禽痘病毒表达载体在兽用重组疫苗中的应用

禽痘病毒表达载体是已构建表达外源基因的病毒载体中的一种，它在表达外源基因上具有明显的优势：(1)它的基因组结构庞大，能耐受较大的外源基因(25～35kb)在其基因组的不同位点插入。(2)严格的胞浆内复制，避免了病毒基因重组入宿主细胞染色体的可能性。且禽痘病毒的宿主范围较窄，仅感染禽类，在哺乳动物体内仅产生一过性感染，安全性较高。(3)表达产物(蛋白质)在翻译后的加工修饰过程与体内极为相似，因此活性高。且保留了相应的抗原性、免疫原性。基于这些特点，使得禽痘病毒载体不仅可作为禽源疫苗，而且还可作为哺乳动物乃至人类的基因工程活载体疫苗，具有广阔的应用前景。     

禽痘病毒载体疫苗研究进展

禽痘病毒和其它痘病毒一样,基因组的高保守区的非复制域可以整合外源DNA,已成为普遍的表达载体,主要应用于痘病毒分子生物学领域、体外生产和蛋白质功能化研究以及作为活的疫苗或工具用于疫苗研究.禽痘病毒载体疫苗不仅能预防禽痘的发生,而且通过插入多个其它病原的保护性抗原基因以诱导产生抗外来抗原的抗体和细胞毒性T细胞反应,提高对相应病原的免疫抵抗力.由于重组病毒所表达的外源基因在机体内随载体病毒的复制而表达,与灭活疫苗相比,它容易生产,免疫剂量小,接种方法简便,接种一次就能获得长期的免疫效果,大大降低了生产成本.     

禽痘病毒载体在新城疫病毒重组疫苗研究中的应用

介绍了禽痘病毒粒子及其基因组的特点和禽痘病毒作为重组疫苗载体的优点 ,简述了构建禽痘病毒疫苗的基本方法和国内外以此作载体的新城疫病毒重组活疫苗的研究进展 ,认为以禽痘病毒作载体构建禽类重组疫苗具有广阔的应用前景。     

禽痘病毒载体及其应用

禽痘病毒(fowlpox virus,FPV)载体在近几年受到越来越多学者的关注。禽痘病毒载体的原理,是把外源基因插入到病毒的适当位置,通过同源重组把外源基因重组到病毒基因组的复制非必需区域。外源基因通过修饰等过程可以得到高效的表达,表达产物生物活性及相关功能没有改变,刺激机体产生较强的免疫应答。禽痘病毒被用作表达载体后,相继成功地表达了来源于禽类病毒、动物病毒,乃至能感染人类病原体的保护性抗原基因,现已被广泛用作基因工程的重要工具。作者就禽痘病毒粒子的结构、生物学、分子生物学、禽痘病毒载体及其应用等几个方面进行了阐述。     

禽痘病毒分子生物学特性及在哺乳动物中的应用

禽痘病毒(Avipoxvirus)是痘病毒科的成员,可以作为病毒载体表达外源基因。近年来禽痘病毒作为非复制型载体的应用已成为国内外研究的热点,成功地构建了表达不同外源基因的重组禽痘病毒,在肿瘤疾病和艾滋病的预防和治疗中都有不俗的表现。文章主要对禽痘病毒的分子生物学特性及其在哺乳动物中的应用作了概述。     

HSN1亚型禽流感病毒NA基因在重组禽痘病毒中的表达及其产物的免疫原性

将禽流感病毒A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96（H5N1）株的NA基因及LacZ报告基因克隆到禽痘病毒载体pSY681中，构建重组转移载体pSY（NA＋LacZ），将其转染鸡胚成纤维细胞，经蓝白斑筛选，纯化表达NA基因的重组禽痘病毒rFPV-NA，用其免疫SPF鸡，检测该重组禽痘病毒的免疫原性。结果显示，该重组禽痘病毒能够在体外培养细胞内表达具有生物学活性的NA蛋白，表达产物的分子质量约为55ku；用该重组禽痘病毒免疫SPF鸡后，能够使免疫鸡获得对H5N1和H7N1两种亚型HPAIV攻击的部分保护。表明，重组禽痘病毒rFPV—NA具有良好的免疫原性。     

