Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long‐chain fatty acids in vitro

Dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are intensively hydrogenated in the rumen, resulting in reduced amount of poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and accumulation of several biohydrogenation (BH) products. In this study, BH of PUFA originating from different oilseeds (linseed, soya beans, sunflower seed and rapeseed) present in crushed oilseeds or their free oils were assessed in vitro. The assay substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. After incubation, the FA pattern of the incubated samples was analysed using gas chromatography. Biohydrogenation is defined as disappearance of double bonds (DB) calculated from the contents of unsaturated FA. After 24‐h incubation, the DB contents of all oilseeds were reduced (p < 0.001) by 40–60%. The reduction was higher (p < 0.001) for the crushed form compared with the oil form. In addition, linseed and sunflower seed known as oilseeds with high contents of linolenic acid C18:3 c9,12,15 (LNA) and linoleic acid C18:2 c9,12 (LA), respectively, showed a higher (p < 0.001) accumulation of the BH intermediates conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, isomer C18:2 c9t11) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11) for the crushed form, when compared with the oil. These results suggest an inherent effect of the physical form of the assay oilseeds on in vitro BH. Changes in FA pattern during BH in vitro can be attributed to both source and physical form of the assay oilseeds. However, further investigations are warranted to ensure whether the observed in vitro effects on ruminal BH can be confirmed in vivo.     

What is new about new forest owners? A typology of private forest ownership in Austria

With structural changes in agriculture, new types of forest owners have become increasingly important. This article develops an empirically-based typology of forest owners in Austria. Based on a representative survey and by means of cluster analysis, seven types of forest owners are identified. These types form a sequence, ranging from forest owners with a strong agricultural background to forest owners with no agricultural background at all. The latter exhibit markedly different behaviour in various respects, e.g. in their interest in forest-related information. The increasing number of ‘new’ forest owners raises important questions for forest policy, especially how policy instruments can reach these owners and how extension services can address them.     

一年生植物作为石膏刨花板原料的适应性

本文叙述了使用德国及中国建筑石膏和甘蔗渣、竹材、棉秆、麦秸、稻草等一年生植物生产石膏刨花板的适应性,分析了石膏的成分和性能,测定了缓凝剂和植物原料对石膏水化的影响。制板时采用不同的配方和板的密度,以评价一年生植物的使用价值。在所使用的原料中,甘蔗渣是良好的石膏刨花板原料。     

A quantitative approach to the Pruitt and Doorenbos version of the Penman equation

Summary The Pruitt and Doorenbos version of the Penman equation developed from information given in Appendix II of FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24 is calculated mainly from tables and is based on measurements made over a grass surface. Procedures are presented here to quantify these relationships, such as the calculation of net radiation, and to extend this approach to measurements made over alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.). The latter was achieved by using a wind function that takes into account the height of the alfalfa and the use of mean rather than maximum relative humidity to calculate the correction factor used to take into account day and night weather conditions on calculated reference crop evapotranspiration. Using the above procedures, calculated values of evapotranspiration overestimated measured values from alfalfa by 13%. From data collected with an automated weather station near Broadwater, Nebraska, a much better agreement was obtained between these general procedures and a Penman equation with a locally derived- wind function. With greater utilization of low cost, automated weather stations for agricultural use, the procedures given for calculating reference crop evapotranspiration can easily be implemented in irrigation scheduling programs.Published as paper no. 6865, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station     

Atmospheric Lead Deposition from 12,400 to ca. 2,000 yrs BP in a Peat Bog Profile,Jura Mountains,Switzerland

