T-2毒素和HT-2毒素检测方法的研究进展

T-2毒素和HT-2毒素属于单端孢霉烯族毒素。T-2毒素是A类单端孢霉烯族毒素中毒性最强的一种真菌毒素,HT-2毒素为T-2毒素在体内与体外最为主要的代谢产物,二者在自然界中分布广泛。对T-2毒素和HT-2毒素检测方法的研究进展进行综述,对二者常见检测方法的优点和缺点进行分析,以期为T-2毒素和HT-2毒素检测方法的科学选择提供参考。     

T-2毒素毒性分子作用机制与脱毒的研究进展

T-2毒素是一种A类单端孢霉烯族毒素,具有高度致毒作用、毒性较难降解等特点,严重威胁人类和动物安全。目前,用于T-2毒素脱毒的方法有物理吸附法、化学试剂中和法、微生物分解法等。但T-2毒素导致的中毒反应的分子机制还尚未明确,可能涉及多个方面,如线粒体损伤、细胞自噬、免疫逃逸、细胞凋亡等。因此,文章主要探讨了T-2毒素毒性作用分子机制以及T-2毒素脱毒的研究进展,为T-2毒素的深入研究提供参考。     

呕吐毒素和其他B型单端孢霉烯族毒素对肠道影响研究进展

霉菌毒素被认为是对人类和动物的健康一个重要的危险因子,其中单端孢霉毒素被认为危害最为严重的霉菌毒素之一。呕吐毒素(DON)和其他B型单端孢霉烯族可诱发肠道病理病变,对肠上皮细胞的完整性造成破坏,进而改变肠道屏障功能,并且DON和B型单端孢霉烯族毒素也可影响肠上皮免疫细胞产生免疫因子,抑制肠道上皮的免疫反应。本文在国内外已有的研究基础上,就呕吐毒素和其他B型单端孢霉烯毒素对肠道影响研究进展进行了综述。     

T-2毒素研究进展

T-2毒素是单端孢霉烯族毒素之一,也是毒性最强的真菌毒素,可由多种真菌产生,在自然界中广泛存在,严重危害人畜健康。T-2毒素由Bamburg于1968年首次分离提纯并确认了化学结构。     

饲料中的霉菌毒素(续完)

单端孢霉烯毒素 单端孢霉烯毒素(trichothecene)是包含200～300种化合物的一类毒素,其中包括T-2毒素、二乙酰藨草镰刀烯醇(diacetooxyscirpenol,DAS)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),这些毒素常见于农产品中(Desjardins等,1993).它们通过在核糖体水上抑制蛋白质的合成而发挥其毒性作用,具有免疫抑制性和细胞膜毒性,可诱使细胞凋亡(Sharma,1993;Shifrin和Anderson,1999).单端孢霉烯毒素的毒性作用包括对胃肠道的影响,如引起呕吐、腹泻和肠炎;此外,贫血、白细胞减少、皮肤刺激、拒食、生长减缓和繁殖障碍等症状也很普遍.若干种镰刀菌及相关属的真菌会产生单端孢霉烯毒素.看来,除了DON外,大多数单端孢霉烯毒素污染发生在谷物收割前.     

单端孢霉烯族毒素抑制动物生长作用的研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素是主要的饲料污染物,包括T-2毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)等,具有较强的毒性作用,能引起动物体多种病理变化。其毒性作用能改变真核翻译起始因子2α(EIF2α)、丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)、热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)、胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)等细胞因子的活性,调节多种胺酰tRNA合成酶的活性,进而抑制蛋白质合成,阻滞动物生长。论文从单端孢霉烯族毒素对生长激素影响的角度,综述了该类毒素对动物生长的抑制作用,以期为阐明单端孢霉烯族毒素抑制动物生长的毒性作用机制奠定基础。     

霉菌毒素对家禽的危害及降解技术

家禽对霉菌毒素敏感,多种霉菌毒素对家禽都存在毒害作用。本文介绍了家禽黄曲霉毒素、单端孢霉烯族毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素和烟曲霉毒素中毒的主要症状,以及家禽饲料中霉菌毒素脱毒的方法。     

