A型塞内卡病毒研究进展

A型塞内卡病毒(Senecavirus A,SVA)是新发现的一种影响养猪业的RNA病毒,现已在美洲的美国、加拿大、巴西、哥伦比亚以及亚洲的中国、泰国、越南等多个国家被发现。2015年SVA首次在我国广东省发现后,已有15个省、自治区和直辖市报道检测到该病毒,表明SVA已在我国不同地域广泛分布。猪感染SVA后的临床症状与口蹄疫、猪水泡病及水泡性口炎等类似,难以鉴别。SVA的实验室诊断多采用病原学和血清学方法。对于该病目前仍无商品化疫苗可用,但已有研究出重组活疫苗候选株和油佐剂灭活候选疫苗的报道。SVA未来的流行态势目前难以预测,因此需密切关注SVA在全球的流行现状,并深入研究SVA的致病及免疫机理,同时尽快研发有效的疫苗和诊断试剂。通过病原学、临床症状、流行状况、诊断方法、疫苗研发等方面的综述,本文为我国SVA防控提供了参考。     

塞尼卡病毒与口蹄疫病毒双重RT-PCR鉴别检测方法的建立

2014~2015年,美国、巴西等国爆发了一种症状类似于口蹄疫的水泡性疾病,病原被确定为塞尼卡病毒A(Senecavirus A,SVA)。为了鉴别和诊断塞尼卡病毒A和口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV),本研究针对塞尼卡病毒的VP1基因和口蹄疫的5’UTR基因,合成特异性引物,优化了反应体系和扩增条件,建立了一种可同时检测塞尼卡病毒A和口蹄疫病毒的双重RT-PCR方法。特异性和敏感性试验结果表明,建立的双重RT-PCR检测方法特异性好,敏感性强,对塞尼卡病毒A和口蹄疫病毒最低检出量分别为104 copies/μL、103 copies/μL。本研究建立的方法对临床快速鉴别塞尼卡病毒A和口蹄疫病毒感染具有重要意义。     

猪塞内卡病毒病的流行和防控

猪塞内卡病毒病是由A型塞内卡病毒(Senecavirus A,SVA)引起猪的一种高度接触传染性疾病。各品种和日龄猪均可感染,成年猪感染后受到的危害较轻,仔猪感染后可表现为腹泻及神经症状,死亡率高。文中主要就有关猪塞内卡病毒病的病原学、流行病学、病理变化、诊断及防控措施等进行了综述,以期为该病的诊断和防控工作提供参考。     

塞尼卡病毒A研究进展

塞尼卡病毒A(SenecavirusA,SVA),原名塞尼卡谷病毒(Senecavalleyvirus,SVV),近年来被证实可引起猪鼻、唇、蹄部等出现水泡性病变,还可造成流行性短暂性新生仔猪损失。该病毒已在美国、加拿大、巴西、中国等地流行,危害养猪业健康发展。本文从SVA的病原特征、疫病流行现状、诊断和防控等方面进行综述,帮助畜牧兽医工作者了解该病毒病。     

基于TaqMan探针的A型塞尼卡病毒荧光定量RT-PCR方法的建立及应用

为建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的A型塞尼卡病毒(SVA)检测方法,通过比对我国不同地区SVA流行毒株的VP1基因序列,在其保守区域设计了1组引物和探针,通过条件优化,建立了基于TaqMan探针的荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法。用该方法检测口蹄疫病毒、猪瘟病毒、日本脑炎病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒等均不发生交叉反应。敏感性分析显示,该方法的最低检出量为278拷贝/μL,比常规RT-PCR的灵敏度高100倍。重复性分析显示,所建立方法的批内变异系数为0.3%～1.0%,批间变异系数为0.8%～2.0%,具有良好的稳定性。进一步对16份疑似SVA感染的临床病料检进行了检测,结果显示8份为SVA核酸阳性。提示建立的检测方法可以用于临床SVA感染的鉴别诊断,为我国SVA的诊断和控制提供了良好的技术支撑。     

