饲料中添加微生态制剂对奥尼罗非鱼生长、饲料利用和抗病力的影响

本试验采用初始体重（5．13±0．15g）的雄奥尼罗非鱼作为饲养对象．在饲料中分别添加不同水平微生态制剂（0、0．05％、0．1％、0．2％和0．3％）,共设5个处理,采用开放式流水养殖．饲养8周．研究饲料中添加不同水平微生态制剂对奥尼罗非鱼生长、饲料利用、体组成成分的影响。8周后注射嗜水气单胞菌进行感染试验．观察7d,计算存活率,研究添加微生态制剂对奥尼罗非鱼抗病力的影响。结果表明：饲料中添加微生态制剂对奥尼罗非鱼的增重率、饲料系数、特定生长率、肥满度及蛋白效率均有显著影响（P〈0．05）,但对成活率影响不显著（P〉0．05）。增重率和特定生长率．对照组均显著低于添加量在0．1％～0.3％组（P〈0．05）．与添加量为0．05％组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。饲料系数,对照组与0．05％组差异不显著（P〉O．05）,均显著高于0．1％-0．3％组（P〈0．05）。蛋白效率和肥满度,添加0．2％和0.3％组显著高于对照组和0．05％组（P〈0．05）。罗非鱼全鱼水分和蛋白含量．各组间有显著差异（P〈0．05）,而全鱼体脂肪和灰分含量,各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。罗非鱼攻毒24h、48h、96h和168h后,对照组存活率显著低于其他各组（P〈0．05）．但微生态制剂添加量为0．2％和0．3％时．存活率显著高于对照组和0．05％添加量组（P〈0．05）。综合增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率等生长性能指标以及攻毒后的成活率,建议在罗非鱼配合饲料中微生态制剂的适宜添加量为0．1％～0．2％。     

猪瘟不同顺序零天免疫的免疫效果比较

以猪瘟免化弱毒细胞苗分别免疫5组初生仔猪，每头1．5头剂。第1组20头先免疫，1小时后吸初乳。第2组15头，吸初乳后1小时免疫。第5组15头，吸初乳后半小时免疫。75日龄，以猪瘟弱毒单抗酶联方法测定1组动物的平均抗体（OD值）分别为0．25、0．25及0．21。80日龄，每组各随机抽出4头猪，连同非免疫对照猪6头以猪瘟石门系强毒攻击后，对照猪全死，第1组100％保护，第2组75％保护，第5组50％保护。第1组的免疫效果明显优于其他两组。     

猪瘟不同顺序零天免疫的免疫效果比较

以猪瘟兔化弱毒细胞苗分别免疫3组初生仔猪，每头1．5头剂。第1组20头先免疫，1小时后吸初乳。第2组15头，吸初乳后1小时免疫。每3组13头，吸初乳后半小时免疫。75日龄，以猪瘟弱毒单抗酶联方法测定3组动物的平均抗体（OD值）分别为0．25、0．23及0．21。80日龄，每组各随机抽出4头猪，连同非免疫对照猪6头以猪瘟石门系强毒攻击后，对照猪全死，第1组100％保护，第2组75％保护，第3组50％保护。第1组的免疫效果明显优于其他两组。     

乳牛乳腺炎多联苗免疫母乳的乳腺抗感染试验研究

用泌乳母鼠乳腺作疾病模型，研究了乳牛乳腺炎多联苗对乳腺组织抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的免疫保护作用。试验发现，将金黄色葡萄球菌（84184）接种子母鼠乳腺内，可使乳腺出现较为明显的急性炎症，在攻菌后24、36h免疫组的乳腺发病率均明显低于对照组；取乳腺组织匀浆后进行细菌计数，免疫组攻菌后24h的细菌数与攻菌细菌数接近，而对照组则比攻菌细菌数明显增多（P＜0．01）。攻菌后36h两个组的细菌数均比攻菌数增加，对照组增加更为明显（P＜0．05）；组织学检查可见，免疫组乳腺的上皮细胞病变程度比对照组明显轻微，而其乳淋巴组织则比对照组表现出更为强烈的免疫反应。结果表明，多联苗全身免疫泌乳母鼠后可显著增强乳腺局部的抗感染能力，延缓乳腺组织的病变进程。     

鸡霍乱口服弱毒菌株的选育及其性能的研究

应用选育的禽多杀巴氏杆菌自然弱毒菌株──Ｒ１－２３菌株经固体培养方法制备鸡霍乱口服弱毒活苗。试验测得该口服活苗每羽一次性饮水安全量在１００００亿个活菌以上，至少相当于正常饮水免疫剂量的２００倍。试验测得该苗口服免疫的近期保护车（二次饮苗间隔４８小时组）分别是：浅层静置培养弱毒活苗平均为７６．２％（６批次），深层通气培养弱毒活苗平均为８４．４％（１０批次），因体培养弱毒活苗平均为９３．３％（３批次）。     

