单端孢霉烯族毒素生物脱毒技术研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素在粮食和饲料中污染严重,主要是T-2毒素和脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇(DON)等,其毒性作用强,对人和动物产生严重危害。因此,单端孢霉烯族毒素的脱毒方式逐渐成为研究热点,尤其是生物脱毒。很多微生物被证实能够降解霉菌毒素,包括细菌、真菌和酵母菌,可将毒素降解成低毒或无毒的产物。论文以生物脱毒为出发点,从细菌、真菌和酵母菌三个角度概述了单端孢霉烯族毒素中T-2毒素和DON的脱毒研究现状,以期为后续开发并挖掘更加安全高效的生物脱毒方式提供参考。     

饲料中霉菌毒素与脱毒剂的研究进展

<正> 1.饲料中常见的霉菌毒素在饲料中常见的产毒素霉菌主要有:曲霉属中的黄曲霉、赭曲霉、杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉、寄生曲霉和烟曲霉等。青霉属中的岛青霉、桔青霉、黄绿青霉、红色青霉、扩展青霉、圆弧青霉、纯绿青霉和斜卧青霉等。镰孢菌属中的禾谷镰孢菌、三隔镰孢菌、玉米赤霉菌、梨孢镰孢菌、尖孢镰孢菌、雪腐镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、粉红镰孢菌等。另外,麦角菌属、鹅膏菌属、马鞍菌属和链格孢菌属等也是较为常见的产毒霉菌。各种霉菌可以产生多达数百种霉菌毒素,但目前研究还主要集中在十几种对人类危害特别大且污染频率高的霉菌毒素,如黄曲霉毒素,赭曲霉毒素 A,杂色曲霉毒素,烟曲霉毒素,展青霉毒素,玉米赤霉烯酮.串珠镰刀菌素,三硝基丙酸及单端孢霉烯族毒素(包括 T-2毒素,脱氧雪     

鸡单端孢霉毒素中毒病的诊断

单端孢霉毒素 (单端孢霉烯族化合物包括T 2毒素 ) ,是由多种霉菌如镰刀菌、木霉、头孢霉、单端孢霉等多种霉菌产生的霉菌毒素。本病多发于猪 ,家禽次之 ,牛、羊等反刍动物较少发生。家禽中毒后 ,发生以口腔粘膜、神经和羽毛损伤为特征的疾病。本文通过流行病学调查、临床症状、病理变化观察及病原分离 ,确诊 70日龄鸡群暴发的以口腔粘膜损伤为特征的流行性疾病是单端孢霉毒素中毒病     

霉菌毒素对猪的危害及其防制

世界上每年大约有25％的谷物受到各种霉菌的污染．尤其是2003年秋收季节我省普遍阴雨连绵，气温反常，致使玉米在收获前后感染了霉菌，产生了霉菌毒素(主要有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、新月霉毒素群、麦角毒素、念珠镰孢霉和增生镰孢霉等)。猪采食带有霉菌毒素的玉米后，     

霉菌毒素与畜禽免疫抑制

1常见的霉菌和霉菌毒素 霉菌通常污染饲料或饲料原料,在其中生长并产生二级代谢产物——霉菌毒素。产毒霉菌主要有3个属,曲霉菌、青霉菌和镰刀菌,而霉菌毒素目前已发现超过350种。常见的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素（AF）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素（DON）、赭曲霉毒素（OT）、烟曲霉毒素（FUM）等。其中对猪危害最大的是黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素。家禽饲料中,自然状况下发生率最高且致害作用最严重的是黄曲霉毒素和单端孢霉烯族毒素。     

猪霉菌毒素中毒的防治措施

霉菌毒素中毒症是指与污染了霉菌毒素的食物或饲料接触而引发的疾病。产毒霉菌有数百种,主要的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、单端孢霉烯族毒素、烟曲霉毒素、赫曲毒素和麦角生物碱六大类。作物上的霉菌可在田间及在加工和贮存期间均能产生霉菌毒素。通常情况下,人或动物是通过食用受霉菌毒素污染的食品或饲料而发生中毒的。霉菌毒素在动物体内可产生多种生理作用：肝毒、肾毒、对中枢神经系统的作用以及类似雌激素效应等。     

呕吐毒素和其他B型单端孢霉烯族毒素对肠道影响研究进展

霉菌毒素被认为是对人类和动物的健康一个重要的危险因子,其中单端孢霉毒素被认为危害最为严重的霉菌毒素之一。呕吐毒素(DON)和其他B型单端孢霉烯族可诱发肠道病理病变,对肠上皮细胞的完整性造成破坏,进而改变肠道屏障功能,并且DON和B型单端孢霉烯族毒素也可影响肠上皮免疫细胞产生免疫因子,抑制肠道上皮的免疫反应。本文在国内外已有的研究基础上,就呕吐毒素和其他B型单端孢霉烯毒素对肠道影响研究进展进行了综述。     

霉菌毒素对家禽的危害及降解技术

家禽对霉菌毒素敏感,多种霉菌毒素对家禽都存在毒害作用。本文介绍了家禽黄曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素和烟曲霉毒素中毒的主要症状,以及家禽饲料中霉菌毒素脱毒的方法。     

