金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮的耐药抑制剂研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起人和动物感染的一种重要病原菌,它可以对氟喹诺酮等多种抗菌药物产生耐药性,严重影响临床治疗效果。NorA蛋白介导的药物主动外排成为葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药的重要机制,利血平等作为NorA外排蛋白抑制剂,可有效降低其耐药性的产生。CCCP等能量抑制剂可加强细菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的摄取量。文章从葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药机制、耐药抑制剂作用途径和能量抑制剂影响等方面,简要介绍金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮的耐药抑制剂研究进展。     

临床分离食品动物源多重耐药大肠杆菌耐药分子特征研究

本研究从主动外排机制、膜孔蛋白缺失及氟喹诺酮类药物作用靶位改变等几个方面探讨,临床分离的20株动物源性多重耐药大肠杆菌的耐药分子特征。实验结果表明,20株临床分离大肠杆菌gyrA83、gyrA87、parC80的突变率分别为95％、85％、55％。gyrA和parC共同突变的有11株,突变率为55％;20株多重耐药菌大肠杆菌普遍存在主动外排机制,主要介导对部分氨基糖苷类、四环素、氟苯尼考和氟喹诺酮类药物耐药,当添加外排泵抑制剂PAβN后多数菌株庆大霉素、新霉素、四环素、氟苯尼考及氟喹诺酮类药物的MIC都降低了2倍～256倍。利用建立的ELISA方法检测外排泵AcrA蛋白的表达水平,结果证实所有,临床分离菌外排泵表达都增高;20株分离大肠杆菌中,部分菌株缺失OmpC或OmpF蛋白,同时缺失这两个蛋白的只有3株。部分菌株OmpF蛋白条带附近存在有多重耐药相关蛋白（Mar）。本研究结果揭示多重耐药大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物高水平的耐药表型是主动外排机制、药物作用靶位的改变、外膜通透性的改变及其它机制共同作用的结果。     

临床分离大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物高耐药株AcrA的过量表达

大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性通常由靶位酶DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶IV基因gyrA和parC突变介导，但是否基因突变单独就能介导高水平的耐药还不十分清楚。因为大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药还存在主动外排系统——AcrAB—TolC介导的耐药。Everett等检测了36株对环丙沙星高水平耐药的大肠杆菌，发现所有菌株都存在gyrA的突变，     

氟喹诺酮类抗茵药对临床分离猪链球菌的防耐药变异浓度测定及一步耐药突变株的筛选

分别用微量肉汤稀释法(CLSI规定的标准方法)和琼脂二倍稀释法测定了4种氟喹诺酮抗菌药(环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星)对临床分离的32株氟喹诺酮敏感的猪链球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和防耐药变异浓度(MPC),比较二者的关系;分别与利血平和氰氯苯腙(CCCP)联合用药,检测了各抗菌药突变选择窗(MSW)内富集的一步耐药突变株是否存在主动外排泵机制;采用PCR和基因测序的方法检测在不同药物突变选择窗内筛选出的猪链球菌一步耐药突变株的DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)的基因突变和氨基酸序列变化,探明猪链球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的作用机制,分析不同氟喹诺酮药物在抑制猪链球菌时的特点,为临床用药提供依据.结果显示:4种药的MIC90.值从小到大依次为环丙沙星=恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,MPC90.值从小到大依次为恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<环丙沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,选择指数(MPC/MIC)除了环丙沙星为16外,其余药物均为2;只在环丙沙星的耐药突变窗内筛选到了耐药株,但其DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)没有碱基或氨基酸的突变;与利血平联合用药时检测到了外排机制.结论:环丙沙星在治疗猪链球菌感染时很容易筛选出一步耐药突变株,从而导致猪链球菌对其产生耐药性,耐药机制可能是由主动外排泵介导产生.     

喹诺酮类药物耐药机制研究进展

喹诺酮类属于合成的广谱抗菌药,用于治疗与肠杆菌科相关的各种感染性疾病。近几十年来,喹诺酮类药物的广泛使用和过度使用导致了喹诺酮耐药菌株的出现。喹诺酮类药物耐药的产生是一个复杂的多因素过程,主要的耐药机制包括染色体介导的一个或多个靶点基因突变改变靶点酶的药物结合力;AcrAB-tolC多耐药外排泵的过表达和孔蛋白的改变导致药物摄取减少,外排增加;以及质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因(qnr,aac(6′)-Ib-cr和crpP)、外排泵(如OqxAB和QepA)的存在。论文通过对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制进行综述,以期为探索抗耐药菌株的新药提供参考。     