以GPT和GFP为双重筛选标记的禽痘病毒转移载体的构建及鉴定

为研制和开发以禽痘病毒为载体的重组病毒疫苗,本研究构建了禽痘病毒通用转移载体pSY681-gfp-gpt,该载体含有gfp和gpt2种报告基因及背对的痘苗病毒晚期启动子P11和早期启动子P7.5,P11启动gfp和gpt两个基因,P7.5用于启动外源基因,在早期启动子P7.5下游引入NotⅡ和AftⅡ两个酶切位点.用于外源基因的插入.为检测禽痘病毒转移载体pSY681-gfp-gpt的有效性,将H9亚型禽流感病毒A/Chicken/Shanghai/10/01(H9N2)的HA基因插入到该载体中构建转移载体pSY681-gfp-gpt-HA9,将转移载体转染已感染禽痘病毒S-FPV-017的鸡胚成纤维细胞,利用gfp和gpt同时进行双重筛选、数轮蚀斑纯化后获得了重组病毒rFPV-gpt-gfp-HA9,通过PCR、western blot鉴定,结果证明,获得了能稳定表达H9亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的重组禽痘病毒rFPV-gpt-gfp-HA9,为今后重组禽痘病毒活载体疫苗的研制奠定了基础.     

禽流感病毒血凝素与核蛋白在重组禽痘病毒中的共表达

为克服禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)仅诱导机体产生亚型特异性免疫应答的不足,本研究拟将病毒核蛋白(NP)基因与HA基因在重组禽痘病毒中实现共表达。首先构建转移载体,从测序质粒pUCNP中切下目的基因克隆到载体pSY538早晚期启动子LP2EP2的下游,再将含有禽痘病毒早晚期启动子LP2EP2的NP基因片段亚克隆到已有的AIVHA基因重组禽痘病毒转移载体中,即得到同时含有HA和NP两种基因的重组转移载体pSY(HA NP)。将转移载体脂质体转染已感染禽痘病毒亲本株S-FPV-017的鸡胚成纤维细胞。根据报告基因β-半乳糖苷酶(LacZ)基因的表达,蓝白斑法筛选重组病毒,经数轮蚀斑纯化,PCR鉴定及West-ern-blot分析,结果表明所获得的重组病毒能高效表达AIVHA及NP两种蛋白。此研究为进一步研制更为有效的禽流感基因工程活病毒载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

介绍几类兽用新疫苗

(一)基因工程疫苗1.重组活载体疫苗。病毒活载体疫苗研究得较多,如用鸡痘病毒作为载体,表达成功的保护性抗原基因就有新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、马立克氏病病毒、禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒、狂犬病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、艾美尔球虫等。2005年12月24日,农业部在北京     

鹅细小病毒VP3基因与鹅γ干扰素基因在重组禽痘病毒中的共表达

为了构建共表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3基因与鹅IFNγ基因的重组禽痘病毒,本研究将GPV-VP3基因和鹅IFNγ基因克隆到禽痘病毒转移载体中,构建串联基因的禽痘病毒转移载体pSY-GoIFNγ-VP3,采用脂质体法将其转染禽痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),经蓝斑法筛选重组病毒,并进行8轮蚀斑纯化,以及PCR鉴定和间接免疫荧光(IFA)分析。结果表明,所获得的重组病毒rFPV-GoIFNγ-VP3能稳定表达外源基因。本研究为进一步开展GPV重组禽痘病毒疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

The vector potential of British Culicoides species for bluetongue virus

Two species of British Culicoides, C. nubeculosus and C. impunctatus were found to support bluetongue virus (BTV) multiplication after ingestion of the virus. Both species were infected by membrane feeding and C. nubeculosus also became infected after feeding on viraemic sheep. This species was shown to transfer the virus across a membrane after 8 days incubation at 25 degrees C and could therefore presumably act as a BTV vector. Six other British species of Culicoides supported BTV multiplication after intrathoracic inoculation of the virus.     

