耕作方式对土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

基于在黄土高原半干旱地区的典型代表—定西市安定区连续进行6 a的保护性耕作试验,研究了不同耕作方式对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的影响,并对各处理的碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)和土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)进行了计算。结果表明:与传统耕作不覆盖(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)和免耕不覆盖(NT)有利于土壤总有机碳含量和活性有机碳含量的提高,并且有随着土层深度的增加而递减的趋势;NT、NTS和TS有助于提高0～5 cm土层土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分率,尤以NTS处理的效果最为明显,说明NTS处理的土壤碳素活性大、易转化;对碳库各项管理指数来说,总体上秸秆覆盖或还田的贡献大于耕作措施,说明对土壤进行秸秆覆盖或还田有利于土壤碳库管理指数提高。     

陇中旱地不同保护性耕作方式表层土壤结构和有机碳含量比较分析

在陇中黄土高原半干旱区进行保护性耕作定位试验,研究了不同保护性耕作措施对表层土壤结构和有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:与传统耕作(T)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)土壤容重在作物生长期保持稳定;虽然两种序列NTS处理土壤总孔度较低,但其>30μm的非毛管孔度显著高于其它三种处理,W→P→W序列(2002年小麦→2003年豌豆→2004年小麦)NTS处理分别比T处理、TS处理和NT处理提高3.605%、4.749%、3.338%;P→W→P序列(2002年豌豆→2003年小麦→2004年豌豆)NTS处理分别比T处理、TS处理和NT处理提高2.834%、4.023%、2.728%;就大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量而言,W→P→W序列下T处理、TS处理、NT处理和NTS处理分别为7.412%、9.493%、9.098%、10.577%,P→W→P序列下分别为7.600%、10.027%、8.085%、9.933%,且统计分析表明两种序列下NTS处理均与T和TS两处理差异显著。同时发现,NTS处理可显著增加土壤有机碳含量,两种序列下分别比T处理增加0.958 g/kg和1.045 g/kg,而单一的免耕(NT)或覆盖(TS)效果并不显著。     

不同耕作措施下陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤活性有机碳组分及其与酶活性间的关系

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区15年的不同保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕结合秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)4种不同耕作措施下不同土层的土壤总有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量、碳库管理指数和土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和过氧化物酶等4种参与碳循环土壤酶,并分析了土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分与土壤酶之间的相关关系。结果表明:0~30 cm土层,NTS处理可显著提高土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳及碳库管理指数,分别较T处理增加了16.3%、28.26%、41.88%、37.04%,NT、TS处理较T处理各指标也均有不同程度提高;在0~30 cm土层,NTS、TS、NT处理与T处理相比,蔗糖酶分别提高了33.84%、21.59%、25.15%,淀粉酶活性分别提高了20.90%、13.43%、12.69%,纤维素酶活性分别提高了39.13%、17.39%、4.34%,过氧化物酶活性分别提高了7.81%、2.08%、3.65%;土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化物酶与各形态有机碳及碳库管理指数均表现为显著或极显著正相关关系;蔗糖酶活性增加对有机碳积累作用最显著,有助于土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、微生物量碳含量提高,土壤纤维素酶对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量的增加有促进作用,过氧化物酶有利于总有机碳的积累。免耕结合秸秆覆盖是适宜该地区农田生态系统健康稳定发展,减少碳库损失的重要途径。     

不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作农田土壤物理结构的影响

选取黄土高原半干旱区连续4年进行保护性耕作的玉米样地,定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对耕层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)可显著降低0~5 cm表层土壤容重,传统耕作秸秆粉粹还田(TS)和NTS处理可显著降低5~10 cm、10~30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTS处理可显著增大0~5 cm表层土壤孔隙度,TS和NTS处理可显著提高5~10 cm1、0~30 cm土层的土壤孔隙度;NTS处理可显著降低各层土壤的坚实度,其它处理对表层0~5 cm无显著影响,免耕无秸秆覆盖(NT)处理显著增加了5 cm以下的土壤坚实度;NTS处理0~5 cm表层土壤水分入渗率显著加强,而NT处理则显著减弱;土壤水稳性大团聚体含量均为:NTSNTTS传统耕作(T)。本试验中NT处理对土壤结构的改良效应不明显,NTS处理对于黄土高原土壤结构改良效果最佳。     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。     

