连续14年保护性耕作对土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的影响

依托于2001年布设在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区的保护性耕作定位试验,于2014年测定了5种保护性耕作(免耕+秸秆覆盖NTS、免耕NT、传统耕作+秸秆翻埋TS、传统耕作+地膜覆盖TP和免耕+地膜覆盖NTP)和传统耕作T处理下小麦-豌豆双序列轮作中表层土壤(0~5、5~10、10~30 cm)总有机碳(SOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)在作物生育期前后的变化。结果表明:土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳在土壤剖面上均随着土层深度的增加而降低;相比传统耕作T,NTS和TS处理能显著提高0~30 cm土层中SOC、LFOC的含量,在作物播种前较T分别提高了19.51%、64.58%和13.36%、42.08%,在收获后分别提高了28.00%、85.37%和18.61%、77.82%,而SOC、LFOC含量NT和TP处理与T处理间差异不显著;从作物播种前至收获后,各处理下0~30 cm土层SOC含量均有减小趋势,其中NTS和TS处理变化量最小,NT和TP处理加大了作物生育期间SOC和LFOC的消耗;LFOC可以灵敏地反应出土壤有机碳的变化。因此,在该区推行以免耕、秸秆覆盖为主的保护性耕作措施更有利于碳的积累和土壤质量的改善,促进该区农业的可持续发展。     

不同耕作措施对麦—豆轮作条件下土壤有机碳库与微生物商的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,对麦-豆轮作次序下不同耕作措施间的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳以及微生物生物量碳进行了测定,计算了土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化并对土壤各级有机碳库进行了相关分析.结果表明:两种轮作次序下传统耕作结合秸秆还田、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖与传统耕作不覆盖相比更有利于土壤有机碳库含量的提高,同时各处理表层有机碳含量明显高于其它层次并且随着土层的增加而递减.相关分析结果显示,土壤活性有机碳较大程度上依赖土壤有机碳的含量,同时也说明易氧化碳与微生物都在一定程度上表征了土壤中活性较高部分的有机碳含量.不同耕作处理的土壤微生物商均表现为NTS、NT、TS处理大于T处理,和不同耕作处理下土壤总有机碳含量的变化趋势一致.相较于其它处理免耕秸秆覆盖的土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化最明显,说明免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤有机碳含量的增加和土壤有机质的累积的贡献最大.     

耕作方式对旱地麦田土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分分布的影响

为明确蓄水保墒耕作方式下旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳及碳组分和全氮及氮组分在不同粒径团聚体组分中的分布特征,深入了解不同耕作方式下土壤碳氮固持机制,以连续3 a(2017—2020年)实施不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、深翻)后冬小麦收获期0～20 cm土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法测算土壤团聚体的构成与稳定性(R_0.25,>0.25 mm团聚体含量;MWD,平均重量直径;GMD,几何平均直径),并测定各粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC)和碳组分(重组有机碳,HFOC;轻组有机碳,LFOC;易氧化有机碳,EOC;可溶性有机碳,DOC;颗粒有机碳,POC)含量、全氮(TN)和氮组分(硝态氮,NO^-₃-N;铵态氮,NH⁺₄-N;可溶性有机氮,SON)含量,分析了碳氮组分的相关关系。结果显示：(1)免耕和深松处理>2 mm团聚体土壤比例较深翻处理分别提高8.8%和22.1%,免耕有利于增加<0.053 mm粉黏粒比例,较深松和深翻处理分别提高46.4%和27.7%。深松处理较深翻...     

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon (OC) associated with water-stable aggregates (WSA). Moreover, the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA. Corn straw was returned in the following depths: (1) on undisturbed soil surface (NTS), (2) in the 0-10 cm soil depth (MTS), (3) in the 0-20 cm soil depth (CTS), and (4) no corn straw applied (CK). After five years (2014-2018), soil was sampled in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and WSA fractions. The results showed that compared with CK, corn straw amended soils (NTS, MTS and CTS) increased SOC content by 11.55%-16.58%, WEOC by 41.38%-51.42%, KMnO₄-C and LFOC by 29.84%-34.09% and 56.68%-65.36% in the 0-40 cm soil depth. The LFOC and KMnO₄-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes. Compared with CK, soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%-40.48% in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00% of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK. No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period, indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure, and would not decline crop production.     