猪流行性腹泻和猪传染性胃肠炎弱毒二联疫苗研究

用猪流行性腹泻（PED）弱毒疫苗株PEDV－G1P83和猪传染性胃肠炎（GE）弱毒疫苗株TGEV－AG1制成PED和TGE弱毒二联疫苗,并进行了保存期试验、安全效力、免疫期试验和区域试验。结果表明,试验疫苗在－20℃保存4个月,经4月保存的疫苗免疫效力未见下降。4℃保存48h对疫苗病毒的毒价没有明显影响。用该毒二联疫苗按程序免疫妊娠母猪,对妊娠母猪安全,其仔猪获得了良好的被动免疫。其对PEDV强毒、TGEV强毒和该二种强毒混合功击的免疫效力分别达90．48％、93．75％和87．5％。用二联弱毒疫苗免疫8－10日龄的哺乳仔猪证明安全,28日龄时（25日龄断奶）分别用PEDV、TGEV和两种强毒混合攻毒免疫效力分别为100％、90．9％和100％。8－10日龄免疫仔猪生长到4月龄时用TGEV和PEDV强毒攻击,免疫效力分别为100％和73．3％。结果表明,该弱毒二联疫苗能够安全地对妊娠母猪和哺乳仔猪进行免疫,免疫后能有效地保护初生仔猪、断奶猪和肥育猪抵抗TGEV和PEDV强毒的攻击。该弱毒二联疫苗在区域试验中能显著降低猪病毒性腹泻的发病率和死亡率。取得良好的效果。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病—新城疫二联峰胶灭活苗的研制

用自行分离鉴定的鸡法氏囊病病毒（ＤＦＣ３Ｖ株）与Ｉ型标准毒株（Ｄ７８株）和新城疫病毒（ＬａＳｏｔａ株）联合研制的蜂胶灭活苗,经实验室和田间试验证明,雏鸡肌肉或皮下注射０．５ｍｌ／只,注后７天产生免疫抗体,攻毒后保护率为６０％,注后１４天功玫毒保护率为１００％,免疫后１８０天,攻毒保护率为８０％,本苗与白油佐剂苗免疫效力对比试验结果表明,蜂胶佐剂苗免疫效和产生白油佐剂苗为快而持久,该苗保存于４～８℃     

微生态制剂对发酵鸡粪营养成分影响的研究

用微生态制剂（EM露、光合细菌）配合秸杆、米糠，按照不同的组合对鸡粪进行发酵（45℃恒温），待发酵完全后取出，分析测定并探讨粗灰分、粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量的变化。试验结果表明E组（3．5kg鸡粪＋1．25kg秸杆＋0．25kg米糠＋4n1LEM露）的粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量分别为40．38％和20．45％，为最佳组，用光合细菌的F组次之，未加任何微生态制剂的C组最差。     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗与弱毒冻干苗免疫效力对比试验报告

本文报告禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗与弱毒冻干苗（Ｇ１９０Ｅ４０）分别对鸡免疫，在免疫后２０ｄ、９０ｄ、１８０ｄ作３次攻毒，结果：禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗的保护率依次为１００％（５／５）、８０％（４／５）、６０％（３／５）；禽霍乱弱毒冻干苗的保护率依次为６０％（３／５）、４０％（２／５）、０％（０／５）。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病-新城疫二联蜂胶灭活苗的研制

用自行分离鉴定的鸡法氏囊病病毒（ＤＦＣ３Ｖ株）与Ⅰ型标准毒株（Ｄ７８株）和新城疫病毒（ＬａＳｏｔａ株）联合研制的蜂胶灭活苗、经实验室和田间试验证明,雏鸡肌肉或皮下注射０．５ｍｌ／只,注后７天产生免疫抗体,攻毒后保护率为６０％;注后１４天攻毒保护率为１００％;免疫后１８０天,攻毒保护率为８０％。本苗与白油佐剂苗免疫效力对比试验结果表明,蜂胶佐剂苗免疫效力产生较白油佐剂苗为快而持久。该苗保存于４～８℃有效期为６个月。本苗无毒、副作用,安全性能良好,易于注射,并具有快速增重,提高产蛋率的作用。应用本苗接种现地多品系鸡２万余只,均获得满意效果。     

