陕西省一起野禽H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情紧急流行病学调查

2021年6月9日,陕西省神木市红碱淖国家级自然保护区发生一起野禽H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。为了解该起疫情的发生经过、可能来源、内部传播方式以及对外扩散风险,组织开展了流行病学调查。现场调查发现：5月27日该保护区的黑颈??种群开始发病死亡,28日保护区工作人员发现后上报疫情,经国家禽流感参考实验室确诊为H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情;截至6月26日,累计死亡黑颈??5 486只,未见其他鸟类及周边家禽异常死亡。采样检测发现,野禽环境中病毒污染面较小,家禽中未检出病原,家禽H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体水平较高。调查认为：疫情由迁徙候鸟感染禽流感病毒传入引起,发病局限于野禽;因红碱淖水质碱性较强,病毒存活时间较短,疫情经湖水传播的风险性较小。疫情确诊前,保护区已采取了无害化处理病死禽、消毒、人车管控等措施,当地农业农村部门对周边家禽开展了禽流感紧急疫情排查和强化免疫。因此,结合现场调查和实验室检测结果,推断疫情由野禽向家禽扩散风险很低。本次疫情提示,应多部门密切协作,持续做好高致病性禽流感疫情监测工作,做到疫情早发现,果断处置,以降低疫情扩散风险。     

辽宁省锦州市动物园一起孔雀H7N9流感疫情的紧急流行病学调查

2019年3月18日,辽宁省锦州市动物园报告其饲养的孔雀接连两天出现急性发病死亡。经专家组现场临床诊断,市级、省级兽医实验室检测,诊断为疑似H7N9流感疫情;经国家禽流感参考实验室进行鸡胚接种分离病毒、亚型鉴定和基因测序分析,确诊为高致病性H7N9流感疫情。为追溯疫情的可能来源、分析疫情的扩散风险,继而提出针对性的防控建议,采用现场勘察、访谈、问卷调查等形式,结合实验室检测,对该起疫情进行了紧急流行病学调查。调查发现:该起疫情袭击率为4.5%(9/200),由迁徙候鸟带毒引入可能性较大;未及时开展免疫,导致抗体水平不达标是引起疫情暴发的内在因素。经过科学处置,疫情未发生扩散。本起疫情提示,必须扎实做好禽流感免疫相关工作,高度重视家禽饲养场以及其他场所观赏鸟类的免疫,确保筑牢免疫屏障,以降低疫情发生风险。     

天津市某鸡场高致病性H7N9流感紧急流行病学调查

2017年5月13日,天津市某蛋鸡场出现疑似流感疫情,发病鸡伴有呼吸困难、咳嗽等症状,死亡率持续升高,经国家参考实验室确诊为高致病性H7N9流感疫情。为查找可能风险因素并提出防控建议,进行了紧急流行病学调查。结果显示,本次疫情袭击率为10.8%,车流、人流以及野鸟带毒入场可能是引起疫情的主要原因。本次疫情得到有效处置,未发生扩散。     

行政

<正>农业部:湖北确诊一起家禽H5N6流感疫情农业部新闻办公室3月14日发布,湖北省黄石市大冶市发生一起家禽H5N6亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。3月3日,湖北省黄石市大冶市兽医部门在监测中发现一养殖户饲养的鸭出现疑似禽流感症状,发病134只,死亡86只。3月6日,湖北省动物疫病预防控制中心诊断为疑似禽流感疫情。3月14日,经国家禽流感参考实验室确诊,该起疫情为H5N6亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。疫情发生后,当地按照有关预案和防治技术规范要     

政府干预HH7N9亚型流感疫情的演化博弈研究

政府与社会民众的策略互动是人感染H7N9亚型流感防控工作的核心内容。文章研究了H7N9亚型流感疫情暴发初期阶段政府部门与社会民众关于疫情防控的互动关系,得出了政府部门与社会民众之间的博弈均衡策略。利用博弈均衡策略对传染病SI扩散模型进行丰富,建立H7N9亚型流感疫情传播扩散方程,并依据官方公布的2013年我国内地H7N9亚型流感疫情每日新增确诊病例数进行Logistic参数估计。研究发现,H7N9亚型流感疫情的防控工作应当把握"主动性"和"科学性"的原则。科学主动对待新型疫情是政府博弈均衡的最优策略,而随疫情状况与社会认识的发展,科学调整防控措施则是防控疫病制胜的关键。     

