团头鲂(Megahbrama amblycephala) Caspase 9 基因全长cDNA的克隆及在氨氮胁迫下的表达分析

为了解团头鲂(Megahbrama amblycephala) Caspase 9基因序列特征及其在氨氮胁迫过程中的作用,应用末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术克隆得到团头鲂Caspase 9基因全长1613 bp的cDNA序列,包括185 bp的5 '末端非翻译区(Untranslated regions,UTR)、96 bp的3'UTR、1332 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF).氨基酸多序列比对显示,平均同源性为77.74％,表明团头鲂Caspase9基因具有较高的保守性;系统进化分析显示,该基因氨基酸序列与其他鱼类Caspase 9聚为一支,并与锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio) Caspase 9亲缘关系较近;荧光定量PCR结果显示,Caspase 9基因在团头鲂各组织中均有表达,在脑中表达量最高,在肌肉中表达量最低,同时,在胁迫和恢复过程中,该基因在肝和脑中的表达规律相似,均在胁迫期间出现表达量上调,整体呈类似波浪形表达谱.研究结果表明,氨氮胁迫下,Caspase 9基因参与团头鲂的免疫防御,并与细胞凋亡分子过程有关.本研究结果可为进一步了解团头鲂应答氨氮胁迫分子机制提供理论依据.     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)p38 MAPK基因克隆及表达分析

应用RACE克隆技术获得中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) p38 MAPK基因全长cDNA序列,并对该序列进行分析.结果显示,中国对虾p38 MAPK基因全长为1563 bp,开放阅读框长1098 bp,5′非编码区长122 bp,3′非编码区长343 bp,将该基因命名为Fcp38.氨基酸序列分析推测,该基因编码365个氨基酸,分子量为41.77 kDa,理论等电点为5.68.同源性分析表明,Fcp38基因与凡纳滨对虾和日本囊对虾的p38相似性最高,为98％.通过比对发现,该基因除含p38家族特有的标志性Thr-Gly-Tyr双磷酸化位点和底物结合位点Ala-Thr-Arg-Trp,还具有p38家族关键功能位点ED.系统进化分析显示,Fcp38与凡纳滨对虾和日本囊对虾的p38聚为一支.荧光定量PCR结果显示,Fcp38基因在肠、鳃、胃、心脏、淋巴、肝胰腺、肌肉、血细胞中均有表达,以在肌肉中表达量最高.氨氮胁迫后,该基因在中国对虾肌肉、血细胞、鳃、心脏、肠和胃中的相对表达量均显著增加,且有不同的时空表达趋势,表明Fcp38基因可能在中国对虾应对环境胁迫过程中起着重要作用.     

Effect of dietary vitamin C supplementation on the oxygen consumption, ammonia-N excretion and Na/K ATPase of Macrobrachium nipponense exposed to ambient ammonia

The 96-h LC₅₀ of ammonia-N and the effects of dietary vitamin C on oxygen consumption, ammonia-N excretion and Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity of Macrobrachium nipponense exposed to ambient ammonia were investigated. The results showed that the 96-h LC₅₀ of ammonia-N was 36.6 mg l⁻¹ for the freshwater prawn, M. nipponense, at pH 8.0. When prawns were exposed to high ambient ammonia-N concentrations, the oxygen consumption rate increased and ammonia excretion decreased. Dietary vitamin C supplementation led to higher oxygen consumption and lower ammonia excretion. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity increased with increased ambient ammonia-N exposure in the range of 0–18.3 mg l⁻¹, and then was reduced at ambient ammonia-N 36.6 mg l⁻¹. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activities of prawns fed a vitamin C-supplemented diet were significantly lower than those of prawns fed a diet which was not supplemented with vitamin C.     

Effects of temperature change rate on nitrogen effluxes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DeMan)

Ammonia-N (NH4⁺ + NH³) and total nitrogen (TN) efflux rates of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were measured during stepwise temperature changes (26 °C → 22 °C → 18 °C → 22 °C → 26 °C) at different rates. Sudden temperature reductions did not affect efflux rates, but sudden temperature rises evoked rapid and high increases in the efflux rates. A direct relationship between ammonia-N excretion and water temperature was observed when gradual temperature changes were effected over a 5 h period. When the animals were acclimated to a new temperature for 72 h, no clear effects of temperature on the efflux rates were found. Sudden temperature changes resulted in an increased proportion of ammonia-N in the total nitrogen excreted. It is suggested that temperature changes during the shipment of M. rosenbergii should be avoided or made gradually.     

控失剂对铵态氮溶出特性的影响

在普通肥料氯化铵中按一定比例加入控失剂(即高分子复配材料)可以控制铵态氮的渗透流失.以砂子为介质,通过淋溶试验,研究了控失剂添加量对铵态氮溶出率的影响和添加15%控失剂的氯化铵及普通氯化铵的溶出特性.结果表明:随着控失剂添加量的增加,铵态氮溶出率逐渐降低;与普通肥料相比,添加15%控失剂可以减少35%铵态氮的流失,能很好的控制铵氮对环境的污染,提高铵氮利用率.     