减毒鸡沙门氏菌97A疫苗株安全性和免疫效力试验

本试验将减毒鸡沙门氏菌97A疫苗株分别以不同剂量经口服和肌肉注射接种10日龄AA肉鸡，结果表明，97A对10日龄雏鸡有良好安全性。将97A分别以10     

鸡沙门氏菌弱毒株的效力和安全试验

将鸡沙门氏菌弱毒株以不同剂量分别经口服和颈部皮下接种1日龄商品蛋鸡进行安全性和免疫效力研究,结果表明：该弱毒株对1日龄雏鸡有良好的安全性并能提供较强的保护力。     

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to a virulent plasmid-cured mutant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum in broiler chickens

One-week-old Salmonella-free broiler chicks were subcutaneously immunized and subsequently boosted two weeks later with 2x10(7)cfu 0.5ml(-1) of an 85-kb virulent plasmid-cured spectinomycin-resistant mutant strain (SG9VP(-)Spc(r)) of Salmonella gallinarum 9 (S. enterica serotype gallinarum 9) along with a control group of mock-immunized chickens. The chicks were subcutaneously challenged at 5 weeks of age with 5x10(10)cfu 0.5ml(-1) (5xLD(50)) of wild-type S. gallinarum var. Duisburg (S. enterica serotype gallinarum var. Duisburg). The cellular and humoral immune responses were measured at weekly intervals post-immunization (PI) and post-challenge (PC) using lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, serum tube agglutination test (STAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High stimulation indices suggestive of a potent lymphocyte transformation response and high persistent serum IgG titres were recorded in immunized chickens at the termination of the experiment. These findings indicate that the live attenuated mutant vaccine induced a strong cellular and humoral immunity, which may play a role in the protection of fowl typhoid in broiler chickens.     

Vaccination against Salmonella enteritidis in Dutch commercial layer flocks with a vaccine based on a live Salmonella gallinarum 9R strain: evaluation of efficacy, safety, and performance of serologic Salmonella tests

This study describes a field trial in which 80 commercial layer flocks, with an increased risk of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection and placed on farms with a certified Standardized Biosecurity Programme (SBP) or a request for a SBP certificate, were vaccinated with a vaccine based on a live attenuated Salmonella gallinarum (SG) 9R strain. An evaluation is presented of the efficacy of the vaccine against SE infections, the effect on the performance of serologic Salmonella tests, and the spread of the vaccine strain to the egg content. For the efficacy study, assessment of the flock level occurrence of SE infections in the vaccinated group of 80 flocks was compared with that of a nonvaccinated group of 1854 flocks hatched in the same period. This control group was examined according to the compulsory control programme in The Netherlands. An evaluation was done of the performance of serologic Salmonella tests and the spread of the vaccine strain to the inner egg content of five of the vaccinated flocks. Findings demonstrated the flock level occurrence of SE infections in the vaccinated group (2/80 = 2.5%) to be significantly (P = 0.01) lower than that of the nonvaccinated group (214/1854 = 11.5%). Vaccination resulted in 59.0% positive test results in lipopolysaccharide BD enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against Salmonella serogroups B and D and 0% positive test results in the rapid plate agglutination test for detecting antibodies against S. pullorum (SP)/SG. The mean specificities of two blocking ELISAs (gm- and i-double antibody sandwich ELISAs) based on the flagellar antigen of SE and Salmonella typhimurium (ST) on the same sera were 99.6% and 96.1%, respectively. The vaccine strain could not be isolated from any of the 450 pools of 10 eggs. On the basis of these results, we concluded that vaccination with a vaccine based on an attenuated SG 9R strain contributes to the reduction of SE infections in commercial layer flocks. Furthermore, serologic monitoring of SE, ST, and SP/SG can still be carried out on flocks vaccinated with an attenuated SG 9R strain. Additionally, we found no indication of the spread of the vaccine strain to the egg content.     

Effect of ochratoxin A on broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella gallinarum

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OA) on broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella gallinarum. 2. One hundred and seventy-six 1-d-old broiler chicks were divided into two groups of 88 chicks each, with one group fed on a control mash diet and the other given a mash diet containing 2 ppm OA. On d 14, each group was further subdivided into two groups with one group infected with S. gallinarum and the other uninfected. 3. Following S. gallinarum inoculation on d 14, 4 birds from each group were killed at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 d post inoculation. 4. S. gallinarum infection caused dullness, depression, weakness, increased thirst, droopy wings, ruffled feathers and greenish-yellow diarrhoea. S. gallinarum infection in the absence of OA caused 11.5% mortality which increased to 28.8% in the presence of OA. 5. Decreased body weight and reduced feed intake were observed in chicks fed on the diet containing OA. S. gallinarum infection also reduced the body weights of chicks, with the effects being more marked in chicks receiving OA. The OA diet led to increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid and creatinine, and decreased levels of total proteins, albumin, globulins, calcium and phosphorus. S. gallinarum infection did not cause significant alteration in any of the serum biochemical parameters. 6. Mortality and the severity of S. gallinarum infection in broiler chicks were increased by the presence of OA in the diet.     