Mosquito collection in endemic areas of Japanese encephalitis in Hokkaido, Japan

A study was conducted during 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the roles of mosquito species as possible vectors of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in Hokkaido. The number of Culex tritaeniorhynchus was very low among the four pig farms where outbreaks of abortion caused by JE virus were observed in swine populations. At one farm near Sapporo, only one Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was found among a total of 510 mosquitoes collected during the survey period from July to October 1985, even when JE virus activity among sentinel pigs was revealed by seroconversion. At another farm in the south, no individuals of this mosquito species were found among 987 mosquitoes collected at the time of the outbreaks of abortion. Cx. pipiens pallens, Anopheles species, Aedes vexans nipponii, and Ae. japonicus were predominant over Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, almost a solve vector species of JE virus in the southern part of Japan, is probably not a vector of the virus in Hokkaido. The collected mosquitoes (2,332 from 1985 and 1,403 from 1986) were processed for virus isolation but no JE virus was isolated. More extensive field studies are necessary to provide further information on the role of mosquito species other than Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the transmission of JE virus in the northern limits of its range including Hokkaido.     

The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants

Bluetongue (BLU) virus is transmitted from infected to susceptible ruminants by hematophagous vector midges (Culicoides species). Cattle are important reservoir hosts of the virus because infection typically is asymptomatic and characterized by prolonged cell associated viremia, and because at least some species of insect vector preferentially feed on cattle. Interaction of BLU virus with the cell membrane of erythrocytes in infected cattle likely facilitates both prolonged viremia as well as infection of the insect vector. BLU disease is most common in sheep and some wildlife species. A variety of host, agent and environmental factors clearly can influence expression of disease in these species. The pathogenesis of BLU virus infection of cattle and sheep is remarkably similar, thus the basis for expression of disease in sheep but not cattle remains to be firmly established. Some difference in susceptibility of endothelial cells to infection in the two species is one potential explanation.

Ruminants develop a variety of antiviral responses after BLU virus infection. Antibodies to outer capsid protein VP2 are responsible for virus neutralization, and confer resistance to reinfection with the homologous serotype of BLU virus. Antibodies to epitopes on proteins which are common to all viruses of the BLU serogroup form the basis of current diagnostic serologic tests. Cell mediated responses have been incompletely characterized, in part because BLU virus replicates within dividing lymphocytes and virus-mediated cytolysis inhibits in vitro blastogenesis. Immunological competence of ruminants to BLU virus arises prior to midgestation, and suggestions that persistent immune tolerant BLU virus infection occurs after in utero exposure of cattle have not been substantiated and are not consistent with recent findings.     

Culicoides vectors of bluetongue virus in Chester Zoo

On four nights in June 2008, light traps were operated for Culicoides biting midges, the vector species for bluetongue virus (BTV), at five sites in Chester Zoo in north-west England. Over 35,000 Culicoides midges, of 25 species, were captured, including high densities inside animal enclosures. Over 94 per cent of all the Culicoides trapped were females of the Obsoletus group, which is implicated as the vector of BTV serotype 8 in northern Europe. The mean catch of this group per trap per night was over 1500, suggesting a potential risk of BTV transmission if the virus is introduced to Chester Zoo in the animals or midges in the summer.     

伪狂犬病病毒gE/TK基因缺失突变株的构建

在伪狂犬病病毒转移载体pBdTK-Uni的多克隆位点中插入由SV40启动子控制下的IacZ基因表达盒,同时在右侧同源臂下游插入一个1.7kb的KpnI片段,构建成一个新的转移载体pUhi-LacZ.用该载体与Bartha-K61株基因组通过脂质体法共转染Vero细胞,经过10代蓝斑筛选纯化和PCR鉴定获得了一株稳定表达LacZ基因的伪狂犬病病毒gE/TK基因缺失突变株,命名为rPrV-LacZ.在不同的细胞(PK-15、IBRS-2、Vero和CEF)上,对该重组病毒与亲本病毒的增殖滴度和细胞病变进行比较,未见显著差异.结果表明转移载体pBdTK-Uni具有实用性,可用于构建伪狂犬病病毒基因工程活载体疫苗.     