The bog at Etang de la Gruère (Jura Mountains, Switzerland) consists of 420 cm of Sphagnum-dominated bog peat overlying 230 cm of Carex-dominated fen peat. One hundred cm below the bog surface, there is a pronounced peak in lead (Pb) concentration (approx. 10 µg/g) which has been dated at 2110 ± 30 BP and can be attributed to Roman Pb mining and smelting. Lead concentrations in peats from deeper, much older layers were measured using ICP-MS and found to be low and relatively constant (0.28 ± 0.04 µg/g, n = 17) from 405 cm to 235 cm which corresponds to the period from approx. 8,000 and 5,500 years before present (BP). In this same interval, scandium (Sc) concentrations (measured using INAA) were 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/g, yielding an average Pb/Sc ratio of 4.1 ± 1.2. These values are assumed to represent the true "background" Pb and Sc concentrations and Pb/Sc ratios of pre-anthropogenic aerosols. At 205 cm the Pb concentrations began to increase by 2 to 3 times, but these are proportional to the increases in aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), silicon (Si), and Sc, and reflect an increase in Pb deposition supplied by silicate-derived soil dust. This depth, dated at 5,230 BP, coincides with the development of agriculture and indicates the impact of soil cultivation on metal fluxes to the air. At 115 cm, however, the Pb concentrations increase out of proportion with Sc; this point was dated at 3,000 BP and reflects the beginning of Pb contamination by mining and metallurgy in Europe and the Middle East. There are two pronounced peaks in Pb concentrations centered at 435 cm and 555 cm, corresponding with local maxima in ash and ash-forming major elements at the same depths. These samples have been dated at 8,230 BP and 10,590 BP, respectively, indicating the Vasset/Killian volcanic events (Massif Central, France) and Younger-Dryas cold phase as the most likely explanations.     

Advanced solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted polymers for the determination of quercetin in red wine

Solid phase extraction (SPE) based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) is a novel approach for sample preparation and preconcentration, gaining increased interest in the fields of environmental, clinical, and food analysis. The first application combining MIPs with SPE for advanced beverage analysis is reported. MIPs for the flavonoid quercetin have been generated, using quercetin as a template molecule in a self-assembly approach and yielding imprinting of 1% of the used template. The MIP achieved a capacity of 0.4 g quercetin per gram polymer and a recovery rate of 98.2%. The application of these synthetic receptors as SPE material for the selective extraction and preconcentration of quercetin from synthetic and red wine samples was investigated. Red wine samples from a French Merlot were directly applied onto the SPE cartridge. The collected fractions were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. For verification of the obtained results, a similarly prepared nonimprinted polymer and a classical octadecyl silane reversed-phase cartridge were applied as the SPE matrix during control experiments. The MIP enabled the selective extraction of quercetin from a complex matrix, such as red wine, spiked with 8.8 mg per liter quercetin, demonstrating the potential of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for rapid, selective, and cost-effective sample pretreatment.     

Influence of sewage sludge and heavy metals on nematodes in an arable soil

Summary The abundance of nematodes was investigated in agricultural plots treated in three different ways, the first with no treatment, the second with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 raw sewage sludge and the third with 300 m³ ha^-1 a^-1 sewage sludge with the addition of heavy metals. The nematodes were determined down to the genus and were assigned to five feeding groups. Total nematode numbers were highest in the site treated with sewage sludge and heavy metals. The smallest total numbers were found in the control site. The plant-feeding nematode genera showed different patterns of abundance depending on the sludge treatment and heavy metal content. For the mycophagic and bacteriophagic nematodes, numbers increased with the amount of sludge, especially in the sites with a higher heavy metal content. The family Rhabditidae was the most numerous group in the sludge plus heavy metals treatment. In contrast to these findings, the omnivorous nematodes were very rare in the sludgetreated plots and were completely absent in plots treated with sludge plus heavy metals, whereas predatory nematodes were numerous only after the application of sludge alone.     

Extraction and characterization of oil bodies from soy beans: a natural source of pre-emulsified soybean oil

Soybeans contain oil bodies that are coated by a layer of oleosin proteins. In nature, this protein coating protects the oil bodies from environmental stresses and may be utilized by food manufacturers for the same purpose. In this study, oil bodies were extracted from soybean using an aqueous extraction method that involved blending, dispersion (pH 8.6), filtration, and centrifugation steps. The influence of NaCl (0-250 mM), thermal processing (30-90 degrees C, 20 min) and pH (2-8) on the properties and stability of the oil bodies was analyzed using zeta-potential, particle size, and creaming stability measurements. The extracted oil bodies were relatively small ( d 32 approximately 250 nm), and their zeta-potential went from around +12 mV to -20 mV as the pH was increased from 2 to 8, with an isoelectric point around pH 4. The oil bodies were stable to aggregation and creaming at low (pH = 2) and high (pH >/= 6) pH values but were unstable at intermediate values (3 相似文献