基于禽流感NS1蛋白ELISA诊断方法的建立及临床应用

本研究利用体外表达获得的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1蛋白包被ELISA板,建立鉴别诊断方法,对111份健康非免疫鸡血清及456份待检禽流感灭活疫苗免疫鸡血清进行检测发现,检测健康非免疫鸡血清的阴性率为100%,检测禽流感灭活疫苗免疫鸡血清的阴性率达到94%（429/456）;检测62份禽流感病毒感染鸡血清,有55份呈阳性反应,敏感性为88.7%（55/62）;进行NS1抗体消长规律试验,显示攻毒后第7天开始部分鸡血清NS1抗体水平上升,至14～21 d抗体水平达最高峰。     

新流二联灭活疫苗与禽流感抗体不同组合免疫产蛋鸡、肉鸡后的抗体水平监测

为探讨鸡新城疫、禽流感(H9N2 HP株)二联灭活疫苗与禽流感抗体不同组合免疫商品蛋鸡与商品肉鸡后的抗体消长规律,试验选用商品蛋鸡与商品肉鸡各40只,商品蛋鸡随机分为A、B、C、D组,商品肉鸡随机分为E、F、G、H组,每组10只,A、E组鸡于7日龄颈部皮下注射新流二联灭活疫苗0.25 m L/只;B、F组鸡于7日龄颈部皮下注射新流二联灭活疫苗0.25 m L/只,同时肌肉注射0.5 m L/只的禽流感抗体;C、G组鸡于7日龄颈部皮下注射新流二联灭活疫苗0.25 m L/只,于免疫后第7天肌肉注射0.5 m L/只的禽流感抗体;D、H组鸡不免疫,作为阴性对照组。各组鸡均于免疫前及免疫后的第2,6,10,14,21,28,35天采血检测新城疫与禽流感抗体水平。结果表明:商品蛋鸡B、C组在免疫疫苗过程中配合注射禽流感抗体,禽流感的抗体效价呈先上升然后下降再上升的变化趋势,而A组未注射禽流感抗体的鸡,禽流感抗体效价则呈先下降然后上升的变化趋势;商品肉鸡各免疫组禽流感抗体效价均呈先下降然后上升的变化趋势,疫苗免疫后的前期注射禽流感抗体组的禽流感抗体效价相对高些。说明商品蛋鸡免疫新流二联灭活疫苗时配合注射禽流感抗体对机体的禽流感抗体短期提升效果较明显,可提高禽流感疫苗的免疫效果;而在商品肉鸡上配合注射禽流感抗体对机体的禽流感抗体提升效果不明显。     

肉鸡H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒母源抗体消长规律及其对禽流感疫苗接种的影响

为了规范罗斯308肉鸡H5亚型和H7亚型禽流感疫苗免疫程序的制定,研究对不同免疫程序的商品肉鸡进行了血清学调查。结果表明:非免疫肉鸡的H5亚型(Re-8)和H7N9亚型禽流感病毒抗体阳性率均随日龄增长而逐渐下降,两种母源抗体的保护时间均较短。接种H5+H7二价禽流感灭活疫苗前肉鸡的这两种母源抗体阳性率均在70%以上,平均滴度均≥4 log2;接种后各监测时间的两种禽流感抗体阳性率均在70%以下,抗体平均滴度均4 log2,但接种疫苗肉鸡抗体保护时间比不接种肉鸡保护时间长。提示部分商品肉鸡饲养后期存在被H5亚型和H7亚型禽流感病毒感染的风险。     

H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫快大肉鸡效果观察

快大肉鸡是我区禽类养殖中的主要品种,生长速度快,饲养周期短,40日龄可出栏上市,但如何预防高致病性禽流感的侵袭是养殖过程必须面对的重要课题。本试验根据当地养殖条件和快大肉鸡的的饲养特点,采用不同亚型的禽流感疫苗免疫快大肉鸡,对肉鸡免疫前后的抗体消长规律进行了对比分析,以期获得快大肉鸡理想免疫程序。1材料与方法1.1疫苗1.1.1禽流感灭活油乳剂疫苗(H5N2亚型),生产批号为005003,国产。1.1.2重组禽流感病毒灭活苗(H5N1亚型,RE-1株),生产批号为2005105,国产。1.2试验动物肉鸡:1日龄含H5亚型禽流感母源抗体科宝—500肉鸡900只,广…     

