贵州威宁黄牛线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析

为了解贵州威宁黄牛的遗传多样性及遗传背景，测定了19个个体的线粒体DNAD-loop区全序列。威宁黄牛D-loop区全序列中，A＋T平均含量为61．4％，G＋C含量为38．6％。经比对，共检测到威宁黄牛D-loop区8种单倍型，核苷酸多态位点45个，其中7种为普通牛血统的单倍型，1种为瘤牛血统的单倍型，表明威宁黄牛同时受到普通牛和瘤牛的影响。在威宁黄牛19个个体中，其单倍型多样度为0．715，核苷酸歧异度（π值）为2．415％，表明威宁黄牛品种的遗传多样性丰富。     

泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控镀区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D—loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13．6％、43．2％、4．3％和38．9％,A＋T含量高于G＋C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0．13,没有观测到插入／缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0．250和0．695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3．750和10．833,核苷酸多样度分别为0．954％和2．757％。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima＇s D值为-1．800（P〈O．05）,不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）为2．847％,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．991％。序列群体间的方差组分（Va）占总变异的47．31％,Fst=0．473,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;群体间mtDNAD—loop Rf值也差异显著（P=0．035）。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

兰州大尾羊mtDNA D-loop和Cytb区序列分析与多态性研究

利用mtDNA序列分析技术对20只兰州大尾羊遗传多态性进行分析,兰州大尾羊mtDNA D-loop区序列长度为1 210 bp,碱基组成分析发现,A、T、G、C碱基含量分别为29.0%、32.3%、23.5%、15.2%,其中A＋T为61.3%,G＋C为38.7%,G＋C含量明显低于A＋T。通过对兰州大尾羊线粒体DNA D-loop区的碱基突变和同源性比较分析得出兰州大尾羊D-loop区核苷酸多样度（Nucleotide diversity）Pi为0.037 85,7只兰州大尾羊来自3个不同母本。兰州大尾羊mtDNA Cytb区序列长度为1 580 bp,其中A、T、G、C碱基含量分别为27.2%、33.7%、26.7%、12.4%;A＋T为60.9%,G＋C为39.1%,G＋C含量明显低于A＋T。应用计算机软件DNAsp4.10进行单倍型分析,17个兰州大尾羊个体mtDNA Cytb区序列共发现了12个单倍型（Haplotype）,其中第1号和第10号、第2号和第5号共用一种单倍型,单倍型比例在兰州大尾羊群体中较高,遗传多态性较低。     

家兔线粒体ATPase6,8基因的遗传分析

测定了4个地方品种、7个培育品系和10个引进品种共124只家兔的线粒体ATPase6,8基因801bp序列。结果表明:124只家兔ATPase6,8基因的A、G、T、C4种碱基的含量分别为30.46%、10.74%、29.34%和29.46%,A+T含量(59.8%)明显高于G+C(40.2%);发现了9个变异位点,其中转换7个,颠换2个,没有发现缺失或插入,变异多发生在密码子的第3位,核苷酸多样度为0.0004,说明家兔线粒体DNA遗传差异较小;确定了5种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.121,单倍型H5为所有品种的共享单倍型,大多数个体属此单倍型,这可能与家兔的连续定向选育有关,用邻接法构建的家兔分子系统发育树表明我国家兔起源于2个母系。     

鸭mtDNA控制区遗传变异与进化研究

利用DNA测序技术测定了我国6个家鸭品种31个个体线粒体DNA控制区多变序列。序列分析结果显示：A、T、C、G碱基的平均含量分别为0．313、0．201、0．355和0．130；检测到6个变异位点，约占分析位点总数的1．80％；检测到两种变异类型：颠换和转换，没有插入缺失类型；确定了9种单倍型，其中单倍型A1为本研究中6个地方鸭种的共享单倍型；本研究系统发育树结果支持我国家鸭起源于绿头野鸭（Anas platyryhynchos）和斑嘴鸭（Anas peocilorhycha）的“二元论”，     