不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作农田土壤物理结构的影响

选取黄土高原半干旱区连续4年进行保护性耕作的玉米样地,定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著降低0~5 cm表层土壤容重,传统耕作秸秆粉粹还田(TS)和NTS处理可显著降低5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTS处理可显著增大0~5 cm表层土壤孔隙度,TS和NTS处理可显著提高5~10 cm1、0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度;NTS处理可显著降低各层土壤的坚实度,其它处理对表层0~5 cm无显著影响,免耕无秸秆覆盖(NT)处理显著增加了5 cm以下的土壤坚实度;NTS处理0~5 cm表层土壤水分入渗率显著加强,而NT处理则显著减弱;土壤水稳性大团聚体含量均为:NTSNTTS传统耕作(T)。本试验中NT处理对土壤结构的改良效应不明显,NTS处理对于黄土高原土壤结构改良效果最佳。     

不同耕作措施下陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤活性有机碳组分及其与酶活性间的关系

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区15年的不同保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕结合秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)4种不同耕作措施下不同土层的土壤总有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量、碳库管理指数和土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和过氧化物酶等4种参与碳循环土壤酶,并分析了土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分与土壤酶之间的相关关系。结果表明:0~30 cm土层,NTS处理可显著提高土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳及碳库管理指数,分别较T处理增加了16.3%、28.26%、41.88%、37.04%,NT、TS处理较T处理各指标也均有不同程度提高;在0~30 cm土层,NTS、TS、NT处理与T处理相比,蔗糖酶分别提高了33.84%、21.59%、25.15%,淀粉酶活性分别提高了20.90%、13.43%、12.69%,纤维素酶活性分别提高了39.13%、17.39%、4.34%,过氧化物酶活性分别提高了7.81%、2.08%、3.65%;土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化物酶与各形态有机碳及碳库管理指数均表现为显著或极显著正相关关系;蔗糖酶活性增加对有机碳积累作用最显著,有助于土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、微生物量碳含量提高,土壤纤维素酶对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量的增加有促进作用,过氧化物酶有利于总有机碳的积累。免耕结合秸秆覆盖是适宜该地区农田生态系统健康稳定发展,减少碳库损失的重要途径。     

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.     

Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests rapidly increased the content and ratio of inert carbon in soil macroaggregates

The lack of clarity of how natural vegetation restoration influences soil organic carbon (SOC) content and SOC components in soil aggregate fractions limits the understanding of SOC sequestration and turnover in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to explore how natural vegetation restoration affects the SOC content and ratio of SOC components in soil macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53-250 μm), and silt and clay (<53 μm) fractions in 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-year-old Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests, Shaanxi, China in 2015. And the associated effects of biomasses of leaf litter and different sizes of roots (0-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and >2.0 mm diameter) on SOC components were studied too. Results showed that the contents of high activated carbon (HAC), activated carbon (AC) and inert carbon (IC) in the macroaggregates, microaggregates and silt and clay fractions increased with restoration ages. Moreover, IC content in the microaggregates in topsoil (0-20 cm) rapidly increased; peaking in the 90-year-old restored forest, and was 5.74 times higher than AC content. In deep soil (20-80 cm), IC content was 3.58 times that of AC content. Biomasses of 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots and leaf litter affected the content of aggregate fractions in topsoil, while the biomass of >2.0 mm diameter roots affected the content of aggregate fractions in deep soil. Across the soil profiles, macroaggregates had the highest capacity for HAC sequestration. The effects of restoration ages on soil aggregate fractions and SOC content were less in deep soil than in topsoil. In conclusion, natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests improved the contents of SOC, especially IC within topsoil and deep soil. The influence of IC on aggregate stability was greater than the other SOC components, and the aggregate stability was significantly affected by the biomasses of litter, 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots in topsoil and >2.0 mm diameter roots in deep soil. Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests promoted SOC sequestration by soil macroaggregates.     