A review of African horse sickness and its implications for Ireland

ABSTRACT: African horse sickness is an economically highly important non-contagious but infectious Orbivirus disease that is transmitted by various species of Culicoides midges. The equids most severely affected by the virus are horses, ponies, and European donkeys; mules are somewhat less susceptible, and African donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. In recent years, Bluetongue virus, an Orbivirus similar to African horse sickness, which also utilises Culicoides spp. as its vector, has drastically increased its range into previously unaffected regions in northern Europe, utilising indigenous vector species, and causing widespread economic damage to the agricultural sector. Considering these events, the current review outlines the history of African horse sickness, including information concerning virus structure, transmission, viraemia, overwintering ability, and the potential implications that an outbreak would have for Ireland. While the current risk for the introduction of African horse sickness to Ireland is considered at worst 'very low', it is important to note that prior to the 2006 outbreak of Bluetongue in northern Europe, both diseases were considered to be of equal risk to the United Kingdom ('medium-risk'). It is therefore likely that any outbreak of this disease would have serious socio-economic consequences for Ireland due to the high density of vulnerable equids and the prevalence of Culicoides species, potentially capable of vectoring the virus.     

Evaluation of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a vector of bluetongue virus.

Based upon epidemiological evidence, Culicoides insignis Lutz is a probable biological vector of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in South Florida, the Caribbean Region and Central America. The vector potential of this species for BTV was evaluated in the laboratory in a series of experiments using insects caught in the field. Although there was great variation in the percentage of flies that fed from any one catch, it was demonstrated that C. insignis became infected after membrane feeding on a mixture of blood and virus. The infection rates ranged from 20 to 62.5%. Following intrathoracic inoculation, BTV replicated to high titres in C. insignis. Such flies were also shown to be capable of transmitting BTV to susceptible sheep and embryonated chicken eggs. This series of experiments provides the first conclusive evidence that C. insignis is a biological vector of bluetongue virus. This is the first proven vector of BTV in the neotropics.     

Zika virus – emergence,evolution, pathology,diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives – a comprehensive review

This review converses the Zika virus which has attained global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential and impact on humans. Though Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, till the recent large-scale outbreak which occurred in Micronesia, in 2007, the virus was placed into the innocuous pathogen category. The World Health Organization on 1 February 2016 declared it as a ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern.’ Of the note, American as well as Pacific Island strains/isolates is relatively closer to Asian lineage strains. The African and American strains share more than 87.5% and 95% homologies with Asian strains/isolates, respectively. Asian strains form independent clusters, except those isolated from China, suggesting relatively more diversity than African strains. Prevention and control are mainly aimed at the vector population (mosquitoes) with Aedes aegypti being the main species. Surveys in Africa and Asia indicated seropositivity in various animal species. However, so far its natural reservoir is unknown. There is an urgent need to understand why Zika virus has shifted from being a virus that caused mild illness to unforeseen birth defects as well as autoimmune-neurological problems. Unfortunately, an effective vaccine is not available yet. Availability of cryo-electron microscopy based on 3.8 Å resolution revealing mature Zika virus structure and the probable virus attachment site to host cell would provide critical insights into the development of antiviral treatments and vaccines.     

重组马立克病毒通用转移载体的构建及初步应用

本实验以独立启动子控制的增强型绿色荧光基因(GFP)作为报告基因,同时将CMV启动子及其多克隆位点与之连接,构成外源基因表达盒,插入到马立克病毒(MDV)复制非必需区基因(短独特区US2等)构成的同源臂中,构建成重组马立克病毒的通用载体。鉴定正确后,将转移载体与提取的MDV基因组共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),同源重组获得具有感染性的重组病毒,待病毒蚀斑出现后,荧光显微镜下观察,可见到明显的绿色荧光病毒蚀斑,经三次筛选,初步分离到重组病毒。结果表明,转移载体与MDV基因组共转染可获得感染性病毒,US2基因可作为重组病毒构建中的外源基因插入位点,证实通用转移载体的构建是可行的,为重组马立克病毒新型疫苗的研究奠定物质基础。