一起饲料未落实留样观察制度案的查处

2019年7月,A市农业综合执法支队执法人员在执法检查中发现,×宠物饲料有限公司涉嫌未落实留样观察制度而从事饲料生产。经立案调查,认定当事人违法事实存在,证据确凿。根据《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》规定,依法给予了行政处罚。本文重点介绍了案件的发生、查处经过、法律适用及处理情况等执法内容,讨论了饲料留样目的和意义、调查取证注意事项、违法物品的处理以及责令改正的正确适用等问题,指出了办理此类案件时的取证依据、处罚前置条件,以期为行政执法人员办理同类案件提供参考。     

上海市规模化奶牛场布鲁氏菌病和牛结核病风险评估分级体系研究

为尽快实现上海崇明奶牛布鲁氏菌病和牛结核病(以下简称"两病")区域净化示范区净化目标,通过建立奶牛场"两病"输入性风险评估和内部风险评估模型,结合奶牛场"两病"流行史,构建了上海市规模化奶牛场"两病"风险评估分级体系;应用该体系将奶牛场划分为高、中、低风险场,为实施分类管理策略奠定基础。运用该体系,对上海市崇明区奶牛场每年开展1次"两病"风险评估分级。经过连续3年的风险分级与管理,崇明区奶牛场的"两病"净化效率得到极大提高,并使崇明奶牛"两病"区域净化示范区顺利通过国家验收,表明该体系符合上海市奶牛"两病"净化工作实际。     

A型流感病毒分型基因芯片在流感病毒各亚型监测中的应用

为验证自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法在实际中的应用效果,了解A型流感病毒各亚型在我国不同地区和不同宿主中的分布情况,对我国20个地区、不同宿主源(鸡、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子、猪、人等)拭子和组织样品共16 852份进行了检测。利用自行研制的A型流感病毒分型基因芯片方法,对样品进行RNA提取、多重不对称RT-PCR扩增、芯片杂交、洗涤和扫描分析;同时将基因芯片检测阳性的样品,用普通RT-PCR扩增后进行序列测定。结果显示:利用该方法检出阳性样品2 582份,总检出率为15.32%(2 582/16 852),共检测到H1N1、H2N9、H3N2、H4N6、H5N1、H7N1、H7N9、H9N2、H10N5、H16N3等10个亚型,且均与阳性样品测序结果一致。结果表明,该方法可准确检测不同地区、不同宿主中的A型流感病毒不同亚型。同时,该方法能在同一张芯片上准确鉴定A型流感病毒的多种亚型,解决了其他常规方法无法检测已发现和可能发生变异的所有亚型的棘手问题,从而为A型流感诊断和分子流行病学监测提供了一种新技术。     

国内外奶牛疫病预警监测技术发展现状

为了解国内外奶牛疫病预警技术及其应用现状，归纳了奶牛疾病的预警要求，分析了国内外8种疫病预警技术的发展现状及其在奶牛养殖中存在的局限性。一是兽医巡检预警技术：该技术较为成熟，但不能满足大规模养殖牛场迅速、高效预警的需求。二是奶样体细胞数测定技术：可初步诊断隐性乳腺炎，但需要额外细菌培养和检测确诊。三是奶牛群体改良测定技术：以监测生产性能为主，仅可预警奶牛乳腺炎及酮病。四是计步器及发情、反刍项圈预警技术：同时具备发情与反刍监测功能，但仅适用于牛群的发情与反刍监测。五是大数据挖掘技术：在数据库基础上，利用各种模型或算法预测传染病的发生和发展，但预警效率受限。六是智能化体温连续远程监测及预警技术：可预警口蹄疫等重大传染病，但无法完全替代临床诊断，不能监测病原微生物。七是基于AI和群体热成像的奶牛行为分析技术：可以监视记录奶牛行为与温度特征，锁定病畜，但对发病初期无异常行为的牛只无效。八是生物气溶胶激光光谱测量技术：通过检测病原微生物种类和浓度，达到预警疫病的目的，目前主要用于军方监测人类重大疫病。未来的奶牛疫病预警技术需要进一步相互结合、取长补短，充分利用大数据、物联网等新兴技术进行奶牛重大疫病预警诊断。本文为预警监测技术的本地化发展提供了参考。     