2018年海南省猪A型塞尼卡病毒血清流行病学调查

为了解海南省A型塞尼卡病毒(Senecavirus A,SVA)感染状况,应用间接ELISA方法,对从海南省15个市(县)112个场点采集的2 547份猪血清样品进行SVA抗体检测。结果显示:SVA血清样品抗体阳性率为10.9%,场点阳性率为50.0%;15个市(县)的场点阳性率在14.3%～100%之间,其中有6个超过50%;15个市(县)的样品阳性率在1.0%～31.7%之间,大部分市(县)小于10%;规模化养殖场场点阳性率(61.2%)高于散养户(33.3%);仔猪、母猪、后备猪、公猪、育肥猪样品阳性率分别是20.5%、15.5%、13.5%、10.7%、5.9%。结果表明:SVA已扩散至整个海南省,防控形势较严峻,需制定相应防控措施;交通枢纽地区和规模化养殖场的SVA流行面较广,仔猪和种猪群中的SVA流行率较高,应重点加强监测和相关流行病学研究。本研究摸清了海南省猪群中的SVA的感染与分布情况,找出了重点防控区域和防控对象,对于指导该地区SVA防控具有参考意义。     

猪塞尼卡谷病毒病现状与未来防控思考

最近研究发现,塞尼卡谷病毒(SVV)是引起猪原发性水疱病(PIVD)的主要原因,可导致感染猪的鼻吻、蹄冠部出现水疱性病变,新生仔猪死亡。近年来,猪塞尼卡谷病毒病陆续波及加拿大、美国、巴西、中国、泰国和哥伦比亚等国,值得高度关注。本文介绍了猪塞尼卡谷病毒病的发现、流行现状及临床表现。提示我国应重视该病的防控工作,具体措施包括:建立健全动物水疱性疫病诊断处置方案;做好追溯研究,加强主动监测;分析病毒基因分子进化规律,关注SVV演变;继续进行病毒致病机制及宿主抗感染免疫机制等基础研究;制定SVV诊断国家标准,同时开发快速、灵敏、方便的现场诊断方法及高通量鉴别诊断方法;研制新型安全有效的SVV疫苗;加强饲养管理,提高生物安全水平。     

猪塞内卡病毒病的研究进展

A型塞内卡病毒(SVA)主要感染猪,不同性别和年龄阶段的猪均易感,可导致感染猪的口鼻部、蹄冠部出现水疱性病变,临床症状与EMCV、FMDV、PRV、PRRSV、CSFV、PEDV等病毒病相似,新生仔猪死亡率显著增加。本文对A型塞内卡病毒的流行病学、临床症状、诊断及防控等进行概述,以期为制定SVA防控方案提供参考。     

广东地区一株塞内卡病毒的分离及基因组分析

A型塞内卡病毒(Senecavirus A,SVA)感染主要引起猪群水泡性疾病,该病临床症状与其他水泡性疾病较难区分。本研究通过RT-PCR检测发现广东某规模化猪场发生的水泡性疾病为SVA感染。通过在HEK293T细胞上进行病毒分离,成功获得了一株SVA毒株并命名为SVA/China/KP-01-2017 (KP-01)。KP-01第2代即能引起HEK 293T细胞明显的细胞病变。该毒株多聚蛋白基因长6 546 nt,编码长2 181 aa的多聚蛋白。同源性及遗传进化分析表明,该毒株与国内外分离的毒株相似性较高,与Colombia/Co-01/2016株在遗传距离较近。本研究成功分离1株SVA,为SVA深入研究奠定了基础。     

鉴别猪伪狂犬病毒强毒检测方法的研究进展

为有效配合猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)基因缺失疫苗的大规模免疫应用,准确区分强毒感染猪和疫苗接种猪,及时淘汰强毒感染猪,防止免疫猪被误杀,急需加强猪伪狂犬病强毒鉴别诊断方法的研究与推广应用。本文就近年来针对PRV强毒的PCR、荧光定量PCR、LAMP、核酸探针、ELISA、胶体金免疫技术等分子生物学与血清学诊断方法的研究与应用现状及发展前景进行综述,以期为我国猪伪狂犬病的综合防控及净化提供合理的科学依据。     

The Recombinant Nonstructural Polyprotein NS1 of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) as Diagnostic Antigen in ELISA to Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Pigs

