吉林莫莫格白鹤春季行为研究

白鹤属大型涉禽,仅分布于亚洲地区,其东亚种群数量为3 750只左右;由于环境变迁,种群数量越来越少,已被列为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物。为阐明在沼泽湿地生态系统环境中白鹤春季的活动规律以及各种行为的时间分配,于2010年4月15日～5月13日,在吉林莫莫格国家级自然保护区对白鹤春季迁徙期行为进行了初步研究。白鹤的各种行为的时间分配依次为:觅食占64.34%、静栖占4.42%、警戒占13.92%、游走占4.57%、理羽占11.51%、其他(包括打斗、飞行、呜叫等情况)占2.56%。成体与亚成体白鹤、雄鹤与雌鹤在行为和时间分配上有明显差异,在觅食时间上雌鹤高出雄鹤10%左右,雄鹤的警戒时间高于雌鹤。     

Ultrastructure of stridulating organ of Xylotrechus rusticus L. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and behavioral responses to alarm sounds

We used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the ultrastructure of stridulating organs in Xylotrechus rusticus L. We compared the morphological structure and size of stridulating organs, the numbers of a tooth-like part used in stridulation and its presence in females and males of this beetle. The alarm sound of X. rusticus was recorded first when it was stimulated, then we tested behavioral responses to this alarm sound. The alarm sound of X. rusticus has a warning effect on conspecifics.     

Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity, and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens

Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition.     

2020年底各地新玉米霉菌毒素风险分析

为了解呕吐毒素（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）在2020年底新玉米中的污染情况,指导饲料生产企业和养殖场（户）开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料质量安全及养殖动物的影响,避免经济受损的风险。2020年12月在市场上采集新玉米样本225份,采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析法对其霉菌毒素污染情况进行检测,依据安佑集团相关企业标准标和GB 13078-2017《饲料卫生标准》进行判定分析。结果表明：新玉米中霉菌毒素检出率为96.0%,其中DON、ZEN和AFB1的检出率分别为85.8%、87.1%和86.7%|DON、ZEN和AFB1在新玉米中的污染状况差别较大,按《饲料卫生标准》判定的超标率分别为0.0%、0.4%和11.6%|最大检测值分别为2500、534 μg/kg和＞100 μg/kg。就产地而言,山西、内蒙古、东北、安徽、山东、河南、云南、陕西等地霉菌毒素污染较重。综上,与2019年及2020年玉米霉菌毒素污染调查数据相比,2020年底新玉米污染程度较重。 [关键词] 玉米|霉菌毒素|胶体金免疫层析法|上转发光免疫分析法|污染规律     

紫云英与双季稻秸秆协同利用影响稻田土壤钾循环与平衡

稻草还田和冬种绿肥是维持稻田地力和化肥替代的重要方式之一.本研究以在湖南酸性红黄泥和碱性紫潮泥两种典型稻田土壤上进行了2年的紫云英-双季稻定位试验为对象,分析紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用对稻田土壤K循环的影响.两土壤试验处理一致,包括稻田冬闲(FRR)、冬种紫云英(MvRR)及冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用(MvRR+St)3个处理.结果表明:与冬闲和冬种紫云英相比,紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用未影响红黄泥土壤各形态钾的含量,但显著提高紫潮泥土壤速效钾和非交换性钾的含量,其中紫潮泥土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾及特殊吸附钾的含量较冬种紫云英处理分别提高了134.0％、93.0％、73.4％;两种典型稻田土壤上紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用显著提高下茬作物紫云英的全K含量及吸K量,且紫云英的吸K量为紫潮泥>红黄泥;两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用均未影响早、晚稻产量及籽粒K积累;在稻田各种植季和周年目前的K投入水平下,两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用处理均存在K盈余(红黄泥K盈余量为401.15 kg·hm-2、紫潮泥K盈余量为403.42 kg·hm-2),说明冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用能减少双季稻生产中的化学钾肥投入量.综上所述,紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用有益于稻田土壤的K循环与平衡.     

山东省菏泽市某规模猪场不同猪群伪狂犬病野毒感染情况调查

为了解规模猪场不同猪群的伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)感染情况及场区病毒载量分布特点,在山东省菏泽市某规模猪场,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法,对该猪场不同孕龄母猪、不同阶段生长猪群,以及各生产阶段场区环境,采集猪鼻拭子和场区环境拭子进行PRV-gE核酸检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果显示:在294份猪鼻拭子中,检出42份PRV-gE核酸阳性,总阳性率为14.28%;母猪群PRV-gE阳性率为17.83%(23/129),且妊娠前后各阶段阳性率呈先上升后下降趋势,中期较高(24.00%),但差异不明显(P>0.05);不同阶段生长猪群的平均PRV-gE阳性率为11.52%(19/165),随日龄增加,阳性率也呈先上升后下降趋势,80~90日龄育肥猪最高(28.13%),与其他生长阶段猪群差异明显(P<0.05);除饲料、水源、上猪台和出猪台外,其他大部分场区环境均检测到PRV-gE核酸阳性;育肥猪群病毒载量最高,为3.6×105拷贝数/mL,其猪舍环境的病毒载量也较高,与其他环境及生长阶段猪群差异均明显(P<0.05)。结果表明,不同猪群包括免疫猪群均可遭受PRV野毒感染,尤其是母猪妊娠中期和猪育肥阶段早期,且大部分场区环境均可被污染。结果提示,规模猪场要加强各种猪群尤其是育肥猪群的伪狂犬病免疫,通过监测来调整和优化免疫程序,同时要加强生物安全,防止病毒传入和扩散。     

