菜粉蝶微孢子虫对家蚕为害研究初报

菜粉蝶微孢子虫对菜粉蝶成虫的自然寄生率达20%左右;菜粉蝶微孢子虫形态多样,大小极不整齐;菜粉蝶微孢子虫为害家蚕,繁殖周期5~8天,感病率可达100%,致病力弱,有较强的胚种传染。     

菜粉蝶微孢子虫对家蚕传染情况调查

菜粉蝶微孢子虫对家蚕的传染在蚕种生产上的主要发生情形是 :在蚕的幼虫阶段食下感染菜粉蝶微孢子虫 ,蚕能正常生长、发育 ,完成其生活世代。各龄预知检查均检不出微孢子虫。种茧保护期间 ,可从极少部份病死蛹、苗蛾中检出多态型微孢子虫。根据西南农大万永继教授对德昌县老碾乡原蚕区菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹、成虫中提取的微孢子虫样品鉴定 ,菜粉蝶微孢子虫的形态可分为三类 :( 1 )长形微孢子虫 ( 3 7～ 4 2× 1 3～1 7ｕｍ) ;( 2 )卵圆形 ( 3 2～ 3 5× 1 93～2 1 0ｕｍ) ;( 3 )小形 ( 2 5～ 2 7× 1 1 5～1 3ｕｍ)。菜粉蝶微孢子虫危…     

广西野外昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕交叉感染情况调查

为了了解广西野外昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕交叉感染情况,开展了对野外昆虫感染微孢子虫情况调查,并研究其对家蚕的感染性。调查了桑螟、桑尺蠖、菜粉蝶、斜纹夜蛾和桑毛虫等昆虫的微粒子病自然感染率,测试菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖、斜纹夜蛾微孢子虫对家蚕的病原性及可能存在的自然感染方式,观察野外昆虫微孢子虫孢子的形态差异。结果表明:菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖微孢子虫对家蚕蚁蚕的半数感染浓度(IC50)分别为2.69×105个/mL和7.42×105个/mL,斜纹夜蛾微孢子虫对家蚕也具有食下感染能力,菜粉蝶微孢子虫对家蚕也有轻微的胚种传染能力。带病野外昆虫可以通过粪便或鳞毛传播孢子虫。虽然上述野外昆虫微孢子虫的形态与家蚕微粒子孢子虫具有明显差异,但对家蚕都有较强的交叉感染性。     

来源于大菜粉蝶微孢子虫特性的研究

大菜粉蝶（Pieris brassicae Linnaeus）微孢子虫其孢子卵圆形，大小为３．８ ×１ ８０μm，极丝长为６０μｍ；对家蚕的致病性低于家蚕微抱子虫（Nosema bombycis）主要感染部位为中肠、脂肪体、马氏管；胶乳凝集试验表明大菜粉蝶微孢子虫与Ｍ１１致敏的单克隆抗体胶乳有特异性凝集；不同处理大菜粉蝶微抱子的发芽率明显不同， ＫＯＨ处理后，孢子的发芽率可达６４％，但在体外对Ｂｍ、Ａｅ细胞无感染性。     

2种野外昆虫来源微孢子虫的超微结构及生活史观察

将从湖南蚕区野外昆虫菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)、桑尺蠖(Phthonandria atrilineata)分离到的2种微孢子虫感染家蚕,观察微孢子虫的寄生组织、生活史以及原代微孢子虫与在蚕体侵染繁殖的第1代微孢子虫的超微结构,作为探讨家蚕微粒子病发生与野外昆虫微孢子虫的关系的病原生物学依据之一。用Giemsa染色镜检观察的结果显示,2种来源的微孢子虫可在家蚕幼虫体内全面寄生,在中肠、丝腺、马氏管、脂肪体、生殖腺、肌肉组织、气管丛等组织中均能检出。电子显微镜观察2种来源的微孢子虫的超微结构,并与家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)比较,结果显示在家蚕体内继代的源自菜粉蝶和桑尺蠖的微孢子虫的超微结构特征与Nb基本一致,孢子壁由3层组成,极体分为前后2部分,极丝同型,核成对出现,核形不规则,核膜双层,粗面内质网附含大量的核糖体,孢子后部有后极泡。2种来源的微孢子虫在家蚕体内的发育过程较为相似,所有时期的核都成对出现,以二分裂方式增殖,发育周期分别为72、96 h。     