免疫增强剂对不同肉鸡禽流感疫苗免疫效果探讨

试验将筛选获得的免疫增强剂与现有商品化禽流感疫苗混合后免疫10～15日龄的白羽肉鸡、黄羽肉鸡或麻鸡,在免疫后的第2、3、4周采血用于检测血凝抑制抗体效价,统计饲料用量,并在各品种鸡达到出栏日龄时,检测出栏重、料肉比和死淘率.结果显示,3种肉鸡免疫含免疫增强剂伴侣的H5亚型禽流感疫苗,抗体产生比常规疫苗提前1周达到7 log2,平均HI抗体效价显著高于常规疫苗;不同疫苗免疫鸡与对照鸡在出栏重和料肉比方面无显著差异,在饲养期间无死淘情况.综合上述结果提示,免疫增强剂能显著提高禽流感疫苗在肉鸡的免疫效力,同时对生产性能无明显影响.     

羧甲基葡聚糖对H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响

研究旨在探讨羧甲基葡聚糖对H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗免疫效价影响。选取7日龄健康SPF鸡80只,随机分为4组,每组20只。试验组以羧甲基葡聚糖作为疫苗伴侣,终浓度为50 g/100 m L、5 g/100 m L、0.5 g/100 m L,对照组为常规疫苗。试验周期为35 d。采用ELISA测定抗体阳性率及HI检测血凝抑制抗体效价。结果表明:5 g/100 m L羧甲基葡聚糖可以提高H5亚型禽流感疫苗对鸡的免疫效力,且持续到42日龄,可在肉鸡饲养全过程有效预防禽流感疾病发生。     

H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫、免疫后攻毒及人工感染鸡抗体的监测

本研究采用ＡＧＰ、ＨＩ等试验方法，对经Ｈ９亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫、免疫后攻毒以及经Ｈ９Ｎ２活毒人工感染后的ＳＰＦ鸡抗体产生、消长规律进行了测定，结果表明人工感染ＳＰＦ鸡和免疫鸡一周后，ＡＧＰ的检出率即可达到１００％；Ｈ９亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗自免疫后一周内即可产生ＨＩ抗体，２１－２８天达到高峰，并能对相同亚型病毒感染引发良好的免疫反应。     

用间接ELISA法检测鸡痘病毒抗体的研究

建立了检测鸡痘病毒抗体的间接ELISA方法，用该法检测20份人工感染鸡血清样品，抗体阳性率为100％，康复期鸡群血清抗体阳性率为43％，人工接种弱毒疫苗65d和170d鸡群血清抗体的阳性率分别为60％、70％。经反复试验，确定了诊断抗原的制备方法和间接ELISA检测鸡痘抗体的最佳反应条件，即抗原包被浓度10．8μg／孔，待测血清最佳稀释度为1：100。     

布氏杆菌S2疫苗免疫绵羊血清抗体消长规律研究

为了解绵羊对布氏杆菌病S2疫苗免疫后的抗体消长规律,通过口服和注射2种方法对绵羊进行了布氏杆菌病S2疫苗免疫试验,利用虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)和试管凝集试验(SAT)以及c ELISA检测方法进行了血清抗体检测。结果表明:正常剂量口服免疫S2疫苗20 d后,RBT、SAT、c ELISA抗体阳性率均达到最高,分别是80%、70%、60%,并且在免疫100 d后羊血清抗体阳性率分别为RBT 20%、SAT 10%、c ELISA 10%,免疫250 d后3种方法检测结果均转为阴性。2倍剂量口服免疫S2疫苗20 d后,RBT、SAT、c ELISA均达到最高为60%,并在免疫100 d后均转为阴性。以正常剂量注射免疫S2疫苗免疫7 d后RBT和SAT抗体阳性率达到最高为80%,c ELISA抗体阳性率达到60%,30 d后达到80%,而疫苗免疫370 d后,RBT和SAT检测抗体阳性率下降到60%,c ELISA检测抗体阳性率依然80%;而2倍剂量注射免疫S2疫苗370 d后,RBT和c ELISA检测抗体阳性率仍保持着100%,SAT检测抗体阳性率达80%。结果表明,从免疫羊抗体产生及体内消长规律来看,布氏杆菌S2疫苗注射免疫明显优于口服免疫效果,且两种免疫途径的试验羊均且未发现明显接种副反应。     