新疆伊宁县一起天鹅H5N6亚型流感疫情的紧急流行病学调查

2019年12月31日,新疆伊宁县报告出现天鹅异常死亡情况。经观察临床症状、剖检病理变化,结合地州级、自治区级兽医实验室复检,诊断为疑似H5型流感疫情,后经国家禽流感参考实验室进行亚型鉴定,确诊为高致病性H5N6亚型流感疫情。为确定疫情分布,分析疫情扩散风险,并提出针对性防控建议,通过现场勘查、访谈,并结合实验室检测,进行了紧急流行病学调查。调查认为,携带病毒的迁徙天鹅遭遇强冷空气可能是导致本次疫情发生的主要原因。本次野鸟疫情未发现向家禽扩散,但应高度重视饲养家禽的生物安全管理工作,避免家禽与野禽接触。     

Potential protective effects of thiamine supplementation on the ruminal epithelium damage during subacute ruminal acidosis

In ruminants, the ruminal epithelium not only has the function of absorbing nutrients but also is an important tissue to prevent harmful substances in the rumen from entering the blood circulation. Thus, the normal function of ruminal epithelium is critical for ruminants. However, subacute ruminal acidosis induced by high-concentrate diets often damages the barrier function of ruminal epithelium in ruminants. Recently, many studies have shown that dietary supplementation with thiamine is an effective method to alleviate subacute ruminal acidosis. In order to provide theoretical reference for the in-depth study of subacute ruminal acidosis and the application of thiamine in the future, this review introduces the effects of subacute ruminal acidosis on morphological structure, inflammatory response, and tight junction of ruminal epithelium. In addition, this paper summarizes the role of thiamine in maintaining ruminal epithelial function of ruminants during subacute ruminal acidosis challenge.     

两种运输车对驴运输应激的影响

本试验旨在研究改造运输车对缓解驴运输应激的效果。选取28头健康德州公驴,随机分为2组,从北京密云县运输至聊城市东阿县东阿黑毛驴研究所,路程约500 km,历时18 h。试验使用9.6 m长单层货车为运输车,对试验组(T)运输车进行改造,即加装顶层和双侧篷布、底部加装草帘和中部加装隔栏,对照组(C)不作处理。运输前后测定驴血液生化和激素指标,统计体重变化和发病驴数量。结果表明,与运输前相比,普通车组驴在落地当天检测到血清皮质醇(COR)、白蛋白(ALB)水平均显著升高(P<0.05),总蛋白(TP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、热休克蛋白-90(HSP90)和肌酸激酶(CK)指标极显著升高(P<0.01),钙(Ca)浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。改造车组驴血液指标TP、AST和CK的变化范围低于普通车组。两组驴落地后血糖(GLU)水平均比运输前升高,但差异均不显著(P<0.05)。与运输前相比,改造车组驴落地后的体重减少低于普通车组;改造车组驴在落地后第10天平均体重接近运输前,而普通车组驴的平均体重在落地后第20天才基本恢复至运输前水平,即使用改造运输车辆可以尽早恢复体重。普通车组驴发病率为21.4%,改造车组为7.1%;两组均无死亡。综合上述结果,改造运输车可有效降低驴的运输应激,有利于提高动物运输福利,减少经济损失;本试验结果可为动物运输应激提供参考。     

哈萨克羊iNOS基因多态性与布鲁氏菌病的相关性分析

试验旨在探讨哈萨克羊诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）基因多态性与布鲁氏菌病的相关性。使用虎红平板凝集试验（RBPT）方法对231只哈萨克羊血清进行布鲁氏菌病血清学检测,参考GenBank中绵羊iNOS基因序列,针对其第6、7、8外显子及其邻近内含子片段设计引物,利用PCR-SSCP技术和DNA测序技术对231只哈萨克羊的iNOS基因进行多态性检测,分析其SNPs与哈萨克羊布鲁氏菌病易感性的相关性。结果表明,67只哈萨克羊为布鲁氏菌感染阳性,阳性检出率为29.00%。在哈萨克羊iNOS基因的外显子6和8片段上未检测到多态位点,在外显子7片段上检测出F7-T18054C和F7-C18084T 2个多态位点,在F7-T18054C多态位点上检测到3种基因型（TC、TT、CC）,优势等位基因和基因型分别是C型和CT型,其等位基因频率和基因型频率分别是0.660和0.446。在F7-C18084T多态位点上检测到2种基因型（CT、CC）,优势等位基因频率和基因型分别是C和CC型,其等位基因和基因型频率分别是0.946和0.892。F7-C18084T属于低度多态（PIC<0.25）,F7-T18054C属于中度多态（0.25 < PIC < 0.5）。相关性分析表明,F7-T18054C和F7-C18084T多态位点与布鲁氏菌病易感性无显著相关性（P>0.05）。试验结果表明,哈萨克羊iNOS基因F7-T18054C和F7-C18084T多态位点与布鲁氏菌病易感性不存在相关性。