Periplaneta americana peptide decreases apoptosis of pig-ovary granulosa cells induced by H2O2 through FoxO1

Oxidative stress can induce apoptosis of granulosa cells and lead to follicular atresia, thereby reducing the number of pigs giving birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Periplaneta americana peptide (PAP) on the apoptosis of the granulosa cells of pig ovaries (PGCs) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) via FoxO1. PGCs were treated with H₂O₂ to establish a cell apoptosis model. Cell viability was measured using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and nitric oxide (NO) content were detected to reflect the oxidative stress. Western blotting, qRT-PCR and overexpression were undertaken to determine the expression of FoxO1 and caspase-3, and immunofluorescence was used to detect FoxO1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. PGCs were treated with 100 μM H₂O₂ for 6 hr, which resulted in oxidative damage and apoptosis and an apoptosis rate for PGCs of 32.95%. Next, PGCs were treated with 400 μg/ml PAP for 24 hr to repair the apoptosis induced by H₂O₂. PAP improved cell viability in H₂O₂-stimulated PGCs, the increased MDA level and NO content caused by H₂O₂ stimulation were reversed and the apoptotic rate of PGCs was reduced. The qRT-PCR and Western blotting results indicated that PAP decreased the H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and the expression of FoxO1 and caspase-3 in PGCs. The effect of PAP was the same following FoxO1 overexpression. FoxO1 was expressed in the nucleus when stimulated by H₂O₂ or overexpression; however, it migrated to the cytoplasm following PAP treatment. PAP decreased the apoptosis of PGCs induced by H₂O₂ by regulating FoxO1 expression and nuclear translocation.     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.     

适应农业产业发展产教融合课堂教学改革研究

本文对适应农业区域产业发展产教融合课堂教学改革进行了一定的研究，希望可以为“产教 结合、校企一体”的发展之路提供一定的参考价值。     

奶山羊CIDEa基因的克隆、序列分析与组织表达

为获得奶山羊CIDEa基因序列并检测其在乳腺组织中的表达,采用RT-PCR技术从奶山羊乳腺组织扩增CIDEa基因序列,利用生物信息学软件对其进行预测分析,并采用荧光定量PCR检测CIDEa在干奶期和不同泌乳时期乳腺组织中的表达。结果表明:通过克隆测序得到奶山羊CIDEa基因CDS区660 bp,编码219个氨基酸,与GenBank公布的绵羊、牛、人和猪的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99%、96%、85%、85%。奶山羊CIDEa蛋白属于碱性、不稳定亲水蛋白,不存在跨膜结构和信号肽;蛋白主要定位在细胞质、线粒体和细胞核。CIDEa蛋白结构主要由α螺旋、β折叠和不规则卷曲组成。奶山羊CIDEa在泌乳前期、盛期和中期乳腺组织中表达量均显著高于干奶期(P<0.05)。说明CIDEa可能参与奶山羊乳腺的泌乳过程,为进一步研究其在奶山羊乳腺组织中的功能及对乳品质的调控作用奠定基础。     

长江流域棉花减量简化一次性施肥技术研究

针对棉花常规施肥技术存在的施肥次数多、技术复杂、用量大、利用率低、中后期土壤追肥操作不便、施肥易受天气影响等问题，研究了主栽棉花品种营养特性，研制了易降解棉花专用缓控释肥缓控释包膜新材料、系列配方，创新了生产工艺，研制的专用缓控释肥实现了棉花减量简化一次性施肥，变革了棉花施肥技术，解决了常规技术中施肥集中期与干旱雨涝等灾害高发期重叠导致的无法追肥或肥害、从而减产的重大难题。与等养分常规施肥相比，应用该技术棉花单产增加 3.8%～14.1%、增效10.1%～25.5%；减少施肥用工50%以上，等产量情况下单位面积减少施肥11.2%～52.3%。以棉花减量简化一次性施肥为核心技术，建立了棉花绿色轻简高效栽培技术体系。