两种禽流感H5N1亚型Re-5株灭活疫苗免疫效果的比较

为了解湖南省招标的两种禽流感H5N1亚型Re-5株疫苗免疫家禽后抗体消长规律,研究探讨禽流感疫苗合理使用的免疫程序,以期为今后有效指导禽流感防控实践提供科学依据,对鸡和鸭分别做了免疫试验.试验结果显示,两种禽流感灭活疫苗均能诱导机体产生良好的免疫应答,但在一次免疫的情况下,鸡产生的HI抗体滴度要比鸭的高,鸡的HI抗体滴...     

Detection of antibodies to the nonstructural protein (NS1) of avian influenza viruses allows distinction between vaccinated and infected chickens

To differentiate avian influenza virus (AIV)-infected chickens vs. chickens immunized with inactivated avian influenza virus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a recombinant nonstructural protein (NS1) as the diagnostic antigen, which was cloned from an AIV H9N2 subtype strain isolated during the avian influenza outbreak of 2003-04 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antibodies to the AIV NS1 protein was only detected in the sera of chickens experimentally infected with AIV but not in the sera of chickens immunized with inactivated vaccine. This ELISA is useful for serological diagnosis to distinguish chickens infected with influenza viruses from those immunized with inactivated vaccine.     

禽流感病毒非结构蛋白NS1的分子生物学特性与功能

禽流感严重威胁着世界养禽业及人类健康.随着对流感病毒研究的逐渐深入,人们已经从对流感病毒结构蛋白的研究转移到对非结构蛋白即NS1蛋白的研究上来.研究发现流感病毒的NS1蛋白与流感病毒所诱导的细胞凋亡之间存在一定的联系,其对凋亡的调节作用与流感病毒感染的细胞是否产生干扰素及其所感染的细胞系直接相关.NS1蛋白能够抑制病毒感染细胞干扰素的产生,在流感病毒颉颃干扰素的抗病毒效应中发挥了重要的作用.随着疫苗的广泛使用,无法区分野毒感染和疫苗免疫的禽群,干扰了禽流感的诊断,掩盖了禽流感的流行,增加了禽流感的预防难度.NS1蛋白作为流感病毒的非结构蛋白,具有高度的保守性,在临床应用中作为鉴别诊断免疫禽和自然感染禽的检测抗原具有广阔前景.     

Detection of antibodies in serum and egg yolk following infection of chickens with an H6N2 avian influenza virus.

Active serologic surveillance programs to detect avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in table egg-laying chickens have been initiated by several states as a response to the economic threat posed by these viruses. Most outbreaks of avian influenza in domestic poultry are caused by mildly pathogenic AIVs. In the study reported here, infection by an H6N2 AIV was used as a model of mildly pathogenic AIV infections in egg-type chickens. The total number of eggs laid by 5 control hens was 619 or 0.904 eggs/day/hen, whereas the total number laid by 10 infected hens was 1,018 or 0.743 eggs/day/hen. The difference in egg production between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.38). Anti-influenza antibodies were monitored by use of an agar gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA for a period of 20 weeks after inoculation. Antibodies in serum developed sooner, peaked at higher levels, and remained at higher levels than did antibodies found in egg yolk, as indicated by ELISA results. For infected chickens, the correlation between serum and egg yolk ratios was 0.66. Serum samples would appear to be preferable to egg yolk samples for surveillance programs intended to identify chicken flocks that may have been infected by an AIV weeks or months before samples are collected.     