减毒鸡沙门菌疫苗株97A的免疫保护效力试验

减毒沙门菌疫苗株97A免疫鸡经鸡沙门菌强毒株Sg9攻击后,对免疫攻毒组和攻毒对照组鸡进行病理学检查和细菌分离,以进一步评价97A疫苗的免疫保护效力。结果表明,免疫攻毒组鸡肝脏、肺脏和肾脏等实质器官仅有轻到中度的炎症反应,而攻毒对照组鸡则表现出了严重的组织病理学变化,同时减毒鸡沙门菌疫苗株97A能显著地限制强毒株在鸡体内的定居和增殖,显示出了良好的免疫保护效力。     

Orally administered attenuated Salmonella enteritidis reduces chicken cecal carriage of virulent Salmonella challenge organisms

Chickens were immunized orally with 10(9)cfu of the temperature-sensitive (T(s)) mutant E/1/3 of Salmonella enteritidis at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days of age. The animals were challenged with wild-type strains of Salmonella of different serotypes 7 or 14 days following immunization. Chickens receiving multiple oral doses of the vaccine strain showed no signs of disease. Immunized animals shed the vaccine strain for at least 2 weeks after the last inoculation; on the other hand, colonization by the attenuated mutant of internal organs such as spleen and liver was limited. Early exposure of the immunized animals to the virulent bacteria resulted in a reduced cecal colonization by the pathogen. Visceral invasion by the wild-type strain of S. enteritidis or S. gallinarum was drastically diminished in birds challenged 14 days after immunization. Significant differences in the number of these Salmonella were found in the cecal contents, spleen and liver of immunized birds compared with the control animals. In addition, cecal colonization by the virulent strain was reduced in birds challenged with S. typhimurium. These results demonstrate that immunization of newly hatched chickens with live attenuated T(s) mutant E/1/3 of S. enteritidis is safe and reduces Salmonella shedding.     

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping of Salmonella gallinarum and comparison with random amplified polymorphic DNA

Salmonella gallinarum is gram-negative bacteria that cause fowl typhoid (FT) in chickens. Since the first outbreak of FT reported in 1992 in Korea, it has widely spread throughout the country. Today, FT is one of the most devastating diseases of poultry. The aim of the present study was to ascertain a genetic relationship among S. gallinarum isolates collected from different regions of Korea over a 10-year period. We examined a total of 38 isolates of S. gallinarum obtained in 29 regions of Korea from 1992 to 2001 including the 9R vaccine strain and the standard strain of S. gallinarum (ATCC 9184). The PFGE profiles produced 12 different patterns with the XbaI-digestion and 11 different patterns with the SpeI-digestion. The RAPD using URP-6 primers showed eight different genotypes with the same Salmonella isolates. The PFGE patterns of the 9R vaccine strain and ATCC 9184 of S. gallinarum were different from the identical type A, the most common genotype among field isolates in our study. In conclusion, a low genetic heterogeneity was observed among Korean S. gallinarum isolates. In addition, PFGE appeared to be a more accurate and reproducible method for genotyping of S. gallinarum isolates than RAPD.     

Feasibility of using proteins from Salmonella gallinarum vs. 9R live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid in chickens

Proteins from a field strain of Salmonella gallinarum MSG1 were compared with 9R live vaccine strain for their protection against experimental fowl typhoid in chickens. Proteins from S. gallinarum gave better protection than the 9R live vaccine as measured by clearance of challenge organism from internal organs. Proteins given twice with an adjuvant at 200 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in 95% protection, compared with 60% protection with 9R given orally. The 9R live vaccine produced more hepatic and splenic lesions and, when administered orally as a single dose, was the least protective (60%). In the group vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of 9R without an adjuvant, both the challenge strain and the 9R vaccine strain were isolated from the ovaries of some birds. All chickens vaccinated with 9R strain or with proteins developed antibodies detectable by microagglutination test, and in some vaccinated groups as many as 100% of the birds developed antibody levels detected by seroagglutination.     

Use of membrane proteins from Salmonella gallinarum for prevention of fowl typhoid infection in chickens

Outer membrane protein isolated from Salmonella gallinarum was examined at different concentrations with or without a mineral-oil adjuvant for its immunogenicity and protection against live challenge. A formalin-killed whole-cell bacterin of the same organism was used for comparison. The results suggested that membrane proteins from S. gallinarum give better protection than formalin-killed whole-cell bacterin. Addition of an oil adjuvant to the protein appeared to increase the efficiency of the vaccine. When protein was given to chickens at 400 micrograms/100 g of live body weight, it produced 100% protection against oral challenge with S. gallinarum.