T-2毒素的神经毒性及作用机制研究进展

T-2毒素是最具毒性的单端孢霉烯族化合物,是农产品中常见的污染物之一。饮食摄入是人类接触T-2毒素最常见的途径。T-2毒素暴露导致许多病理状况,如神经紊乱、心血管改变、免疫抑制和皮肤炎症。然而,T-2毒素导致的神经毒性尚不清楚,为了更全面地把握T-2毒素的神经毒性研究现状,本文对T-2毒素诱导神经毒性的可能作用机制进行了探讨。     

霉菌毒素与畜禽免疫抑制

1常见的霉菌和霉菌毒素 霉菌通常污染饲料或饲料原料,在其中生长并产生二级代谢产物——霉菌毒素。产毒霉菌主要有3个属,曲霉菌、青霉菌和镰刀菌,而霉菌毒素目前已发现超过350种。常见的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素（AF）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素（DON）、赭曲霉毒素（OT）、烟曲霉毒素（FUM）等。其中对猪危害最大的是黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素。家禽饲料中,自然状况下发生率最高且致害作用最严重的是黄曲霉毒素和单端孢霉烯族毒素。     

饲料霉菌毒素生物降解研究进展

霉菌毒素是一种有毒的次级代谢产物,由曲霉菌属、青霉菌属和镰刀菌属等真菌在生长过程中产生。霉菌毒素通常可在霉变的粮食、饲料原料及配合饲料中检测出来,并且无色无味,可以对动物和人体产生巨大的危害。目前已经发现,大约有300多种真菌代谢产物有毒害作用,其中,黄曲霉菌素(Aflatoxin,AFT)、单端孢霉烯族菌素(Trichothecenes,如T-2毒素和呕吐毒素,DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮菌素(Zearalenone,ZEA)、赭曲霉菌素(Ochratoxin A,OTA)及伏马菌素(Fumonisins)等是严重造成畜牧业威胁的几种霉菌毒素。文章对这五类霉菌毒素和它们的生物降解方法进行介绍。     

Investigation on trichothecene-stimulated lipid peroxidation and toxic effects of trichothecenes in animals

Three experiments were performed with mice intoxicated with trichothecene-contamined feed or directly into the stomach. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the TBA value from liver samples, but since such a test seldom provided reliable results, lipid hydroperoxides and total carbonyl were also analyzed. The formation of aldehydes and ketones was compared in vivo and in vitro. The same investigations were conducted on chickens, rainbow trouts and numerous fur animals suspected of chronic intoxication by trichothecenes. The vitamin A concentration was used as a parameter to detect alterations caused in chickens by trichothecenes. Our investigation provided evidence that lipid peroxidation is associated with trichothecene poisoning. The T-2 toxin, even in small concentrations, seems to induce strong lipid peroxidation. When DON and 3-AcDON were given together at a dosage of 180 micrograms/kg feed, 1 week's feeding caused clear lipid peroxidation in mice. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that mycotoxins may already be present in the feed before any experiment is conducted.     

奶牛养殖中霉菌毒素的危害和脱毒技术

霉菌毒素是真菌产生的有毒的二级代谢产物,经常在奶牛饲料及其原料中发现。最常见的霉菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素（AF）、伏马菌素（FB）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T-2毒素和赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）。当饲料中霉菌毒素的浓度超过一定水平时,会导致奶牛发生免疫抑制、肝肾毒性、繁殖障碍等诸多健康问题。奶牛饲料原料在生长、收获、加工和储藏过程中不可避免受到霉菌毒素的污染,应用脱毒方法是预防霉菌毒素危害奶牛健康的关键控制点。物理、化学和生物脱毒是实现霉菌毒素脱毒的常见技术措施。其中,物理吸附和生物降解脱毒具有安全、绿色、去除率高、不破坏饲料营养物质等诸多优势,是国内外研究的重点和方向。本文主要介绍了奶牛饲料中常见霉菌毒素的生物特性、致病机理及其对奶牛的危害和物理、化学、生物脱毒方法,为防控霉菌毒素污染,实现健康养殖提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与T-2毒素对热应激蛋鸡肠道屏障功能及内质网应激和炎症反应的影响