To differentiate pigs infected with porcine parvovirus (PPV) from those vaccinated with inactivated whole-virus vaccine, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on detection of a nonstructural polyprotein 1 (NS1) was developed. A threshold of 0.23 optical density units was established and the assayhad high specificity (100), sensitivity (88), accuracy (90) and positive predictive value (100) using haemagglutination inhibition as the standard method. A reproducibility test revealed that the coefficients of variation of sera within-plates and between-run were less than 10%. The assayshowed no cross-reactivitywith antibodies to porcine reproductive respiratorysyndrome virus, pseudorabies virus, foot and mouth disease virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Toxoplasma or Chlamydia. Sera obtained from pigs infected with PPV reacted with recombinant NS1 protein in the ELISA. Sera from pigs vaccinated with inactivated whole virus did not recognize this protein in the ELISA. In contrast, antibodies against PPV whole virus were present in both PPV-infected and vaccinated animals. Serum conversion against NS1 was first detected 10 days after infection and NS1-specific antibodies were detectable up to half a year post infection. In conclusion, the PPV-NS1 ELISA can differentiate PPV-infected versus inactivated PPV-vaccinated pigs and could be applied in disease diagnosis and surveillance.     

猪水疱性口炎病毒基因及其疫苗的研究进展

猪水疱性口炎是由水疱性口炎病毒引起的高度接触传染性的病毒性疾病。其临床特征为猪的唇部,鼻及口腔等处发生水疱,并从口中不断向外流涎,有时常常还发生在蹄冠和趾间皮肤上,其症状主要以水疱为主。该病在全球许多地区造成广泛流行。近年来,由于产品贸易量的增加,猪水疱性口炎病毒也陆续的传入我国。由于该病与猪水疱病、猪口蹄疫和猪水疱性疹等病毒性疾病容易混淆,因此对该病做出准确地诊断与防制显得尤为重要。在VSV疫苗的研究方面,主要是灭活疫苗和弱毒疫苗的研究,而在新型疫苗的研究方面很少。本文主要综述了猪水疱性口炎病毒的基因及其疫苗的研究进展,为进一步了解和预防该病提供参考依据。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的实验室诊断方法

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）是当前严重危害我国养猪业的重要传染病。PRRS的确诊依赖于实验室方法，包括检测抗原的病毒分离、免疫组化、免疫荧光、RT—PCR等方法，检测抗体的ELISA、血清病毒中和试验、间接免疫荧光、免疫过氧化酶单层试验等血清学方法。每种方法在诊断的敏感性、特异性以及成本方面存在差异，现有的血清学方法无法区分疫苗抗体和野毒抗体。正确的诊断结果取决于样品的种类、采样时间以及采样的代表性。PRRS确诊和结果的解释必须综合抗原抗体检测结果、流行病学资料、猪群疫苗应用情况等。     

Research Progress Towards the Liquid Chip Technology in Detection of Animal Infectious Diseases

Liquid chip technology is a novel biomolecular detection technology which integrates laser technology,flow cytometry,digital signal processing and traditional chemical technology.It is widely used in various immunological analysis and nucleic acid detection.Single and mutiplex analysis are supported,with protein and nucleic acid targets detected in a variety of detection methods in high throughput manner.It has advantages of high throughput,easy operation,wide range of application,good repeatability,high specificity,less sample needed,high sensitivity and stablility,and low cost.Therefore,they are gradually replacing the traditional detection and quantitative pathogen methods,such as Real-time fluorescent quantitative nucleic acid amplification detection system (qPCR),enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other detection methods.Animal infectious diseases seriously endanger the development of the breeding industry,futhermore,some zoonoses such as highly pathogenic avian influenza also pose a serious threat to human health.An efficient and sensitive diagnostic system will help to screen a large number of samples during the outbreak of infectious diseases and prevent the spread of infection.The development of liquid chip technology provides a new platform for high-throughput detection and disease prevention.In this review,the principle and advantages of liquid chip technology are briefly described.The research progress of liquid chip technology in the detection of animal infectious diseases,including pigs diseases,poultry diseases,rabbit diseases,dog diseases,rodent diseases and other animal infectious diseases are summarized.We believe that in the future,this technology will become an important analytical and testing tool in clinical diagnosis,basic research,new drug development,judicial identification,food health supervision,biological weapons prevention and other fields.The development of this technology will greatly promote the research and development of life science.     