政府干预H7N9亚型流感疫情的演化博弈研究

政府与社会民众的策略互动是人感染H7N9亚型流感防控工作的核心内容。文章研究了H7N9亚型流感疫情暴发初期阶段政府部门与社会民众关于疫情防控的互动关系,得出了政府部门与社会民众之间的博弈均衡策略。利用博弈均衡策略对传染病SI扩散模型进行丰富,建立H7N9亚型流感疫情传播扩散方程,并依据官方公布的2013年我国内地H7N9亚型流感疫情每日新增确诊病例数进行Logistic参数估计。研究发现,H7N9亚型流感疫情的防控工作应当把握"主动性"和"科学性"的原则。科学主动对待新型疫情是政府博弈均衡的最优策略,而随疫情状况与社会认识的发展,科学调整防控措施则是防控疫病制胜的关键。     

一起野禽H5N8亚型禽流感疫情的处置与思考

2021年1月,江苏省连云港市云台山景区云台街道西隅水库发生一起疑似野禽H5N8亚型禽流感疫情,共17只鸳鸯、大雁感染死亡。江苏省动物疫病预防控制中心迅速组织相关人员,指导连云港市按照国家相关方案和规范要求,开展现场调查、实验室诊断和应急处置工作。经江苏省动物疫病预防控制中心初诊,国家禽流感参考实验室确诊,诊断为H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。同时,指导当地政府划定疫点、疫区和受威胁区,封锁相关区域,开展应急监测、紧急流行病学调查、全面消毒等应急处置工作。经果断处置,疫情得到了有效控制,未造成扩散和蔓延。本次疫情提示：野禽疫情的早期发现和及时控制对于降低疫情扩散风险至关重要;林业和农业农村部门的沟通协作要继续加强,日常的禽流感监测力度需要进一步加大,家禽的禽流感疫苗免疫要更加科学,群众的禽流感防控意识要持续提高。     

H7N9亚型亚型流感流行病学特征及防控建议

H7N9亚型流感给我国家禽养殖业造成了较大的经济损失,同时严重威胁公共卫生安全。H7N9亚型流感病毒已出现高致病性变异株并引起我国家禽发生数起疫情,防控形势十分严峻。文章从H7N9亚型流感病原学和流行病学特征角度,总结了目前我国H7N9亚型流感防控的重点和难点,阐述H7N9亚型流感防控策略,提出相关防控建议,旨在科学引导公众正确认识H7N9亚型流感,普及基本防控知识,推进防控措施的落实,为最终有效防控和根除该病提供有益参考。     

湖南省东安县家禽高致病性HH7N9亚型流感诊断报告

2017年3月湖南省东安县部分养殖场的蛋鸡出现大量发病和死亡情况,对采集的15份病料进行实验室检测,经国家禽流感参考实验室确诊,疫情为H7N9亚型高致病性流感病毒感染所致。这是我国首次发现H7N9亚型流感病毒引起家禽发病死亡。调查显示,此次疫情由鸡笼、车辆等器具将H7N9亚型流感病毒从市场传入养殖场的可能性较大。建议通过提高养殖场的生物安全措施、加强活禽市场的管理、强化H7N9亚型流感病毒监测与流通监管等措施来防控H7N9亚型流感。     

科研

H7亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗研制成功 9月30日,农业部公布国家禽流感参考实验室成功研制出重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H7亚型,H7N9／PR8株）,并通过了新兽药评价,作为应急技术储备。为进一步做好H7N9流感疫情应对工作,及时发现、剔除家禽H7N9流感病毒,保障动物产品质量安全和公共卫生安全,农业部制定并实施（《全国家禽H7N9流感剔除计划》。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。