Starvation resistance and metabolic response to food deprivation and recovery feeding in Fenneropenaeus chinensis juveniles

Starvation resistance in the juveniles of Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck, was studied by point-of-no-return (PNR) and point-of-reserve-saturation (PRS) experiments. Changes in oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, and oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted (O:N) ratio were investigated immediately before and after the period of recovery feeding for each regime to assess metabolic response during starvation and refeeding. There was a significant change in survival rate and wet weight of test shrimp throughout the PNR and PRS experiments (P < 0.05). The estimated PNR and PRS for F. chinensis juveniles could be directly calculated from the selected equations as PNR₅₀ = 7.86 days, PNR₁₀₀ = 21.42 days, PRS₀ = 1.16 days, and PRS₅₀ = 11.75 days. A decrease in metabolic rate during starvation as a means of conserving energy was found in F. chinensis juveniles. Furthermore, although F. chinensis juveniles only utilized protein as an energy source during starvation, they showed a shift from pure protein during starvation to an equal utilization of protein and lipid or a lipid-carbohydrate mixture during later satiate feeding. The results in the present study indicate that F. chinensis juveniles have the ability to withstand and recover from relatively prolonged starvation after longer initial feeding periods. The knowledge derived from the understanding of starvation resistance and the corresponding metabolic response of F. chinensis juveniles will be useful in the design of feeding regimes in this species.     

氨氮对栉孔扇贝血淋巴活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响

实验测定了不同浓度氨氮胁迫下栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)血淋巴中胞内胞外活性氧自由基(ROIs)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。结果表明，在较低浓度氨氮胁迫下，胞内胞外活性氧含量都随氨氮浓度升高而增加，当浓度继续增加到20～40mg／L时，胞内外活性氧含量都明显下降且低于对照组；不同氨氮浓度下两种酶活性也不同，当氨氮浓度为1．25～20mg／L时，CAT活性随氨氮浓度增加而升高，当浓度增大到40mg／L时，CAT活性明显下降且低于对照组；当氨氮浓度为1．25～5mg／L时，SOD活性随氨氮浓度增加而升高，而当浓度为10～40mg／L时，酶活性显著下降。实验结果说明，适当的氨氮刺激可增加胞内外活性氧的含量，增强扇贝的两种抗氧化酶活性，但较高浓度氨氮则使胞内外活性氧的含量显著下降并明显抑制抗氧化酶的活性。     

不同盐度条件下氨氮对双齿围沙蚕的毒性研究

[目的]研究双齿围沙蚕在不同盐度条件下对氨氮的耐受能力。[方法]在水温（27.0±0.5）℃、pH值为8.10的条件下,研究3种盐度（15‰2、5‰和35‰）下氨氮海水对双齿围沙蚕的急性毒性。[结果]在相同盐度下,氨氮浓度越高,作用时间越长,双齿围沙蚕的死亡率越高;在相同氨氮浓度下,盐度越低,双齿围沙蚕的死亡率越高,在15‰、25‰和35‰3种盐度下,总氨和非离子氨对双齿围沙蚕的安全浓度分别为3.31和0.23、3.84和0.254、.31和0.27 mg/L。氨氮对双齿围沙蚕的毒性表现出剂量效应和时间效应,并受盐度影响,盐度升高,毒性下降,双齿围沙蚕对氨氮的耐受能力增强。[结论]该研究为双齿围沙蚕的健康养殖提供了科学指导。     

pH、氨氮胁迫对中国对虾HSP90基因表达的影响

研究了pH、氨氮胁迫对中国对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis血细胞、肝胰腺、鳃和肌肉组织HSP90基因时空表达的影响.分别将中国对虾暴露于pH7.0、9.0的水体中148h和不同氨氮浓度的水体中96h,结果表明,pH（7.0,9.0）胁迫条件下中国对虾鳃、肌肉和血细胞HSP90基因表达均上调,肝胰腺HSP90基因表达对两种pH胁迫差异明显：pH7.0胁迫条件下,HSP90基因表达3h达峰值后明显降低;pH 9.0胁迫时,HSP90基因表达水平逐渐升高,整个胁迫过程中均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,说明中国对虾肝胰腺组织是高pH胁迫的响应器官.6mg/L氨氮浓度组鳃和肌肉组织HSP90基因表达水平24h达最高值,分别为对照组的5.46和1.55倍;各胁迫组肝胰腺和血细胞HSP90基因表达水平分别于6h和48h达到最高值,为对照组的1.33～2.08倍和2.20～5.45倍.肝胰腺组织对氨氮胁迫表现敏感,短时间内（6h）通过上调HSP90基因表达水平保护细胞;鳃组织HSP90基因表达波动范围最大,说明鳃组织需要更高表达量的HSP90保护细胞.当氨氮浓度持续48～96h维持在2～6mg/L,各组织HSP90基因表达水平显著降低.     

一株芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从对虾养殖池中分离到1株细菌(编号2013042402,简称菌株02),分别用16S rDNA序列比对法和细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法对该菌进行鉴定.结果显示,菌株02为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.).为探讨该芽孢杆菌在生物絮团对虾养殖中的使用效果,实验分别设置加菌加糖组(菌株02的量为2.0× 104 CFU/ml,蔗糖量为饵料的70％)、加菌组、加糖组(生物絮团组)及空白对照组,研究了菌株02对养殖水质(温度、盐度、溶氧、pH、氨氮及亚硝酸氮)、对虾存活率及水体中主要菌群组成等指标的影响.结果显示,加菌加糖组能显著降低养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度,提高对虾存活率.生物絮团对虾养殖系统中添加菌株02,能够改善菌群结构,抑制弧菌生长.研究结果可为生物絮团对虾养殖中定向培养有益微生物提供技术支持.