液相芯片技术在动物疫病检测中的研究进展

液相芯片技术是整合了激光技术、流式细胞仪、数字信号处理和传统化学技术的一种新型生物分子检测技术,目前广泛应用于各种免疫分析和核酸检测中。液相芯片技术支持单重和多重分析,可在多种测定方法中对蛋白质和核酸靶标进行高通量检测,具有高通量、操作简单、适用范围广、重复性好、特异性高、所需样品量少、更灵敏稳定、成本低等优点,正逐渐代替传统检测和定量病原体的工具,如实时荧光定量PCR扩增检测系统（qPCR）、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）等检测方法。动物传染病严重危害着养殖业健康发展,一些诸如高致病性禽流感的人畜共患病对人类健康造成了严重威胁。高效灵敏的诊断系统将有助于在传染病暴发期间筛选大量样本,防止感染扩散。液相芯片技术的发展为高通量检测和疾病的预防提供了新的平台。作者简要概述了液相芯片技术的原理和优点,重点阐述了液相芯片技术在检测动物疫病,包括猪病、禽病、兔病、犬病、啮齿类动物和其他动物疫病方面的研究进展。相信今后液相芯片技术会成为临床诊断、基础研究、新药开发、司法鉴定、食品卫生监督、生物武器防范等领域的一项重要分析检测技术,该技术的发展将大大推动生命科学研究与进步。     

PK-15细胞的TPL2基因敲除有利于口蹄疫病毒和塞内卡病毒复制

旨在构建TPL2（MAP3K8/COT）基因敲除PK-15细胞系PK-15-TPL2^-/-,评估该基因敲除前后对口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）和塞内卡病毒（SVA）复制的影响及产生影响的原因,为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供良好的生物材料,也为疫苗生产过程中进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明方向。筛选2条针对TPL2基因的单向导RNA（sg RNA）,合成sg RNA并将其插入到含有GFP标签的慢病毒表达载体,构建sg RNA/Cas9慢病毒表达质粒,包装慢病毒并感染PK-15细胞,通过流式细胞仪分选出已被转入sg RNA的单细胞。通过测序确认细胞系中TPL2的DNA序列,通过蛋白质印迹（Western blot）方法检测细胞系中TPL2表达情况。使用FMDV和SVA感染构建好的细胞系,利用IFA、RT-qPCR、Western blot和TCID₅₀评估FMDV和SVA在PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中的复制水平,在此基础上通过测定干扰素（IFN）和IFN刺激基因（ISG）的mRNA表达水平,研究了FMDV或SVA感染的PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中干扰素途径的激活状态。TPL2基因敲除PK-15细胞系中TPL2基因发生了碱基插入突变和碱基缺失突变,构建的细胞系中均未检测到TPL2蛋白质表达。测定并比较了FMDV和SVA感染的PK-15和PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中病毒含量,表明TPL2基因敲除显著促进了FMDV和SVA的复制。同时,RT-qPCR进一步表明与FMDV和SVA感染期间的PK-15细胞相比,PK-15-TPL2^-/-细胞中IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56的mRNA表达明显降低。综上所述,本研究成功构建了TPL2基因敲除的PK-15细胞系,与对照细胞相比,TPL2基因的敲除更利于FMDV和SVA的复制,这可能与IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-γ、ISG15、ISG54和ISG56表达的抑制有关。本研究提示CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术可以作为在动物和疫苗开发过程中编辑细胞系以提高病毒产量的有效工具,本结果为进一步提升FMDV和SVA产量指明了方向,也为研究TPL2在病毒感染过程中的作用机制提供了良好的生物材料。     

Evaluation of a diagnostic antigen for the detection of Aujeszky's disease virus-infected subunit-vaccinated pigs