不同耕作措施对麦—豆轮作条件下土壤有机碳库与微生物商的影响

以长期定位试验为基础,对麦-豆轮作次序下不同耕作措施间的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳以及微生物生物量碳进行了测定,计算了土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化并对土壤各级有机碳库进行了相关分析.结果表明:两种轮作次序下传统耕作结合秸秆还田、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖与传统耕作不覆盖相比更有利于土壤有机碳库含量的提高,同时各处理表层有机碳含量明显高于其它层次并且随着土层的增加而递减.相关分析结果显示,土壤活性有机碳较大程度上依赖土壤有机碳的含量,同时也说明易氧化碳与微生物都在一定程度上表征了土壤中活性较高部分的有机碳含量.不同耕作处理的土壤微生物商均表现为NTS、NT、TS处理大于T处理,和不同耕作处理下土壤总有机碳含量的变化趋势一致.相较于其它处理免耕秸秆覆盖的土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化最明显,说明免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤有机碳含量的增加和土壤有机质的累积的贡献最大.     

保护性耕作对旱地麦田土壤酶活性的影响

通过在陇中黄土高原半干旱区设置的田间定位试验,研究了5种保护性耕作措施与传统耕作方式对旱地麦田土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同耕作处理下过氧化氢酶活性均随耕作层的加深而递减;脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性表现为三种翻耕处理(T,TS,TP)随土层的加深呈先增加后降低的趋势,而三种免耕处理(NT,NTS,NTP)随土层的加深而递减;与传统耕作(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖处理(NTS)下过氧化氢酶活性升高11.74%,脲酶活性升高17.60%,碱性磷酸酶活性升高43.99%,蔗糖酶活性升高40.22%;另外,就产量表现而言,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)是传统耕作(T)的1.68倍,统计分析差异显著(P＜0.05).可见,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施,既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤酶活性.     

绿洲农田土壤团聚体组成及有机碳和全氮分布对秸秆还田方式的响应

通过田间定位试验，在甘肃干旱灌区，研究了不同小麦秸秆还田方式(NTSS: 25~30 cm 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 25~30 cm高茬秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 25~30 cm 高茬秸秆深翻耕; CT: 传统不留茬深翻耕—对照) 对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响，以期为优化试区种植模式与提高农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明：免耕秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS)≥0.25 mm团聚体含量较高，与CT相比，在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层分别提高5.4%与12.5%、13.3%与14.1%、11.1%与19.2%，以NTS提高幅度较大。NTSS、NTS提高了0~10、20~30 cm土壤团聚体的平均重量直径，较CT处理分别提高6.7%与11.6%、7.6%与8.1%，以NTS提高效果最明显。NTSS、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于 CT 处理，在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层，有机碳含量分别增大8.1%与13.3%、7.4%与11.4%、7.8%与12.8%；全氮含量分别提高14.6%与17.9%、14.5%与17.9%、16.2%与20.5%，同样，以NTS提高土壤有机碳及全氮程度较大。各级别团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小，团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随团聚体直径减小而增加，NTS处理在各土层各级别团聚体均保持较高的土壤有机碳及全氮含量。因此，前茬小麦25~30 cm秸秆覆盖免耕还田是干旱灌区增强土壤团聚体形成、提高土壤有机碳及全氮含量的适宜栽培措施。     

早播及耕作措施对黄土高原半干旱区春小麦土壤氮磷元素的影响

为探讨早播及耕作措施对农田生态系统土壤氮磷元素影响规律,对黄土高原半干旱区早播、正常播下不同耕作措施[传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)]春小麦(Triticum aestivum)生育期0～40 cm土壤进行分析,以正常播种传统耕作春小麦为对照,研究早播及耕作措施对春小麦土壤氮磷元素的影响。结果表明:(1)不同处理下春小麦土壤N素(TN、NO_3~--N、NH+4-N)、P素(TP)含量均具有表聚性特征,其土壤N∶P均值(1.713)低于全国平均值(5.2),同时其变异水平系数处于26.99%～77.28%,属中等变异水平;(2)全生育期0～40 cm土层,早播春小麦土壤TN、NH+4-N含量及N∶P均值显著低于正常播23.1%～32.5%,不利于土壤TN、NH+4-N含量积累,而NO_3~--N含量及NO_3~--N∶N均值显著高于正常播30.5%、41.5%,有助于土壤NO_3~--N含量的固存,同时早播处理下土壤TP含量整体高于正常播处理;(3)秸秆覆盖措施(NTS、TS)下土壤TN、TP含量高于NT、T,但速效氮(NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N)养分含量表现相反;(4)不同处理下春小麦土壤TP含量在生育期间趋于稳定,而N素含量在分蘖期及开花期变化较显著。因此,选择适宜播种时间及耕作管理措施有助于提高该区作物土壤N、P元素的积累转化效率,加快发展黄土高原半干旱区农田生态系统恢复进程。     