黄土高原春玉米保护性耕作农田土壤养分时空动态变化研究

试验以传统耕作(CT)为对照,连续3 a研究了保护性耕作(NT),传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)处理下黄土高原春玉米田土壤养分含量的动态变化。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作处理各土层土壤有机质含量随春玉米生育期推进呈上升趋势,其中收获后耕作层土壤有机质含量增加明显;保护性耕作使得土壤碱解氮有向表面富集的趋势,保护性耕作下土壤速效磷略显增加趋势,其中在玉米收获后表现较明显,且较TS和CT处理差异显著;速效钾含量保护性耕作处理要显著低于其它处理,但有增加趋势。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原春玉米田土壤理化特性的影响

为了探索黄土高原春玉米区保护性耕作农田土壤理化特性变化,测定分析了保护性耕作处理第二年春玉米生长不同时期农田土壤容重、水分和养分变化.结果表明,保护性耕作处理在玉米生长前期0～10 cm土壤容重呈下降趋势且小于传统耕作,但后期增加幅度较大;与传统耕作相比保护性耕作能显著增加玉米生长前期表层0～60 cm和后期100～200 cm土壤含水量 ,有较好保水、蓄水作用;保护性耕作下表层0～20 cm土壤养分指标除全磷外,均表现为稳定升高趋势,且能有效提高土壤全钾和速效钾含量;土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量低于传统耕作,但变异系数较小.     

Long-term cultivation and landscape position effects on aggregate size and organic carbon fractionation on surface soil properties in semi-arid region of Iran

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term cultivation and landscape position on organic carbon content and soil aggregation. Sampling sites were determined based upon land use at the end of 50 years soil use and management, cultivated/annual wheat cropping and grazed pasture, and landscape position in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiary province, southwest Iran. Soil samples were collected from the 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depths in two adjacent fields that have the same slope and aspect. The soil was silty clay at the summit and footslope positions, and was a silty clay loam at the backslope. Wet-sieving analysis and aggregate-size fractionation methods were used to separate the samples into three aggregate fractions (i.e., 2–4.75, 0.25–2, and 0.053–0.25 mm). The treatments were arranged in a factorial design. Land use significantly affected the water-stable aggregate fractions, so that the wet soil stability of the macroaggregates (i.e., 2–4.75 mm) was higher in the pasture, whereas it was greater for the meso-aggregates (i.e., 0.25–2 mm) in the cultivated soils. Cultivation decreased both the wet-aggregate stability and percent of macroaggregates whereas long-term pasture enhanced aggregation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content within aggregates and primary particles was also significantly influenced by landscape position, land use, and the depth of sampling. The SOC content was higher in clay than those in silt and sand contents. The SOC content decreased as depth increased in all fractions. In general, the highest and lowest wet-stable aggregates were observed on the footslope and backslope positions, respectively.     

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施，但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验，设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^-2,LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理，研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明：与CK相比，HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0～10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10～20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量，同时还显著提高了0～20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例；而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知，长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量，且提高覆盖量有助于促进...     

Effects of long-term cultivation practices and nitrogen fertilization rates on carbon stock in a calcareous soil on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) are important C pools in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China, however, variations of SOC and SIC stocks under different cultivation practices and nitrogen(N) fertilization rates are not clear in this area. A long-term field experiment started in June 2003 was conducted to investigate the SOC and SIC stocks in a calcareous soil of the Chinese Loess Plateau under four cultivation practices, i.e., fallow(FA), conventional cultivation(CC), straw mulch(SM), and plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrow(RF), in combination with three N fertilization rates, i.e., 0(N0), 120(N120), and 240(N240) kg N/hm~2. Results indicate that the crop straw addition treatments(SM and RF) increased the contents of soil microbial biomass C(SMBC) and SOC, and the SOC stock increased by 10.1%–13.3% at the upper 20 cm soil depth in comparison to the 8-year fallow(FA) treatment. Meanwhile, SIC stock significantly increased by 19% at the entire tested soil depth range(0–100 cm) under all crop cultivation practices in comparison to that of soil exposed to the long-term fallow treatment, particularly at the upper 60 cm soil depth. Furthermore, moderate N fertilizer application(120 kg N/hm~2) increased SOC stock at the upper 40 cm soil depth, whereas SIC stock decreased as the N fertilization rate increased. We conclude that the combined application of crop organic residues and moderate N fertilization rate could facilitate the sequestrations of SOC and SIC in the calcareous soil.     