西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为从分子水平上探究西藏牦牛的序列多态性、遗传多态性及其系统进化关系,对西藏15个牦牛类群150个个体的mtDNA ND6基因全序列进行了测定,确定了多态位点和单倍型数目,计算了单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi),并构建了分子聚类关系图和单倍型系统发育树。结果表明:西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6基因全序列长度均为528bp,T、C、A和G 4种碱基的平均比例分别为42.2%、7.6%、20.9%、29.3%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性。序列变异中存在转换、颠换2种核苷酸变异类型,其中转换37次,颠换2次,表现出较强的转换偏倚性。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定7种单倍型,其中Hap_1为西藏牦牛类群的主流单倍型,其余6种单倍型为部分类群所特有。平均单倍型多样性(Hd)、平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.2978、0.00191,揭示西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性较贫乏。根据遗传距离构建了分子聚类关系图,表明西藏15个牦牛类群可分为2大类;根据7种单倍型序列构建了单倍型系统发育树,表明西藏牦牛存在2个母系起源。     

中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909±0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。     

胎生蜥蜴线粒体Cyt b基因和D-loop区序列多态性分析

为了探讨我国胎生蜥蜴(Zootoca vivipara)种群的遗传多样性,试验采用分子生物学的方法测定我国3个胎生蜥蜴种群(黑龙江呼玛、内蒙古额尔古纳和新疆布尔津)共36只个体的线粒体Cyt b基因全序列和D-loop区部分序列。结果表明:胎生蜥蜴Cyt b基因全序列长度为1 143 bp,A、T、G、C4种核苷酸碱基含量的平均值分别为29.46%、34.15%、11.66%和24.73%,共包括8个单倍型;Dloop区部分序列长度为712 bp,A、T、G、C 4种核苷酸碱基含量的平均值分别为27.48%、39.23%、11.22%和22.04%,共包括4个单倍型。其中内蒙古额尔古纳种群的单倍型数量多,遗传多样性高;而新疆布尔津种群的单倍型数少,遗传多样性低。     

泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D-loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13.6%、43.2%、4.3%和38.9%,A+T含量高于G+C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0.13,没有观测到插入/缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0.250和0.695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3.750和10.833,核苷酸多样度分别为0.954%和2.757%。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima'sD值为-1.800(P<0.05),不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)为2.847%,核苷酸净遗传距离(Da)为0.991%。序列群体间的方差组分(Va)占总变异的47.31%,Fst=0.473,差异极显著(P<0.01);群体间mtDNAD-loopFst值也差异显著(P=0.035)。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

鸡MHC基因B-G区域的生物信息学分析

根据鸡主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）基因B-G区域外显子2的序列设计引物,采用直接测序的方法对该区域（207bp）进行序列测定,并对所获得核苷酸序列进行生物信息学分析。结果显示：该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为22.0%、19.8%、24.8%、33.4%,C＋G含量为53.2%,T＋A含量为46.8%,C＋G含量高于T＋A含量;同时检测到27个核苷酸变异位点,导致14个氨基酸位点的变异;16条序列进行单倍型构建获得16种单倍型,单倍型多样度达到了高的多样水平。试验结果表明,鸡MHC-B-F基因外显子2的序列表现出了高度的多态性,而且其序列的多态性更多地表现在氨基酸水平上。     

略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的遗传多样性分析

为了研究略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop）的遗传多样性和起源,本研究对30只略阳乌鸡样品的mtDNA D-loop全序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的其他鸡的D-loop区序列,分析略阳乌鸡线粒体多态性及其起源。结果表明,略阳乌鸡mtDNA D-loop区全序列中,A、C、G、T平均含量分别为26.6%、26.6%、13.4%和33.4%,26个核苷酸多态位点均为转换位点,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.00705,单倍型变异度（Hd）为1.000,中性检验Tajima's D值为-0.47272。通过群体构建的系统进化树发现,略阳乌鸡样品在系统进化树上聚为4大分支。研究结果表明,略阳乌鸡群体内个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性丰富,揭示略阳乌鸡在遗传组成上具有4个母系来源。     