保护性耕作下小麦和豌豆投入产出能值分析

应用能值分析的基本理论和方法,探讨了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)、免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)等不同耕作模式下小麦和豌豆的投入产出能值,测算了其净能值产出率、能值投入率、宏观经济价值。结果表明:同一耕作方式下,种植小麦能值投入大于豌豆,豌豆能值产出是小麦的5倍以上,且豌豆宏观经济价值远远大于小麦;不同耕作方式下,两种作物净能值产出率均为免耕处理大于相应的耕作处理;由于传统耕作的三种模式人工和机械费用的投入远高于免耕三种模式,使得耕作处理下能值总投入大于相应的免耕处理;免耕+秸秆覆盖处理下,小麦和豌豆净能值产出率和宏观经济价值均达到最大,分别达到了0.64、3.93和9.26、53.1。说明免耕+秸秆覆盖不仅能够实现节约投入,而且可以增产增收,能够达到生态经济效益的最优。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施，但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验，设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^-2,LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理，研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明：与CK相比，HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0～10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10～20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量，同时还显著提高了0～20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例；而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知，长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量，且提高覆盖量有助于促进...     

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon (OC) associated with water-stable aggregates (WSA). Moreover, the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA. Corn straw was returned in the following depths: (1) on undisturbed soil surface (NTS), (2) in the 0-10 cm soil depth (MTS), (3) in the 0-20 cm soil depth (CTS), and (4) no corn straw applied (CK). After five years (2014-2018), soil was sampled in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and WSA fractions. The results showed that compared with CK, corn straw amended soils (NTS, MTS and CTS) increased SOC content by 11.55%-16.58%, WEOC by 41.38%-51.42%, KMnO₄-C and LFOC by 29.84%-34.09% and 56.68%-65.36% in the 0-40 cm soil depth. The LFOC and KMnO₄-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes. Compared with CK, soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%-40.48% in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00% of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK. No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period, indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure, and would not decline crop production.     

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.     

Long-term effects of gravel―sand mulch on soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China

Gravel–sand mulch has been used for centuries to conserve water in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. In this study, we assessed the influence of long-term(1996–2012) gravel–sand mulching of cultivated soils on total organic carbon(TOC), light fraction organic carbon(LFOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), total organic nitrogen(TON), particulate organic carbon(POC), mineral-associated organic carbon(MOC), permanganate-oxidizable carbon(KMn O4-C), and non-KMn O4-C at 0–60 cm depths. Mulching durations were 7, 11 and 16 years, with a non-mulched control. Compared to the control, there was no significant and consistently positive effect of the mulch on TOC, POC, MOC, KMn O4-C and non-KMn O4-C before 11 years of mulching, and these organic C fractions generally decreased significantly by 16 years. LFOC, TON and MBC to at a 0–20 cm depth increased with increasing mulching duration until 11 years, and then these fractions decreased significantly between 11 and 16 years, reaching values comparable to or lower than those in the control. KMn O4-C was most strongly correlated with the labile soil C fractions. Our findings suggest that although gravel–sand mulch may conserve soil moisture, it may also lead to long-term decreases in labile soil organic C fractions and total organic N in the study area. The addition of manure or composted manure would be a good choice to reverse the soil deterioration that occurs after 11 years by increasing the inputs of organic matter.     

保护性耕作对坡耕地粮豆草等高带状种植作物生长与水土保持效果的影响

为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地水分利用率,选用多年生作物苜蓿及小麦、鹰嘴豆、马铃薯 等一年生作物作为供试作物,设置不同带状系统研究了各种种植方式和耕作方式对作物生长、土壤水分、WUE及 水土流失的影响。结果表明,(1)各处理保持水分的能力依次为：免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>免耕(NT)>传统(T);(2) 保护性耕作具有良好的防止土壤侵蚀能力,依次为：NTS>NT>T;(3)免耕+秸秆覆盖和免耕方式与传统耕作相比, 均能提高半干旱地区土壤水分和作物对水分的利用效率,减少土壤侵蚀量。从不同处理保持水土效应来看,从优 至劣的顺序为NTS_PL>T_PL>NTS_CL>T_CL>NTS_WL>T_WL。由此可见,免耕秸秆覆盖是提高水分利用效率及控制水土流失的有效措施,粮草豆隔带种植,结合保护性耕作措施不但具有蓄水保土,减免侵蚀的生态作用,而且还能提高土地利用的经济效益,宜结合生产推广利用。