An early virus protein complex that is found in the maintenance medium of Aujeszky's disease (AD) virus-infected cells was evaluated as a subunit diagnostic antigen (SUDA) in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This antigen was found in purer form and in larger quantities for up to 12 h post-infection in the maintenance medium of AD virus-infected MDBK cell cultures than in the maintenance medium of virus-infected porcine Fallopian tube (PFT) and PK1a cell cultures. The SUDA was shown to be compatible with a lectin-derived subunit vaccine by the absence of positive ELISA reactions for antibody to this antigen in 25 AD virus-free subunit-vaccinated pigs. Following virus challenge, all fo 24 surviving vaccinated pigs seroconverted to SUDA within 10 days. Compatibility with the vaccine was further demonstrated by the absence of positive ELISA reactions for antibody to SUDA in 12 pigs that received five or six consecutive vaccine doses at 3-wk intervals. The sensitivity of the ELISA with SUDA was demonstrated by the detection of antibody in virus-infected vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs for at least 15 and 22 weeks, respectively, following exposure to virus. The SUDA was also economical: it was calculated that 8000-14 000 tests could be run with the antigen present in the maintenance medium of one 850 cm2 plastic tissue culture roller bottle of virus-infected MDBK cells.     

Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs using antibody-detecting sandwich ELISA

The presence of serum antibodies for nonstructural proteins of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can differentiate FMDV-infected animals from vaccinated animals. In this study, a sandwich ELISA was developed for rapid detection of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) antibodies; it was based on an Escherichia coli-expressed, highly conserved region of the 3ABC nonstructural protein of the FMDV O/TW/99 strain and a monoclonal antibody derived from the expressed protein. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 98.4%, and the diagnostic specificity was 100% for na?ve and vaccinated pigs; the detection ability of the assay was comparable those of the PrioCHECK and UBI kits. There was 97.5, 93.4 and 66.6% agreement between the results obtained from our ELISA and those obtained from the PrioCHECK, UBI and CHEKIT kits, respectively. The kappa statistics were 0.95, 0.87 and 0.37, respectively. Moreover, antibodies for nonstructural proteins of the serotypes A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 were also detected in bovine sera. Furthermore, the absence of cross-reactions generated by different antibody titers against the swine vesicular disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was also highlighted in this assay's specificity.     

猪流感分子流行病学及免疫预防研究进展

猪流感是世界性流行的呼吸系统传染病之一,当与其他病原混合感染时会造成更严重的损害。它的免疫机制主要为黏膜免疫和体液免疫,滴鼻和肌肉注射都能产生高效的免疫应答。当前流行的猪流感病毒亚型主要为H1N1、H1N2和H3N2,常用的疫苗都是灭活苗。因为猪流感病毒亚型较多、抗原易发生变异和可在种间传播,给流感疾病的预防乃至人类的健康带来很多挑战。核酸疫苗、合成肽苗和基因工程苗的研究为猪流感的预防提供了广阔前景。     

Vaccinology of classical swine fever: from lab to field

There are two types of classical swine fever vaccines available: the classical live and the recently developed E2 subunit vaccines. The live Chinese strain vaccine is the most widely used. After a single vaccination, it confers solid immunity within a few days that appears to persist lifelong. The E2 subunit vaccine induces immunity from approximately 10-14 days after a single vaccination. The immunity may persist for more than a year, but is then not complete. The Chinese strain vaccine may establish a strong herd immunity 1-2 weeks earlier than the E2 vaccine. The ability of the Chinese vaccine strain to prevent congenital infection has not been reported, but the E2 subunit vaccine does not induce complete protection against congenital infection. Immunological mechanisms that underlie the protective immunity are still to be elucidated. Both types of vaccine are considered to be safe. A great advantage of the E2 subunit vaccine is that it allows differentiation of infected pigs from vaccinated pigs and is referred to as a DIVA vaccine. However, the companion diagnostic E(rns) ELISA to actually make that differentiation should be improved. Many approaches to develop novel vaccines have been described, but none of these is likely to result in a new DIVA vaccine reaching the market in the next 5-10 years. Countries where classical swine fever is endemic can best control the infection by systematic vaccination campaigns, accompanied by the normal diagnostic procedures and control measures. Oral vaccination of wild boar may contribute to lowering the incidence of classical swine fever, and consequently diminishing the threat of virus introduction into domestic pigs. Free countries should not vaccinate and should be highly alert to rapidly diagnose any new outbreak. Once a new introduction of classical swine fever virus in dense pig areas has been confirmed, an emergency vaccination programme should be immediately instituted, for maximum benefit. The question is whether the time is ripe to seriously consider global eradication of classical swine fever virus.