不同覆盖方式对旱作农田土壤碳氮含量及玉米产量的影响

设置垄膜沟播(R)、平作全覆膜(P)和平作秸秆覆盖(S)3种不同覆盖栽培模式,以传统平作(CK)为对照,通过3 a大田定位试验,研究不同覆盖方式对农田土壤碳氮及其组分变化、玉米干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:连续覆盖3 a后,R和P处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量及储量均呈逐渐下降趋势,而S处理则呈上升趋势且每年的增幅逐渐增大;各处理0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳储量均表现为S>R>P>CK,全氮储量表现为S>CK>R>P,S处理有机碳和全氮储量分别较CK提高3.4%和7.5%;与CK相比,R和P处理可提高土壤碳氮比,在0～20 cm土层平均分别提高7.9%和9.6%(P<0.05),而S处理0～20 cm土层土壤碳氮比平均降低了9.9%(P<0.05);各覆膜处理(R和P)均较CK显著降低了0～40 cm土层土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)含量,而S处理较CK处理0～60 cm土层DOC和DON含量2 a平均均提高6.2%;各处理收获期硝态氮含量在0～100 cm剖面中的垂直分布与CK无明显差异;各处理土壤铵态氮含量均...     

覆盖方式对旱作小麦田土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

依托中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态实验站的长期覆盖试验,分析研究秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作冬小麦田土壤团聚体分布和团聚体有机碳的影响,共包括4种处理:无覆盖(CK)、全年9 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖(M_(9000))、全年4 500 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖(M_(4500))和全年地膜覆盖(PM)。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,M_(9000)处理土壤总有机碳含量提高8.1%(P0.05),M_(4500)和PM处理较CK处理无显著差异。(2)M_(9000)、M_(4500)处理0.25 mm团聚体含量较CK处理分别提高6.6%、4.1%,PM处理降低1.7%。(3)与CK处理相比,M_(9000)处理平均重量直径(MWD)值提高9.2%,PM处理降低14.8%;M_(9000)处理几何平均直径(GMD)提高13.0%,PM处理降低15.7%(P0.05)。(4)土壤总有机碳与0.25 mm团聚体含量、MWD和GMD值呈显著正相关。(5)各处理中,5 mm和0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量较高;M_(9000)处理可不同程度地提高各级别团聚体中有机碳的含量,PM处理作用不明显;土壤有机碳主要储存在机械稳定性大团聚体中,且5 mm团聚体对总有机碳的贡献率最大,M_(9000)、M_(4500)处理可提高0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的贡献率。(6)各处理土壤总有机碳与5 mm和0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体中有机碳呈极显著正相关。因此,长期秸秆覆盖不仅可以提升团聚体水平和稳定性,还可增加团聚体中有机碳含量,有利于土壤有机碳的固定。该区全年9 000 kg·hm~(-2)秸秆覆盖处理效果最好。     

西南紫色土丘陵区不同耕作方式对土壤水热条件、有机碳含量及蚕豆产量的影响

在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场开展大田试验,设置传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+半量秸秆覆盖(TS_1)、垄作+半量秸秆覆盖(RS_1)、传统耕作+全量秸秆覆盖(TS_2)、垄作+全量秸秆覆盖(RS_2)6个不同处理,研究不同耕作方式对蚕豆土壤水热条件、有机碳含量和蚕豆产量的影响及其相关关系。结果表明:秸秆覆盖下的土壤温度在低温时显著高于平作,在高温时则显著低于平作,而垄作的土壤温度与平作间没有明显的差异;在苗期、分枝期、开花期和成熟期,RS_2处理土壤水分均显著高于R处理;在分枝期、开花期和成熟期TS_2处理土壤水分均显著高于T处理;垄作和秸秆覆盖能提高土壤的有机碳含量,不同处理间的有机碳含量表现出RS_2TS_2RS_1TS_1RT的趋势;垄作和秸秆覆盖能提高蚕豆的产量,与对照T相比,R、TS_1、RS_1、TS_2、RS_2处理的蚕豆产量分别增产3.55%、9.20%、9.88%、10.78%、12.54%;蚕豆产量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关。     

