain farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, the concentration indexes of Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region reached to 20.64%, 25.77%, and 21.65% respectively in 2015. Wheat production increased significantly by more than 48 milliontons in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, and nearly 8 million tons Yangtze Plain farming region but decreased by more than 2.6 million tons in Northeast farming region. In Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat production was concentrated in Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Yuxi Hill farming region. The average wheat yield continuously improved during the study period, Huang-Huai-Hai farming region and Northwest farming region had the yield increase up to 103.5 kg hm ^-2 and 92.9 kg hm ^-2 each year. Wheat yield in Yuxi Hill farming region, Fenwei Basin farming region and Haihe Plain farming region was relatively high in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The yield-reduced area was mainly caused by the decreasing of sown area, while the yield-area-contribution rate was different in yield-increased area. Yield-dominant counties were reduced, area-dominant counties were increased and yield-area-dominant counties were relatively steady. In production increased area, yield-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Huang-Huai-Hai Farming region, area-dominant and yield-area-dominant counties were the main types in Yangtze Plain farming region. Chinese wheat production was increasingly concentrated in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region which has high and rapid increase of wheat yield over the past three decades. Haihe Plain farming region, Huang-huai Plain farming region and Fenwei Basin farming region were the most concentrated areas in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region for wheat production during this period. Wheat yield and sown area jointly promoted the increase of wheat production in Huang-Huai-Hai farming region, wheat sown area was the crucial factor to increase wheat production in Yangtze Plain farming region, especially in the north of Jiangsu, Anhui province and greater part of Xinjiang.     

近期我国稻谷(米)供求趋势分析及发展预测与对策

本文分析了20年来我国水稻生产、消费和贸易的变化,认为只有"保红线(即保种植面积3 000万hm2,稻谷总产2亿t)攻单产"才能保证我国稻谷95%以上的自给率。并预测了2030年我国稻谷的供求趋势,认为只要确保种植面积年增长率达0.4%、总产年增长率达1.0%,供求关系将趋平衡,并略有节余。为确保我国中期稻谷生产与消费趋于合理区间,提出了"六保"发展措施。     

一种猕猴桃叶斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性

以猕猴桃叶斑病典型症状叶片为试材,采用组织分离法分离、纯化并结合回接试验确定病原菌,结合形态学和分子生物学对病原菌进行鉴定,并通过不同培养条件对该病原菌的生物学特性进行探究,以期为该病害发生规律的探究和综合防治措施的制定提供参考依据.结果 表明:引起猕猴桃叶斑病致病病原为可可毛色二孢菌(L.theobromae);该病原菌在10～35℃内均能生长,最适温度为28℃,最适pH为5,光照条件为连续光照,适宜的碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和酵母膏.     

新型声光组合农田驱鸟装置设计

介绍了一种新型声光组合农田驱鸟装置的创新设计。该装置将激光扫描驱鸟与随机语音驱鸟的优势相结合，设计了旋转透镜配合激光形成持续性激光闪光驱鸟，以扩大驱鸟面积，增强驱鸟效果。在农田（55 m×75 m）驱鸟试验中发现，使用该装置后，鸟类停留数量较使用前（5.28只）减少了29.5%，经统计学处理，具有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。该新型农田驱鸟装置的创新设计对种植业防护，以及减少农业生产过程中形成的鸟害损失可发挥一定积极作用。      

基于叶片元素的配方施肥对草莓产量和品质的影响

为了探讨以草莓叶片元素为参考得出的施肥配方对草莓果实产量和可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的影响,以草莓品种"圣诞红"为试材,先利用叶片元素分析法测定草莓矿质元素的含量,确定了3种施肥配方(配方1、2、3),进而利用比例注肥泵的水肥一体化系统对温室中栽培的"圣诞红"进行施肥和管理。通过定期检测果实SSC和统计产量来评价配方效果。结果表明:利用配方1、2、3施肥管理的草莓果实在总产量、平均单株产量、平均单株果数和单果质量上都显著高于常规施肥方式下草莓果实的各参数(P0.05);配方3施肥下,草莓在果实产量、平均单株产量和单果质量上高于配方1和配方2施肥下的果实;配方2施肥下的草莓SSC最高,但与配方1和配方3施肥下的草莓SSC无显著差异。说明草莓种植时更适合满足其自身需求的营养元素供给,以草莓叶片矿质元素分析为依据的施肥配方明显提高了其果实产量和SSC,多组比例注肥泵并联使用保证了其配方肥料的均衡比例和投加的精准度,该方法更具科学和合理性,具有应用推广前景。     

塞罕坝湿地资源现状与保护对策

文章阐述了塞罕坝湿地资源现状调查方法,并以调查资料为依据,以湿地类型、野生动植物资源状况为主要内容,分析了塞罕坝湿地资源现状和基本特征,并结合湿地所处社会环境等,提出了塞罕坝湿地的保护对策,为塞罕坝湿地保护与恢复提供基础支撑。     

北京小西山山前洪积扇不同土地利用方式下的土壤微形态特征

通过对北京小西山山前代表性洪积扇的观察研究,探索不同土地利用方式对土壤微形态特征的影响。通过对土壤薄片的观察,分析土壤微形态特征;用ENVI及MATLAB软件处理图片,并对孔隙度进行定量分析。结果表明:1)林地(WL1)剖面表层土壤微结构为海绵状结构,而园地(WL2)和菜地(WL3)的表层土壤多呈整块状结构或孔道结构;2)各采样点土壤矿物成分相近,但骨骼颗粒形态特征有较大差异。3)WL1剖面土壤孔隙度较高,以面状孔隙为主,WL2和WL3剖面土壤孔隙度过低,以中小孔隙居多。研究认为:1)林地的土壤微结构较园地和菜地的好,由于人类的不合理利用和管理,园地和菜地使土壤微结构变差,土壤孔隙度下降。2)各采样点土壤成土母质相似,土壤骨骼颗粒形态差异受到不同土地利用方式下人类干扰程度差异的影响。     

基于Labview的植物红光吸收动态监测

为了动态监测植物生长过程中对红光的吸收，提出了一种基于Labview光频转换接收探头透射法实时监测植物红光吸收的检测方案，该方案属于无损检测，具有操作安全、简便的特点。     

小麦面粉中赭曲霉毒素A的CdSe/ZnS荧光量子点免疫探针检测

构建一种基于荧光量子点免疫探针的小麦面粉中赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的检测方法。以EDC为活化剂将CdSe/ZnS半导体荧光量子点与OTA单克隆抗体偶联,制备OTA检测探针并评价其检测性能。结果表明:制备的检测探针在3d保存期内具有良好的稳定性。当OTA质量浓度为0.1~0.9μg/L时,检测探针的荧光强度与OTA质量浓度呈线性关系,其相关系数为0.996 3,检出限为0.017 7μg/L。与国标法对照的结果说明,此方法具有可行性。小麦面粉中的加标回收试验结果显示,OTA的回收率为96.0%~102.7%,相对标准偏差不超过4.1%,说明准确性良好。可见,OTA的CdSe/ZnS荧光量子点免疫探针检测方法操作简单、准确度高、结果稳定,有望应用于小麦面粉中OTA的检测。