两株微孢子虫:家蚕微孢子虫和新西兰草金龟微孢子虫的DNA探讨

从各自的微孢子虫基因组获得了两个能分别与家蚕微孢子虫和新西兰草金郇微孢子虫特异杂交的DNA片段,并对其进行了测序。尚没有发现该DNA片段能与供试的其它4个微孢子虫分别来自[蜜蜂微孢子虫、小菜粉蝶的变形孢虫(Vairimorpha sp.),新西兰草金龟和掘孔蛴螬(Wiseana sp.)的两株微孢子虫(Vavraia oncoperae)]的基因组DNA杂交。家蚕微孢子虫探针不与新西兰草金龟微孢子虫基因组DNA或与该微孢子虫原始昆虫寄主家蚕的DNA杂交。同样,新西兰草金龟微孢子虫探针不与家蚕秃孢子虫基因组或与新西兰草金龟的DNA杂交。两个DNA片段富含AT(分别占总碱基的59和79％),G+C/A+T的比率为0.70和0.25,表示其为散布于整个基因组中的重复序列。     

不同来源的昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力与体外发芽率调查

从广西蚕区的野外昆虫菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖、斜纹夜蛾的体内收集到5种微孢子虫,以家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)为对照,检测不同来源昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力,并调查各种微孢子虫在体外用家蚕肠液与KOH混合液(pH10.5)处理后的发芽率。从菜粉蝶分离的微孢子虫(PrL M)、从不同来源桑尺蠖分离的2种微孢子虫(PaB MⅠ和PaB MⅡ)、从不同来源斜纹夜蛾分离的2种微孢子虫(Sl MⅠ和Sl MⅡ)以及家蚕微孢子虫对家蚕(蚁蚕)的半数感染浓度(IC50)分别为2.15×105、2.90×105、5.62×106、3.38×107、9.05×106和1.86×105mL-1;PrL M、PaB MⅠ、PaB MⅡ、Sl MⅠ、Sl MⅡ和Nb的体外发芽率分别为76.75%、76.00%、12.50%、2.25%、2.75%和59.25%。PrL M和PaB MⅠ对家蚕的半数感染浓度与Nb接近,对家蚕的致病性较强,2种微孢子虫经家蚕肠液与KOH混合液处理后的体外发芽率也较高;PaB MⅡ、Sl MⅠ和Sl MⅡ对家蚕的半数感染浓度依次是Nb的30倍、182倍、49倍,说明这3种昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力较弱,并且3种微孢子虫的体外发芽率也很低。     

感染菜粉蝶的两种微孢子虫的研究（Ⅰ）病原形态及对家蚕的病原性

作从菜粉蝶成虫体中分离到两种不同形态的微孢子虫M－Pr1和M－Pr2。对这两种微孢子虫的形态及对家蚕的病原民生进行了研究，结果表明这两种微孢子虫均对家蚕有强的食下感染能力，并可对家蚕胚种传染。     

从野外昆虫体内分离的5株微孢子虫的生物学特性与分子系统发育研究

从广西蚕区的野外昆虫菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)、桑尺蠖(Hemerophila atrilineata)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)的体内收集到5株对家蚕有一定食下感染力的微孢子虫,通过生物学性状、分子系统发育研究,为其分类鉴定提供依据。来自野外昆虫的5株微孢子虫均具有Nosema属的生物学特性:显微镜下观察形状均呈长卵圆形,与家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)有较明显差异;在生活史的各发育阶段均为双核,以二分裂方式增殖,最后形成双核成熟孢子;与Nb抗血清均产生阳性凝聚反应;超微结构观察均具双核,极丝圈数在12～14圈之间,极丝倾斜角与Nb有差异。根据5株野外昆虫微孢子虫与其它昆虫微孢子虫基于SSU rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树,以及基于SSU rRNA和rRNA ITS基因序列进行的相似性和遗传距离分析,初步认为5株野外昆虫微孢子虫与家蚕微孢子虫同属异种。     

龙眼裳卷蛾微孢子虫对家蚕致病性研究(初报)

<正> 概述微粒子病,是广泛地寄生在昆虫体内的一种原生动物病,已知昆虫纲的十二个目中都有此病发生。在微粒子属(Nosema)中发现:家蚕、柞蚕、蓖麻蚕、蜜蜂等经济昆虫中都有微孢子虫。特别是家蚕微粒子病与野外昆虫的关系以往作了大量的调查研究,据资料,桑园害虫中的野蚕、桑螟、桑青尺蠖、桑蓑蛾、桑毛虫等都可直接传染给家蚕,同时,它们的微孢子虫还能互相传染。另外,还有二化螟、灯蛾、芜青夜蛾、夜盗虫等害虫的微孢子虫也能传染给家蚕。据报道,玉米螟、甘蓝菜粉蝶、苹果蛾、棉钤虫、小蛱蝶、褐尾毒蛾、舞毒蛾、     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.