Genetic Diversity of Lueyang Black-bone Chicken Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Sequence

This study was aimed to assess mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of 30 individuals from Lueyang Black-bone chicken were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of other chicken were collected from GenBank and used as reference sequences to analyze the diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The results revealed that the average values of base composition of A,C,G and T in mtDNA D-loop the sequence of Lueyang Black-bone chicken were 26.6%,26.6%,13.4% and 33.4%,respectively.26 nucleotide polymorphic sites were transition.The average nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the sites and haplotype diversity (Hd) were 0.00705 and 1.000,and the value of Tajima's D was -0.47272.Phylogenetic tree showed that samples were clusted in 4 clades. In the research, it could be concluded that the genetic diversity was relatively rich and wealthy and there were 4 maternal origins to Lueyang Black-bone chicken population.     

绿头鸭线粒体DNA控制区全序列测定及分析

用PCR产物直接测序法,获得5只绿头鸭线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列。序列分析显示:绿头鸭D-loop区全长为1051bp,碱基A、G、T、C含量分别为27.97%、15.51%、25.21%、31.30%,A+T含量大于C+G;共检测到11个多态位点,其中转换10个,颠换1个,没有发现插入和缺失,核苷酸多样度为0.0046。结合GenBank已公布河鸭属鸭类D-loop区序列,基于邻接法和最小进化法构建河鸭属鸭类系统进化树。结果表明,绿头鸭、斑嘴鸭及家鸭三者关系密切,它们共同构成进化枝A,推测在家鸭的形成过程中,绿头鸭和斑嘴鸭都作出了贡献;其它河鸭类聚为进化枝B。     

The complete mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken

ABSTRACT

1. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken, and provide molecule base to preserve and explore the specific chicken strain.

2. Based on sequencing and clustering, the complete mitochondrial DNA map and sequences of Lueyang black-bone chicken were revealed, and two phylogenetic trees of Lueyang black-bone chickens based on D-loop sequences and the mitochondrial genome were constructed.

3. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of Lueyang black-bone chickens is 16,784bp in size, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region. The base composition of the complete mtDNA sequence is 30.28% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.42% for C, 13.52% for G. Additionally, 10 haplotypes of D-loop sequences in 32 Lueyang black-bone chickens were detected, which were distributed into 4 clades (A, B, C and E).

4. It was concluded that genetic diversity is wide in Lueyang black-bone chickens, and this strain has multiple maternal origins from different regions in China and neighbouring regions.     

中国地方猪种线粒体基因组遗传多样性及其系统发育分析

为从分子水平上探究中国地方猪种遗传多样性和分类地位,本试验采用生物信息学方法比较了6个类型共22个中国地方猪种的线粒体基因组全序列,分析了其多态性,并构建了6个类型猪种线粒体D-loop区单倍型的网络中介图以及基于线粒体D-loop序列、Cytb基因、完整编码区序列的系统进化树。结果表明,6个类型22个猪种中共检测到了144个多态位点,22种单倍型,说明地方猪种具有丰富的遗传多样性;地方猪线粒体基因组序列中核苷酸变异以转换为主,且Ti/Tv大于转换/颠换比临界值（2.0）,变异位点均符合中性突变。6个类型猪种间遗传距离均较小,且有共享单倍型。系统进化树结果表明,6种类型地方猪种主要聚为两个支系。表明线粒体D-loop序列及Cytb基因均可作为研究种内系统发育、起源进化的分子标记。     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome in Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds

In order to explore the genetic diversity and the classification status of the Chinese domestic pigs at the molecular level, the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomic sequences of 22 Chinese indigenous pig breeds from 6 types were downloaded from GenBank for the analysis using the bioinformatics method. The polymorphism of nucleic acid sequences was analyzed,the molecular phylogenetic tree based on D-loop sequences, Cytb gene, complete coding region mtDNA sequences and the Median-Joining network of the mtDNA D-loop haplotypes were constructed for 22 pig breeds from 6 types. The results showed that a total of 144 mutation sites among 22 pig breeds were detected, 22 haplotypes were discovered, which indicated that Chinese indigenous pig breeds had abundant genetic diversity. According to the complete mtDNA genomic sequences analysis, which suggested that the main mutations was transition, the transition/transversion ratio was greater than 2.0 and all mutations were in line with the neutral mutation. Our findings clearly demonstrated that there was a near genetic distance among 6 types, meanwhile, the shared haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic tree showed that Chinese indigenous pigs from 6 types were diverged from two ancestors.The results indicated that mtDNA D-loop and Cytb gene might serve as molecular markers for phylogenesis, origin and evolution.     

Genetic Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Sequences in Huili Black Goat

To explore the genetic diversity and origin for genetic resource protection of Huili Black goat, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop was investigated. mtDNA D-loop sequences of 41 goats were analyzed by PCR, sequencing techniques, and biological information and the phylogenetic trees were constructed. The mtDNA sequences of the Huili Black goat ranged from 1211 to 1213 bp, and 2 sequences were 1211 bp, 29 sequences 1212 bp, and 10 sequences 1213 bp. The content of A+T (60.1%) was higher than one of G+C (39.9%). There were 9 haplotypes, and the haplotype diversity was 0.842+0.00368. The nucleotide diversity was 0.01542+0.00034. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Huili Black goat was distributed in a branch, and were closed to Jianchang Black goat, Chengdu Ma goat, Jintang Black goat, Guizhou White goat, Guizhou Black goat, but they were less related to Capra falconeri. Huili Black goats had rather abundant genetic diversity, and were greatly affected by other goat breeds in history.     

关中驴线粒体DNA D-loop多态性分析

本文对 6头关中驴线粒体DNAD loop区 399bp的核苷酸序列进行了分析。结果发现 ,关中驴的D loop区核苷酸变异只有转换 1种形式。 6头关中驴D loop区的核苷酸序列组成 3种单倍型 ,单倍型比例为 5 0 .0 0 % ,说明关中驴mtDNA遗传多样性正逐步丧失 ,需要加强驴种质资源保护。以欧洲驴D loop序列为对照 ,关中驴 3种单倍型的核苷酸变异率分别为 4 .2 1%、4 .5 1%和 0 .2 5 %。在获得的 399bpD loop碱基序列中 ,共检测出核苷酸多态位点18个 ,多态位点比例为 4 .5 1%。从D loop区核苷酸序列的 3种单倍型分析 ,发现关中驴可能有 2种不同的母系起源     

中国五个绵羊群体mtDNA D-环遗传多样性研究

为探讨中国绵羊mtDNA D-环遗传多样性,通过PCR扩增和测序技术,对中国五个绵羊群体mtDNA D-环全序列进行研究,发现这五个绵羊群体mtDNA D-环碱基组成：A、T、G、C平均含量分别为34.66%、28.94%、13.90%、22.50%,（A＋T）%含量明显高于（G＋C）%含量,碱基突变以转换/颠换为主,且在绵羊mtDNA D-环区存在75bp的重复序列,含有4个重复序列是中国绵羊的基本特征;遗传距离分析结果显示,甘肃滩羊与其他中国绵羊群体之间的遗传距离较大,为0.0459-0.0573,其他四个绵羊群体之间遗传距离相对较小,为0.0246-0.0342,核苷酸多样度Pi为0.0323%,说明这五个绵羊群体mtDNA D-环遗传多样性均较贫乏,应该对其遗传资源进行保护。