我国家禽养殖业持续健康发展

一、我国家禽养殖业综合生产能力不断提高家禽养殖业是我国畜牧业的支柱产业,也是规模化集约化程度最高、与国际先进水平最接近的产业。家禽饲养品种多,数量大,包括鸡、鸭、鹅、火鸡、鹌鹑、鸽以及特种禽类等。改革开放以来,特别是近些年来,我国家禽养殖业快速发展,家禽养殖业综合生产能力显著增强.已成为农民增收的重要来源,禽类产品也是最受消费者欢迎的产品。     

中国养禽业及进出口情况

一、中国的家禽资源十分丰富 中国的家禽如果不算鸽子、山鸡、鹧鸪、鹌鹑等小杂禽 (在流通领域因这些品种数量少,习惯上称之为小杂禽 ),只按鸡、鸭、鹅三个大品类来说,每个品类中又有数十个品种,又可细分为肉用、蛋用和肉蛋兼用.此外具有药用价值的禽类也不少,如江西泰和乌骨鸡、福建连城乌嘴白鸭等.丰富的家禽资源为我国的八大菜系和国内外著名的禽类加工制品提供了多样化的原料,而中国高超的烹调、加工艺术又推动和改进了家禽饲养业,增加了引进国外的优良品种.     

中国的养禽业和进出口

一、中国的家禽资源十分丰富 中国的家禽如果不算鸽子、山鸡、鹧鸪、鹌鹑等小杂禽(在流通领域因这些品种数量少．习惯上称之为小杂禽)，如按鸡、鸭、鹅三大品类来说．每个品类中又有数十个品种，又可细分为肉用、蛋用和肉蛋兼用。此外具有药用价值的禽类也不少．如江两泰和乌骨鸡、福建连城乌嘴白鸭，等等。丰富的家禽资源为我国的八大菜系和国内外著名的禽类加工制品提供了多样化的原料；而中吲高超的烹调、加工艺术又推动和改进了家禽饲养业。     

禽类养殖效益的影响因素与饲养管理办法

着当前我国经济社会和先进技术的发展,我国禽类养殖产业集中程度得到不断增强,因此家禽养殖效益逐渐得到提高,并且已经逐渐发展成为一个强大的综合家禽产业.然而,我国在家禽养殖方面的养殖模式较为落后,养殖技术水平差等各种因素,大大影响了我国禽类养殖效益的提高.因此,本文通过对我国禽类养殖效益现状和影响我国养殖效益的因素进行浅析,在此基础上,探索提高禽类养殖效益的饲养管理的方法.     

我国特禽品种简介

"特禽"是特种经济禽类的简称,是指那些已经驯化成功、尚未在生产中广泛应用、尚未被国家认定为家禽的经济禽类.我国特禽养殖品种主要有以下品种. 肉鸽:自1982年起,发展历经三起三落.到1997年底注册鸽场600多家,种鸽达200万只,每年向香港销售商品鸽800多万只.     

禽类就巢发生和调控研究进展

回顾了近20年来对禽类就巢发生的内分泌和神经内分泌研究进程及状况,并推测能够使用5-羟色胺和多巴胺受体阻断类药物如赛更啶和氯丙嗪缩短家禽的就巢期,或主动免疫血管活性肠肽或催乳素抑制就巢以提高家禽的生产性能.预计在禽类就巢方面的研究进展将能帮助发现促进就巢的基因,并能利用这些基因选育出具不同就巢习性的家禽品种供应不同的家禽生产用途.     

一例鸭舟形嗜气管吸虫诊断与治疗

环肠科吸虫寄生于鸟禽类的体腔、气囊、鼻腔和气管内,国内发现于家禽的种类分隶属与7个属中,其中以嗜气管属(Tracheophilus)的舟形嗜气管吸虫(T.cymbim)较为常见,在我国多个省市均有报道.     