Seroprevalence of avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus, reovirus, avian pneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus in Nigerian poultry

Eight poultry farms in Nigeria, including chickens from nine breeder, 14 broiler, 28 pullet, 11 layer, and three cockerel flocks, were tested for antibody seroprevalence to the following poultry viruses of potential economic importance: infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian reovirus, avian pneumovirus (APV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and avian leukosis virus (ALV). Serum samples were collected between 1999 and 2004 and were tested for antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Seroprevalence was very high for IBV (84%); intermediate for reovirus (41%), APV (40%), and ILTV (20%); and very low for ALV (<5%) antibodies. By commercial ELISA, the seroprevalence of antibodies against AIV was, in some flocks, up to 63%. However, more specific assays did not confirm AIV antibodies, indicating that all flocks tested were free of avian influenza antibodies. Birds seemed to be first infected by IBV (at about 7 wk of age), then by reovirus at 12 wk, before they became infected by APV (week 25) and ILTV (week 30). This is the first report of serological evidence of the above viruses in West Africa. Further studies are necessary to assess economic losses due to these avian viruses and the costs and benefits of countermeasures.     

免疫剂量和母源抗体对禽流感重组鸡痘病毒活载体疫苗免疫效力的影响

利用表达 H 5亚型禽流感病毒 (AIV)血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 (r FPV- HA)以不同剂量免疫 1日龄 SPF鸡、有或无母源抗体 (FPV、AIV H5)的商品鸡 ,并于免疫后 2 1d利用同亚型 AIV通过肌肉注射进行致死性攻击 ,通过检测免疫后 HI抗体应答、比较攻毒后发病率和死亡率评价免疫剂量和母源抗体对 r FPV- HA免疫效力的影响。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1d,15 %～ 2 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可检出 HI抗体 ,而含母源抗体商品鸡检测不到 HI抗体。利用H5亚型 AIV致死性攻击后 ,10 3～ 10 6 PFU的 r FPV- HA可保护 95 %～ 10 0 %的 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡抵御强毒攻击 ,使之免于发病和死亡 ;而不同剂量 r FPV- HA接种的含母源抗体商品鸡有 80 %～ 90 %发病和死亡。结果表明 ,在较宽的免疫剂量范围内 ,r FPV- HA对 SPF鸡和无母源抗体商品鸡可提供良好的保护 ,显示出一定的应用前景 ;母源抗体影响 r FPV- HA诱导的免疫应答 ,且提高免疫剂量亦不能克服其干扰作用 ,这提示在实际应用中需优化免疫程序 ,避免母源抗体干扰。     

H5亚型禽流感单克隆抗体的研制及应用

以禽流感H5亚型病毒分别免疫BABL／C小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0骨髓瘤细胞融合，用血凝抑制试验(HI)和间接ELISA检测细胞上清液，结果获得了3株抗禽流感H5亚型病毒特异性单克隆抗体，分别命名为186，1D4，7D1；其中1D4株为抗禽流感H5亚型病毒血凝素特异性单克隆抗体细胞株．186株和7D1株为针对禽流感病毒NP蛋白的单克隆抗体细胞株。经3次亚克隆后，100％杂交瘤细胞保持了分泌抗禽流感病毒抗体的能力。这些单克隆抗体小鼠腹水ELISA效价为10^5，HI效价为2^11-12。研究结果表明，所有这些单克隆抗体仅与相应的禽流感病毒株发生特异性反应，而不与鸡新城疫病毒、产蛋下降综合征病毒、鹅副粘病毒等反应。所有这些单抗在禽流感诊断中将发挥重要作用。     