本试验旨在研究脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）与T-2毒素对热应激蛋鸡肠道屏障功能及内质网应激和炎症反应的影响。选择36周龄体重相近的京红1号蛋鸡96只，随机分成4组，每组8个重复，每个重复3只鸡。对照组（CON组）饲喂基础饲粮，DON组、T-2组、DON+T-2组分别在基础饲粮中添加3.00 mg/kg DON、 0.50 mg/kg T-2毒素、 1.50 mg/kg DON+0.25 mg/kg T-2毒素。预试期3 d，正试期28 d。试验期间白天平均温湿指数为84.87。结果表明：1）与CON组相比，T-2组十二指肠、空肠隐窝深度显著升高（P<0.05）,DON+T-2组空肠隐窝深度显著升高（P<0.05）,DON、T-2、DON+T-2组十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度（V/C）值显著降低（P<0.05）,T-2、DON+T-2组空肠V/C值显著降低（P<0.05）,DON组回肠隐窝深度显著升高（P<0.05）。2）与CON组相比，DON、T-2、DON+T-2组血清脂多糖（LPS）含量显著升高（P<0.05）,DON+T-2组血清二胺氧化酶（DA...     

猪肉和鸡肉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和T-2毒素酶联免疫吸附检测方法的建立

为保障动物源性食品安全,本研究建立了分别检测猪肉和鸡肉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和T-2毒素残留的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法.结果显示,该方法在猪肉和鸡肉样本中DON的检测限分别为34.9和43.5 μg/kg,添加回收率为72.7%~97.1%,变异系数小于8.7%;T-2毒素的检测限分别为33.7和28.7 μg/kg,添加回收率为72.1%~95.0%,变异系数小于11.3%.该方法灵敏度高、准确、简便,适用于猪肉和鸡肉中DON和T-2毒素残留的快速检测.     

玉米赤霉烯酮的毒性及生物降解研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是由某些真菌产生的次级代谢产物,具有极强的毒性,给人类和动物健康造成了极大的危害,该毒素的解毒与去毒一直是研究的热点。论文结合国内外的最新研究结果,对玉米赤霉烯酮的生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性、肝肾毒性、对内分泌系统的影响及生物降解方面的研究进展进行了综述,阐明了玉米赤霉烯酮的危害及去除玉米赤霉烯酮的重要性及紧迫性,为进一步研究生物转化玉米赤霉烯酮提供参考资料。     

Further survey of the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat grown in southwest Germany.

A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-, 15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC-MS), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha- and beta-zearalenol (alpha-beta-ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 micrograms/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3-ADON, NIV, HT-2, and T-2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 micrograms/kg, except for 948 micrograms/kg 3-ADON in samples from 1993. 15-ADON and FUS-X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15-ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels < or = 17 mu/kg, DAS, alpha- and beta-ZOL, and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT-2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries.     

Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Toxin in Raw Feeds for Horses

In all, 72 samples of raw materials for equine feed were collected from farms located in different parts of northern Italy, and the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DON was detected in 38.9% of the samples tested, at levels ranging from 0.2 to 1.9 mg/kg. Maize was found to have the highest concentrations of DON, whereas barley was found to be the most commonly contaminated grain (73.3%). T-2 toxin was found in maize and rice bran at levels ranging from 12 to 102 μg/kg, with an overall incidence of 12.3% in the samples analyzed. In almost all the samples, T-2 toxin was found only in combination with DON. The occurrence of contamination observed in this survey, especially the presence of DON, is noteworthy. The levels detected are not very high, but even long-term exposure to low doses of these mycotoxins may represent a threat to horse health.     

Muscovy ducklings, a particularly sensitive avian bioassay for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol

Day-old domesticated Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moshata) were given the trichothecene mycotoxins T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol at 0.25, 0.5, or 1 micrograms/g of feed for 7 days. All concentrations of both toxins caused characteristic dose-related lesions on the roof of the oral cavity of the birds. Muscovy ducklings showed these signs in a shorter time (less than 16 hours in some cases) and at a lower feed concentration of these trichothecenes than did other avian species in similar studies.