环洞庭湖区鸭场禽流感免疫调查及抗体检测情况

<正>禽流感(AI)是由正黏病毒科流感病毒属A型禽流行性感冒病毒引起的一种禽类传染病,主要在鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽等家禽和野生禽中传播,是严重危害养禽业的重要病毒性疫病[1]。2003年以来,H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感在全球传播,导致大量家禽和野生鸟类死亡。在我国主要通过广泛疫苗的免疫接种来控制家禽禽流感发生与流行。但部分禽类(特别是水禽)疫苗接种后所诱导的免疫应答水平不高,其原因是什么尚不清楚。开展家禽禽流感血清学     

国外

正美国农业部发布《禽类处理报告》通告近日,美国农业部发布了《禽类处理报告要求》通告,更新了FSIS 61-16通告《禽类处理报告》的内容。本次更新位于公共卫生信息系统家禽分类信息页面和家禽报废证明FSIS 9061-2。家禽分类信息页面增加了宰杀加工前死亡(重量)等栏目。     

生活在受高致病禽流感(HPAI)病毒侵袭地的人群注意事项

1在有HPAI的地区与鸡、鸭或者其它禽类接触时应注意 ·应该尽量避免同鸡、鸭或其它禽类接触,儿童应该不要与家禽或其它染病鸟接触.*回家或者访友,即使你认为它们是健康的,也不要把鸡、鸭或其它家禽(不论死还是活)带回家或者带到朋友家.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒传播途径特性的比较及其表面基因序列分析

选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。     

一起猪链球菌病和伪狂犬病的混合感染的诊治

近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。     

秋冬季预防和治疗虫媒性传染病鸡白冠病和鸡痘

１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是…     

Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations

1. The repeatability and heritability of growth inhibition by egg albumen of two major pathogenic bacteria, a Gram-negative (Salmonella Enteritidis) and a Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus) and of two antimicrobial albumen proteins, lysozyme and ovotransferrin, were estimated in commercial pedigree hens. 2. Repeatability was evaluated in 100 egg-type hens at the beginning, middle and end of the laying cycle on eggs collected for 3 weeks. Heritabilities were estimated at 36 to 40 weeks of age on 400 pedigree hens (2 eggs/hen), which were the offspring of 25 sires each mated with 4 dams. Ovotransferrin and lysozyme were quantified by ELISA. Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) and Staphyloccocus aureus (S.A.) were inoculated into a sample of sterilised albumen and enumerated after incubation. 3. Total protein content in albumen decreased with age of laying hens, whereas there were increases in lysozyme or ovotransferrin concentrations and in the bacteriostatic effect of albumen. 4. Repeatability for bacterial growth in albumen ranged from 0.29 to 0.39 for the number of S.E. (log cfu/ml) one day post inoculation (p.i.) but was lower and more variable at 5 d p.i. or for S.A. number. It ranged from 0.27 to 0.38 for S.E. and S.A. number at the mid period of the laying cycle. Repeatabilities were low and variable for total egg albumen protein or lysozyme and ovotranferrin concentrations (0 to 0.22). 5. Negative phenotypic correlations were observed between lysozyme concentrations and S.E. number but that between lysozyme and S.A. number was not significant. 6. Heritabilities were low (0.01 to 0.09) for protein traits. They were 0.11 for S.A. number and 0.16 for S.E. number one day p.i. 7. It appears to be more efficient to select on global bacterial growth than on specific antimicrobial proteins. The most promising trait is the number of S.E. one day p.i.     

种鹅矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染的诊治

2005年9月份,大庆市红岗区个体养鹅专业户送检6只病死的5月龄左右隆昌鹅和长白鹅,经过实验室诊断确诊为矛形剑带绦虫与背孔吸虫混合感染。矛形剑带绦虫属膜壳科     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

短毛黑水貂肌肉脂肪中组成成分和风味性物质的检测与分析

短毛黑水貂是我国人工饲养的主要水貂品种之一,为了解短毛黑水貂肌肉脂肪的组成成分、风味性成分,探讨其利用价值,分别利用气相色谱检测了水貂皮下脂肪中各种脂肪酸成分含量,利用氨基酸自动分析仪检测了背腰最长肌和股四头肌中各种氨基酸成分含量,利用气相色谱质谱分析法检测了肌肉中挥发性风味物质成分及其含量。结果显示短毛黑水貂皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸占70%以上,必需脂肪酸亚油酸、亚麻酸含量可达25.76%;背腰最长肌和股四头肌中16种氨基酸含量分别为21.0%和18.4%;必需氨基酸分别占8.5%和6.8%,除甲硫氨酸外其他必需氨基酸的评分均接近或大于理想模式相应必需氨基酸的分值;肌肉中检测到23种挥发性风味成分,其中醇类、醛类、酮类三类化合物分别占8.63%,69.77%和3.44%;而呋喃类和烃酯类含量不到10%,这些对水貂肌肉脂肪胴体的特殊风味的形成具有重要作用。     

Description and classification of abnormal cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei and a method of concentration and collection

Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known.