贵阳市大肠杆菌质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因检出率与耐药相关性研究

<正>1998年L.MARTINEZ-MARTINEZ等[1]报道了质粒p MG252可使细菌对氟喹诺酮药的耐药水平提高,并将该喹诺酮类耐药基因命名为qnr基因。近年的研究结果表明,质粒介导的喹诺酮类药物耐药性是喹诺酮类药物耐药机制的重要组成部分,它主要包括:qnr机制,乙酰基转移酶aac(6')-Ib-cr修饰喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制以及qep A介导的主动外排     

猪链球菌2型对氟喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药机制的初步研究

为研究猪链球菌2型(S.suis2)对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制,本研究采用PCR和基因测序的方法分析氟喹诺酮类药物耐药诱导菌株的gyrA和parC喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR).与亲本药物敏感菌株和自然耐药菌株相应的氨基酸序列对比,所有耐药诱导菌株GyrA QRDR均无特征性的氨基酸变异;而有62.5％耐药诱导菌株(5/8)的ParC QRDR在第83位氨基酸突变为赖氨酸.应用质子能驱动型外排泵抑制剂氰氯苯腙(CCCP)与氟喹诺酮类药物联合用药后,CCCP可以使耐药诱导菌株对药物的敏感性提高8倍～32倍.交叉耐药性结果显示,耐药诱导菌株获得了氟喹诺酮类药物交叉耐药.     

沙门氏菌对六种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性试验

对鸡源、猪源、人源、食品源的沙门氏菌进行了鉴定,对敏感菌株进行了耐药性诱导;并用琼脂平板二倍稀释法,测定了6种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离和体外诱导的68株沙门氏菌的MIC,结果表明临床沙门氏菌对环丙沙星的耐药率达61.8%(37/60),而且6种氟喹诺酮类药物之间的交叉耐药现象非常严重.     

牛支原体氟喹诺酮类药物耐药靶位突变分析

为探讨牛支原体氟喹诺酮类药物耐药靶位的突变情况,对分离自我国多个省份的牛支原体进行氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性检测和耐药株筛选,通过对临床分离敏感株、耐药株及体外诱导高度耐药株的氟喹诺酮类药物耐药决定区(QRDR)进行测序分析,发现分离菌株中有19%(6/32株)对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药,其QRDR中均存在gyr A(Ser83Phe)或par C(Ser80Ile)的氨基酸突变;但在体外诱导的高度耐药株中QRDR突变类型则以gyr A(Ser83Phe/Tyr或Glu87Lys)和par C(Ser80Ile或Asp84Asn/Tyr)的氨基酸发生突变为主,以上靶位突变在介导牛支原体对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药水平方面是否起着决定性作用,还有待进一步证明。     

金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮的耐药性与gyrA、gyrB突变的关系研究

为了探讨金黄色葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮耐药性与gyrA、gyrB突变的关系，本研究对氟喹诺酮敏感金黄色葡萄球菌进行耐药诱导，获得一系列不同氟喹诺酮耐药水平的人工诱导耐药菌，应用PCR扩增野生菌和人工诱导菌的gyrA、gyrB基因并测序，经核苷酸和氨基酸序列分析表明：氟喹诺酮耐药菌的gyrB基因无突变，氟喹诺酮耐药菌的gyrA有Ser85→Leu和Ser84→Pro的突变。实验结果表明：gyrA突变是金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮耐药水平增高的主要原因。     

Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from canine infections

Chronic otitis externa in dogs is often associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Fluoroquinolones are often used for treating such infections. Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms were characterized in 10 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. Nine out of ten strains harbored a mutation in the gyrA gene and presented an overexpression of efflux pump(s). There was a good correlation between the lipophilicity of the fluoroquinolone being tested and the effect of the efflux pump inhibitor in the final MIC. Therefore, both mechanisms, mutation in the gyrA gene and increased efflux pump(s), seem to play an important role in the acquisition of fluoroquinolone resistance in veterinary clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones suggest that they could not be a good choice for systemic therapy of Pseudomonas otitis.     

The antibiotic resistance of pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci isolated from dogs

The antibiotic resistance of strains of Staphylococcus aureus and beta–haemolytic streptococci of canine origin were assessed against eight drugs using the disc diffusion technique. Of 398 strains of Staph, aureus eight were resistant to neomycin, 15 to ampicillin, 23 to lincomycin, while of 87 streptococci, one was resistant to ampicillin, two to lincomycin and four to penicillin. In addition 4 of 340 Staph, aureus strains tested against cloxacillin were resistant.     

宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

为了解宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,采用药敏纸片扩散法,测定了50株奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的17种抗茵药物的耐药性.同时采用产色头孢菌素法进行β-内酰胺酶的检测,并采用苯唑西林纸片法进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检测.结果表明,所有菌株除了对利福平、万古霉素100％敏感以外,对其他15...     

Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanism of Clinical Isolates and Selected Mutants of Pasteurella multocida from Bovine Respiratory Disease in China

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), mutation prevention concentrations (MPCs) and contribution of quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations to fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and orbifloxacin) susceptibility in 23 Pasteurella multocida (Pm) isolates were investigated. Fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates (MICs ≤0.25 µg/ml, 9 isolates) had no QRDR mutations, and their respective MPCs were low. Fluoroquinolone-intermediate isolates (MICs=0.5 µg/ml, 14 isolates) had QRDR mutations (Asp87 to Asn or Ala84 to Pro in gyrA), and their respective MPCs were high (4–32 µg/ml). First-step mutants (n=5) and laboratory-derived highly resistant fluoroquinolone mutants (n=5) also had QRDR mutations. The MICs of fluoroquinolones for mutant-derived strains were decreased in the presence of efflux inhibitors. The results indicated that the fluoroquinolone resistance of Pm is mainly due to multiple target gene mutations in gyrA and parC and the overexpression of efflux pump genes.     

生驼乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解生驼乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况,本文从骆驼养殖户中采集了90 份生驼乳,对其进行金黄色葡萄球菌的增菌、培养和分离,并利用全自动微生物生化鉴定仪进行鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。生化鉴定结果表明,90 份生驼乳样本中分离出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率8.9%。耐药性分析表明,8 株阳性菌株对青霉素耐药率达75%;对氧氟沙星敏感率最高,可达100%;对头孢哌酮钠、环丙沙星敏感性较高,敏感率可达87.5%;对链霉素、卡那霉素、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉和头孢西丁,四环素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、林可霉素、苯唑西林、庆大霉素较敏感,敏感率在37.5%~75.0%之间。本研究为对生驼乳中的金黄色葡萄球菌的污染防控提供了参考依据。     

江苏地区奶牛源葡萄球菌耐药性分析与红霉素诱导的克林霉素耐药检测

为指导江苏地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的临床用药,本研究对2015-2018年江苏地区部分奶牛场的牛奶样品进行细菌分离,使用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)方法和纸片法对分离菌株进行鉴定和药物敏感性分析,对分离得到的葡萄球菌进行了葡萄球菌D环实验,并且使用PCR技术检测了D环实验阳性菌株携带的耐药基因。结果显示:218株细菌鉴定为葡萄菌属细菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌58株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)160株;药敏试验表明,能耐三种以上药物的菌株占64.22%,耐药率最高的药物为青霉素,有82.11%分离菌株耐药,耐药率最低为头孢西丁,无分离菌株对其耐药;共有6株葡萄球菌分离株D环实验阳性,同时PCR结果显示,耐药基因D环实验阳性菌株携带的均为ermA基因。本研究为临床用药与研究菌株流行趋势提供可靠数据,对临床选择合适药物和奶牛乳房炎监测有重要意义。     

Antibiotic sensitivity of bovine staphylococcal and coliform mastitis isolates over four years

Eight hundred and forty-eight strains of Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms isolated from milk samples taken from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis were tested for their sensitivity to a range of antibiotics, comparing strains isolated in 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987. The only increase in the proportion of resistant strains occurred with coliforms resistant to ampicillin and neomycin.     

Antibacterial activity of marbofloxacin. A new fluoroquinolone for veterinary use against canine and feline isolates

Marbofloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone developed exclusively for veterinary use. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of marbofloxacin were assessed for 816 recent isolates associated with canine or feline diseases. Marbofloxacin showed a broad spectrum of activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In vitro rates of killing of marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin were compared against strains of Staphylococcus intermedius and Pasteurella multocida , and the results showed no marked difference between the two antibiotics. The duration of bactericidal activity was evaluated ex vivo in the urine of dogs and cats treated with marbofloxacin and lasted from 2 to 5 days after a single administration according to the dosages. Post-antibiotic effect durations were determined with Escherichia colt, PasteureUa multocida, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius and were found almost equal to those of enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. These results predict a great potential for marbofloxacin in the treatment of a wide range of diseases in dogs and cats.     

Occurrence of β-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk from primiparous dairy cows in the northeastern region of Brazil

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The objective of the current study was to isolate and identify Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics from primiparous...