鸭源流感病毒感染对鸡和家鸭红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用商品来航鸡、樱桃谷鸭分别接种鸭源流感病毒株Ａ／ｄｕｃｋ／Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ／２１／９５（Ｈ９Ｈ？），研究了禽流感病毒（ＡＩＶ）感染对红细胞免疫功能的影响。结果发现，流感发生与红细胞ＣＲ１花环率之间存在着反向关系；正常鸭的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率极显高于正常鸡的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率，即使接种ＡＩＶ后，鸭红细胞ＣＲ１花环率有所下降，但也显著高于正常鸡的红细胞ＣＲ１花环率，这些结果表明，鸭的红细胞免疫功能在一定     

鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染雏鸡免疫器官细胞凋亡的研究

为研究鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)人工感染雏鸡免疫器官细胞凋亡的动态变化,本研究将50只1日龄SPF雏鸡随机分为两组。试验组雏鸡于7日龄,分别经鼻、眼、口同时感染105TCID50的鹅源H5N1亚型AIV,分别于感染后3d、4d、5d、7d和14d迫杀,采取胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏,应用TUNEL染色法和透射电镜技术观察其细胞凋亡的动态变化情况。结果显示,试验组雏鸡的胸腺和脾脏凋亡细胞数量在感染后3d～7d极显著高于对照组(p<0.01);法氏囊凋亡细胞数量在感染后3d～4d比对照组明显增加(p<0.05或p<0.01)。组织器官超微结构检测可见凋亡细胞核染色质固缩并凝结成块,聚集在核膜周围,呈新月状或环状;细胞质浓缩。表明鹅源H5N1AIV能够诱导感染雏鸡免疫器官发生细胞凋亡。     

抗禽流感病毒H5和H9亚型血凝素特异性单克隆抗体的研制及应用

以禽流感题H5和H9亚型病毒分别免疫Balh／c小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0的骨髓瘤细胞融合，用血凝抑制试验(HI）检测细胞培养上清，结果获得了6株特异性单克隆抗体，其中抗禽流感题亚型病毒血凝素特异性单克隆抗体细胞株3株，分别命名为4B6、4A3、3H1；抗H9亚型病毒血凝素单克隆抗体细胞株3株，命名为6E6、6B6和5B4。这些单克隆抗体小鼠腹水HI效价为2^13-15，细胞培养上清抗体HI效价为2^7-8。研究结果表明，所有这些单克隆抗体仅与试验的相应题或ID亚型病毒株发生特异性反应，而不能与鸡新城疫病毒、鹅新城疫病毒、鹅腺病毒和鸡产蛋下降综禽征病毒(EDS76)等反应。实验室检测结果证明，应用这些单克隆抗体能在24h内迅速检测出相应的禽流感病毒。所有这些单克隆抗体将在禽流感的预警预报工作中发挥重要作用。     

The NS segment of H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIV) enhances the virulence of an H7N1 AIV in chickens

Some outbreaks involving highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtypes H5 and H7 were caused by avian-to-human transmissions. In nature, different influenza A viruses can reassort leading to new viruses with new characteristics. We decided to investigate the impact that the NS-segment of H5 HPAIV would have on viral pathogenicity of a classical avian H7 HPAIV in poultry, a natural host. We focussed this study based on our previous work that demonstrated that single reassortment of the NS-segment from an H5 HPAIV into an H7 HPAIV changes the ability of the virus to replicate in mammalian hosts. Our present data show that two different H7-viruses containing an NS-segment from H5–types (FPV NS GD or FPV NS VN) show an overall highly pathogenic phenotype compared with the wild type H7–virus (FPV), as characterized by higher viral shedding and earlier manifestation of clinical signs. Correlating with the latter, higher amounts of IFN-β mRNA were detected in the blood of NS-reassortant infected birds, 48 h post-infection (pi). Although lymphopenia was detected in chickens from all AIV-infected groups, also 48 h pi those animals challenged with NS-reassortant viruses showed an increase of peripheral monocyte/macrophage-like cells expressing high levels of IL-1β, as determined by flow cytometry. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the NS-segment in viral pathogenicity which is directly involved in triggering antiviral and pro-inflammatory cytokines found during HPAIV pathogenesis in chickens.