耕作方式对黑钙土主要肥力特征及玉米产量的影响

为揭示不同耕作方式对黑钙土主要肥力特征及玉米产量的影响,田间试验设置了旋耕(RT)、深松(ST)、免耕(NT)、深翻(DP)和深翻秸秆还田(DPS)等5种耕作方式,分析了玉米不同生长时期0～60 cm土层土壤容重、水稳性团聚体等物理指标,氮、钾、有机质等化学指标及玉米产量。结果表明,与RT处理相比,NT和ST处理土壤容重平均增加4.7%和3.8%,DP和DPS处理分别降低3.4%和2.6%;NT处理的田间持水量比RT降低2.7%,ST与RT相近,而DP和DPS处理分别比RT增加8.6%和7.0%,二者都显著高于RT(P0.05);土壤大团粒结构(0.25 mm)含量表现为苗期DP处理最高,抽雄期DPS最高、DP次之,整体来看,平均含量以DPS最高;除抽雄期NT含量较高外,DPS和DP是有机质含量整体较高的处理,说明翻耕的过程有利于土壤有机质含量的提升;从土壤全氮的比较来看,不同处理下差别不大,但碱解氮含量以RT最高,其他处理降低了6.8%～12.9%;与RT处理相比,ST和DPS处理玉米产量降低了7.4%和3.3%,NT、DP分别增加2.3%和7.8%。综合来看,虽然NT处理有一定的提升土壤结构和有机质的潜力,但改变效果不大,DP和DPS处理具有较好的土壤肥力特征,其中DP是兼具土壤肥力和增产效果的耕作方式。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

深翻和秸秆还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为探究深翻及秸秆还田对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,本研究主要采用Biolog-Eco微平板法,分析了常规耕作(CT)、秸秆浅混(SCT,耕作深度15 cm)、深翻(ST,耕作深度35 cm)、秸秆深混(SST,耕作深度35 cm)4个处理0～15 cm和15～35 cm土层的土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化。结果表明：在0～15 cm和15～35 cm土层,与CT相比,SCT和SST处理可以显著提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用,不同处理下微生物对碳源利用程度随时间的延长而增加,并且糖类、氨基酸类、多聚物类和羧酸类碳源依次为微生物代谢最主要的碳源。不同处理对Shannon指数与Simpson指数没有显著影响,但与CT相比,ST显著增加了0～15 cm的Mclntosh指数。主成分分析表明,各处理的微生物群落代谢功能在有秸秆还田和无秸秆还田之间存在差异。与CT相比,15～35 cm土层DOC、MBC和MBN含量在SST处理下分别显著增加了17.25%、50.00%和168.10%。另外SEM模型显示,深翻处理可以通过土壤DOC含量的变化影响土壤Mclntosh指数。     

辽西易旱区不同耕作方式对土壤物理性能的影响

比较了不同耕作方式对土壤水分、温度、容重、孔隙性状和养分的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作有抑制蒸发保墒作用,分别表现在苗期0-20cm土层以及作物生长发育后期40cm以下土层,提高了水分利用率,其中留茬覆盖可以比传统耕作提高16.53%,增产幅度可达13.56%;保护性耕作的土壤温度低于传统耕作,尤其留茬覆盖表现最为明显,其降低土壤温度的效应主要发生在苗期和土壤表层;保护性耕作方式提高了毛管孔隙度,提高了涵养水分的作用,但土壤容重的增加影响作物的播种和出苗;保护性耕作对土壤有机质和速效养分的变化有着一定的影响,但各种方式间差异不显著;在辽宁省西部干旱和半干旱地区建议采用以留茬覆盖为主的保护性耕作方式。