霉菌毒素的神经毒性作用

动物摄入受单端孢霉烯族毒素、烟曲霉毒素、震颤原、麦角碱和根霉菌胺等霉菌毒素污染的饲料,可对神经系统功能产生毒害影响,出现厌食、拒食、流涎、震颤、癫痫、共济失调、四肢无力、蹒跚和肌肉突然虚脱等临床症状。     

对霉菌毒素病的担忧将继续

<正>2009年美国多雨的天气引发了人们对霉菌毒素污染的担忧,当将玉米运送至存储的谷仓时水分含量高达20%,并且在干燥后重量明显变低,说明玉米的质量较差。对仓储公司和乙醇生产厂的调查显示,玉米中的呕吐毒素(DON)含量达到了令人无法接受的水平,此外还含有伏马菌素和单端孢霉烯族毒素类,偶见黄曲霉毒素。     

镰刀菌毒素对动物毒性作用的研究进展

镰刀菌是污染粮食和饲料的主要真菌菌属之一,可产生多种高毒性、低分子量的代谢产物,如玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素等,这些毒素严重威胁动物和人类的健康。摄入镰刀菌毒素可对动物造成多种毒性作用,包括生殖毒性、免疫毒性、肠道毒性、肝肾毒性、细胞毒性及致癌性等。不同类型镰刀菌毒素引起的毒性作用不尽一致,且不同毒素间存在互作效应。为此,本文对单一或混合镰刀菌毒素毒性的研究进展进行了总结和归纳,为镰刀菌毒素的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Analysis of Canadian and Irish forage,oats and commercially available equine concentrate feed for pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins

Respiratory infections, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) are major causes of poor performance in horses. Fungi and mycotoxins are now recognised as a major cause of these conditions. The most notable fungi are Aspergillus and Fusarium. Fungal spores can originate from forage, bedding and feed and, in turn, these fungal spores can produce a series of mycotoxins as secondary metabolites.This study set out to ascertain the degree of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in feed and fodder used in Irish racing yards over a one-year period. Weather conditions in forage producing areas were sampled by Met Eireann and the Canadian Meteorological Service.Fifty per cent of Irish hay, 37% of haylage and 13% of Canadian hay contained pathogenic fungi. Of the mycotoxins, T2 and zearalenone were most prominent. Twenty-one per cent of Irish hay and 16% of pelleted feed contained zearalenone. Forty per cent of oats and 54% of pelleted feed contained T2 toxins.     

镰刀菌毒素对断奶仔猪的抗营养效应及葡配甘露聚糖吸附剂的保护作用

选择125头始重(8.04±0.64)kg去势约×荣仔猪,采用2×2+1因子设计,研究被镰刀菌毒素自然污染的玉米以25%和50%的比例等量替换基础饲粮中的正常玉米并在此基础上加或不加葡配甘露聚糖(EGM)霉菌毒素吸附剂霉可吸TM对断奶仔猪生产性能、养分利用率的影响。结果表明:饲喂被镰刀菌毒素污染的饲粮降低了仔猪的生产性能,随霉变玉米替代比例增加,采食量和日增重降低程度增加(P<0.05或P<0.01);显著或极显著降低仔猪饲粮中有机物质、蛋白质、钙、磷的表观消化率(P<0.05或P<0.01)和蛋白质生物学价值(P<0.05),25%污染玉米饲粮对钙的表观消化率无影响(P>0.05);在被镰刀菌毒素污染饲粮中添加0.2%EGM吸附剂可使上述不良效应得到改善,尤以在25%污染玉米饲粮中添加0.2%EGM吸附剂可获得显著的保护效应。     

紫花苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病研究进展

紫花苜蓿(简称苜蓿)是我国和世界种植面积最大最重要的豆科牧草。由镰刀菌引起的根腐病(称为镰刀菌根腐病)是苜蓿生产上的主要限制因素之一,严重影响该牧草的产量和品质,导致草地衰败和利用年限缩短。镰刀菌作为一类重要的土传病原真菌,一直是苜蓿根腐病研究的热点。由于镰刀菌能在土壤中长期存活,且苜蓿为多年生牧草,导致苜蓿根腐病的防治尤为困难。从苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病的分布与危害、病原种类与生物学特性、侵染源及发病规律、镰刀菌对苜蓿的致病性及致病机理、苜蓿品种对镰刀菌的抗病性以及防治方法等方面阐述苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为苜蓿镰刀菌根腐病后续研究及其防治新方法的开发利用提供理论依据。     

植物病原镰刀菌产生的毒素种类及其危害

镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)是多种重要农作物的病原体，不仅可造成农作物产量和品质的严重损失还可在离体培养条件下或植物寄主体内产生一系列被称为镰刀菌毒素的次生代谢产物。这些毒素一方面作为致病因子与镰刀菌对宿主植物的致病力密切相关，另一方面可导致家畜生产性能下降和相关病症的出现，进而影响农业生态系统并对人类健康造成威胁。鉴于镰刀菌毒素对农作物生产的影响及其对家畜和人类的毒性作用，目前已有较多关于镰刀菌侵染粮食作物后产生毒素种类的研究，但关于镰刀菌侵染豆科牧草后产生的毒素种类以及毒素在镰刀菌对豆科牧草致病力方面作用的研究则较少。本文对引起主要粮食和饲料作物病害的常见镰刀菌物种产生的主要毒素，以及这些毒素对植物、家畜和人类的危害进行了综述，并对豆科牧草中镰刀菌毒素的研究前景及意义进行了展望。     

