禁止将镇静安眠类药物做饲料药物添加剂使用

农业部畜牧兽医司今年5月发文强调:禁止将镇静安眠类药物做饲料添加剂使用,并重申对饲料药物添加剂的生产、使用要严格按农牧发[1994]7号文     

中草药作为饲料添加剂的探索与思考

<正> 在畜牧生产中,提高养殖经济效益,首先要防止疫病的发生,其次是提高饲料转化率、缩短饲养周期。人们为了预防疫病,除了正常的疫苗预防外,还不间断地在饲料中添加抗生素。抗生素的大量使用,甚至滥用,会导致耐药菌株的产生以及动物食品中的药物残留,直接或间接给人类健康造成危害。同时,抗生素的长期使用还会使动物体内的免疫系统产生依赖性,使动物自身的免疫能力下降,从而导致抗应激能力下降。近些年来,许多发达国家已纷纷采取措施来禁止抗生素在饲料中的滥用;人们为了提高畜禽的生产性能,除了进行品种的改良外,还在饲料中大量的使用了各种人工合成的以促长为目的的药源性饲料添加剂,现在人们已经发现过去曾经使用过的添加剂的残留是对人体有相当危害的,如:盐酸克仑特罗、喹乙醇等。另外,由于饲料中促长剂的应用及营养成分的全面与均衡,使得动物的生产性能得到大幅提高,但同时却打破了动物体内各系统的平衡关系,使所生产的畜禽产品品质降低。中草药属纯天然物质,有促进动     

高效液相色谱法检测饲料中安定的实验

近几年来，有些饲料企业为了追求饲料的转化率和高额利润，在饲料中随意添加镇静、催眠类违禁药物。安定经肝脏代谢为奥沙西泮，仍有生物活性，故连续应用可蓄积。虽未见有食入含安定的饲料饲养的动物食品中毒的报道[1]，但医学界已证实畜禽产品中的激素及其他合成药物的滥用与残留往往与人类常见的疾病问题和某些事物中毒有关。     

全程无抗化畜牧生产“不是梦”

导读：饲料安全是畜产品卫生安全的前提和保障。而饲料安全在很大程度上取决于添加剂尤其药物添加剂的选择和使用。这是因为目前我国畜产品的卫生质量问题，在很大程度上体现在抗生素等药物的残留上。几年来的实践证明，并且还在不断地告诫人们：没有技术上的根本性突破、不在饲养模式上加以变革、不采取全程无抗化畜牧生产技术并建立与之相适应的组织与运作机制，而仅仅依靠法规的宣传、政府部门的监督及人们的自觉，要想持久稳定地获得真正意义上的卫生安全畜产品是不可能的。专家指出，所谓全程无抗化畜牧生产技术，是指在一个完整的可控制的系统平台上，对与畜产品生产相关的各个环节进行严格的质量控制，做到不使用抗生素及其他任何可能导致药物残留、环境污染或引起动物产生耐药质粒从而对人类健康构成威胁的添加剂，并实行标准化饲养、加工、贮藏和流通，从而根本保证最终产品的卫生质量。政府和畜牧业主管部门在发展无抗化养殖业中最重要的作用，莫过于对抗生素等药物添加剂的使用施加更为严格的限制．直至在适当时候完全取缔这类添加剂的使用，并加大监管、扶持和服务力度。[编者按]     

浅析功能性饲料添加剂的正确使用

为了提高畜牧产品的质量,功能性饲料添加剂应运而生。本文介绍了功能性饲料添加剂的作用(帮助动物改善机体状况、提高抗应激能力与免疫力,降低动物的发病率,可以代替部分药物、抗生素等物品);浅析了中草药添加剂、酶制剂、抗菌肽、有机酸、低聚糖类等几种常见的功能性饲料添加剂的正确使用。     

红景天对AA肉鸡生长性能及鸡肉品质的影响

<正>红景天是我国传统医学中广为应用的一种草药,其在抗应激[1]、耐疲劳[2]、抗缺氧[3]等方面的功效已广为人知。现代动物生产普遍具有饲养密度大、环境控制不良等应激条件,因此理论上红景天能够起到提高动物生产性能的作用。为了验证红景天的应用效果,本研究系统分析了红景天对肉鸡生长性能及鸡肉     

合生素与抗生素配伍对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由于断奶仔猪消化能力和抗应激能力差,常出现断奶应激反映.断奶应激现象在仔猪断奶后的2周内表现最明显.研究表明,通过向仔猪日粮中添加抗生素和微生态制剂均可不同程度地减轻断奶应激. 抗生素已在饲料中应用多年,给养殖业带来了巨大的经济效益.然而,抗生素使用过程中产生的抗药性及药物残留等问题越来越被人们关注.因此,研究学者及饲料生产企业都研究抗生素替代品.以取代抗生素作为动物高效生长促进剂的地位.     

中草药饲料添加剂的特性及在养殖业中的应用

随着我国养殖业的快速发展,大量人工合成的饲料添加剂如:抗生素、激素、防腐剂等在饲料中的广泛应用,对推动养殖业的快速发展起到了巨大的推动作用,然而,长期、大量使用化学药物添加剂导致的药物残留和耐药性等问题备受人们的重视,随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对食品安全的认识也逐渐加深,要求畜牧畜牧产业提供绿色、安全、无公害的产品的呼声越来越高,而中草药添加剂不仅具有纯天然、无毒副作用、无耐药性、无污染及残留低等特点,还且还具有增强动物免疫功能、提高动物抗应激能力、促进动物生长、改善畜禽品质等功能,其深受广大养殖户的青眯,因此,绿色的中草药添加剂取代抗生素等化学合成药物已是必然所趋,我国中草药资源十分丰富,开发中草药饲料添加剂具有很大市场潜力。本文对中草药饲料添加剂的特性及在养殖业中的应用现状进行详细概述,这为进一步研究中草药饲料添加剂提供参考。     

探讨中草药饲料在动物饲养中的应用

畜禽动物养殖，是带动畜牧经济发展的重要支撑力量，保证畜禽动物健康生长至关重要。近年来，受到环境、应激、饲料等多种因素的影响，畜禽动物疫病呈现出高发趋势，对畜禽动物健康生长乃至畜牧业稳定发展造成了一定的影响。将中草药饲料用于畜禽动物养殖中，可起到显著的防病、治病、保健效果，为畜牧业的稳定发展奠定有利的基础。基于此，首先概述了中草药饲料的特点及功能性分类，其次分析了中草药饲料在动物饲养中的应用功效；最后探讨了动物饲养中中草药饲料的应用发展措施。     

发展绿色无公害养殖，让禽畜更健康

改革开放以来，我国畜牧业建设取得了巨大成就，结束了畜牧产品长期短缺的历史。但是，随着兽药和药物添加剂在畜禽饲养过程中的长期大量应用和不合理使用，滥用药物现象十分普遍，比如在饲料中添加盐酸克伦特罗（瘦肉精）、激素类药物、禁用药物等，导致了动物产品中有毒、有害物质的残留。由此引发的“食肉中毒”事件不断发生，畜产品安全问题已引起社会的广泛关注和各级政府的高度重视。[编按]     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒传播途径特性的比较及其表面基因序列分析

选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。     

禽类的起源、演化及我国主要家禽品种类型与分布

家禽是重要经济价值动物.本文从禽类种群进化学说出发,简介了禽类的起源、演化、动物学分类和家禽的驯化(养)与品种的形成,并对我国主要家禽(鸡、鸭、鹅)地方品种和培育品种(配套系)的分布与类型作了描述,以期为研究我国家禽起源系统,保护与利用我国家禽品种,促进家禽生产可持续发展提供参考.     

一起猪链球菌病和伪狂犬病的混合感染的诊治

近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。     

秋冬季预防和治疗虫媒性传染病鸡白冠病和鸡痘

１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是…     

Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations

1. The repeatability and heritability of growth inhibition by egg albumen of two major pathogenic bacteria, a Gram-negative (Salmonella Enteritidis) and a Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus) and of two antimicrobial albumen proteins, lysozyme and ovotransferrin, were estimated in commercial pedigree hens. 2. Repeatability was evaluated in 100 egg-type hens at the beginning, middle and end of the laying cycle on eggs collected for 3 weeks. Heritabilities were estimated at 36 to 40 weeks of age on 400 pedigree hens (2 eggs/hen), which were the offspring of 25 sires each mated with 4 dams. Ovotransferrin and lysozyme were quantified by ELISA. Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) and Staphyloccocus aureus (S.A.) were inoculated into a sample of sterilised albumen and enumerated after incubation. 3. Total protein content in albumen decreased with age of laying hens, whereas there were increases in lysozyme or ovotransferrin concentrations and in the bacteriostatic effect of albumen. 4. Repeatability for bacterial growth in albumen ranged from 0.29 to 0.39 for the number of S.E. (log cfu/ml) one day post inoculation (p.i.) but was lower and more variable at 5 d p.i. or for S.A. number. It ranged from 0.27 to 0.38 for S.E. and S.A. number at the mid period of the laying cycle. Repeatabilities were low and variable for total egg albumen protein or lysozyme and ovotranferrin concentrations (0 to 0.22). 5. Negative phenotypic correlations were observed between lysozyme concentrations and S.E. number but that between lysozyme and S.A. number was not significant. 6. Heritabilities were low (0.01 to 0.09) for protein traits. They were 0.11 for S.A. number and 0.16 for S.E. number one day p.i. 7. It appears to be more efficient to select on global bacterial growth than on specific antimicrobial proteins. The most promising trait is the number of S.E. one day p.i.     

种鹅矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染的诊治

2005年9月份,大庆市红岗区个体养鹅专业户送检6只病死的5月龄左右隆昌鹅和长白鹅,经过实验室诊断确诊为矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染。矛形剑带绦虫属膜壳科     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

Description and classification of abnormal cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei and a method of concentration and collection

Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known.