食品与饲料中霉菌毒素的微生物脱毒研究进展

各种霉菌毒素可以作为一种污染物广泛存在于食品和动物饲料中。此文对食品与饲料中霉菌毒素污染情况进行介绍，论述了霉菌毒素脱毒的不同途径和策略，并对微生物脱毒法的研究现状进行了概述。     

饲料中的霉菌毒素及其防制措施

霉菌毒素是由真菌或霉菌产生的次级代谢产物,在动物体中,霉菌毒素的毒性是慢性的,很少引起动物死亡。但是霉菌毒素的存在降低了饲料的营养价值,以及动物的生产性能,从而影响生产力,且霉菌毒素在畜产品(肉、奶等)中的残留会给人类健康带来严重威胁。作者主要介绍了饲料中常见的霉菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素、伏马菌素等),以及其毒性和危害,并从预防与去毒两个方面,阐述了霉菌毒素的防制措施,进而减少霉菌毒素造成的危害。     

Effects of foodborne Fusarium mycotoxins with and without a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent on food intake and nutrient digestibility, body weight, and physical and clinicopathologic variables of mature dogs

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of feeding cereal-based diets that are naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins to dogs and assess the efficacy of a polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent (GMA) in prevention of Fusarium mycotoxicosis. ANIMALS: 12 mature female Beagles. PROCEDURES: Dogs received each of 3 cereal-based diets for 14 days. One diet was uncontaminated (control diet), and the other 2 contained contaminated grains; one of the contaminated diets also contained 0.2% GMA. Contaminants included deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fusaric acid. Food intake and nutrient digestibility, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and clinicopathologic variables of the dogs were assessed at intervals during the feeding periods. RESULTS: Food intake and body weight of dogs fed the contaminated diet without GMA were significantly decreased, compared with effects of the control diet. Reductions in blood pressure; heart rate; serum concentrations of total protein, globulin, and fibrinogen; and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and amylase as well as increases in blood monocyte count and mean corpuscular volume were detected. Consumption of GMA did not ameliorate the effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins. For the GMA-contaminated diet, digestibility of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid was significantly higher than that associated with the control diet, possibly because of physiologic adaptation of the recipient dogs to reduced food intake. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that consumption of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins can adversely affect dogs' feeding behaviors and metabolism. As a food additive, GMA was not effective in prevention of Fusarium mycotoxicosis in dogs.     

Intracranial fusariosis: a novel cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in a dog

The Fusarium species are a group of saprophytic fungal organisms that are occasionally the cause of opportunistic infections in humans and animals. Central nervous system disease associated with a Fusarium species is most commonly described in horse, resulting in equine leukoencephalomalacia. This report describes a 2-year-old, spayed, female German Shepherd Dog with meningoencephalitis secondary to infection with Fusarium spp. Meningoencephalitis in dogs secondary to a species of Fusarium has not been previously reported. The diagnosis was made based on the histopathologic examination of brain tissues postmortem and special immunohistochemical stains specific for Fusarium solani. The clinical signs in this dog were indicative of multifocal brain disease and included seizures and a paradoxical vestibular syndrome. The clinical findings, diagnostic and histopathologic test results, and the comparative characterizations of other disseminated fungal diseases, especially aspergillosis, are described.     

The use of near infrared transmittance kernel sorting technology to salvage high quality grain from grain downgraded due to Fusarium damage

The mycotoxins associated with specific Fusarium fungal infections of grains are a threat to global food and feed security. These fungal infestations are referred to as Fusarium Head Blight(FHB) and lead to Fusarium Damaged Kernels(FDK). Incidence of FDK 0.25% will lower the grade, with a tolerance of 5%FDK for export feed grain. During infestation, the fungi can produce a variety of mycotoxins, the most common being deoxynivalenol(DON). Fusarium Damaged Kernels have been associated with reduced crude protein(CP), lowering nutritional, functional and grade value. New technology has been developed using Near Infrared Transmittance(NIT) spectra that estimate CP of individual kernels of wheat, barley and durum. Our objective is to evaluate the technology's capability to reduce FDK and DON of downgraded wheat and ability to salvage high quality safe kernels. In five FDK downgraded sources of wheat,the lowest 20% CP kernels had significantly increased FDK and DON with the high CP fractions having decreased FDK and DON, thousand kernel weights(TKW) and bushel weight(Bu). Strong positive correlations were observed between FDK and DON(r = 0.90); FDK and grade(r = 0.62) and DON and grade(r = 0.62). Negative correlations were observed between FDK and DON with CP(r =-0.27 and-0.32);TKW(r =-0.45 and-0.54) and Bu(r =-0.79 and-0.74). Results show improved quality and value of Fusarium downgraded grain using this technology.