不同昆虫病毒对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的联合增效作用

测定了多种病毒组合对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的联合增效作用。结果表明：八字地老虎颗粒体病毒(XcGV)、银锭夜蛾质型多角体病毒(McCPV)可明显提高斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SINPV)对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫速度,其中及XcGV可使SINPV对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫LT50缩短了0．5—2．5d;McCPV可使其缩短0．6—2．9d,但未提高其杀虫毒力。XcGV亦可提高SINPV和XcNPV对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫速度,分别使甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫LT50缩短1．3和1．7d。     

OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用

本文以OB作为斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spodoptera lituranucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltNPV)的增效剂,对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明,在0.25%~1.00%的浓度范围内,随着OB增效剂浓度的提高,其对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也随着提高,最高增效倍数达85.1倍;在2~4龄幼虫范围内,随着虫龄的增大,OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也增加;而随着温度的升高,增效剂的增效作用无显著提高。     

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒研究进展

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura（Fabricius）是一种世界性分布的杂食性害虫,经常暴发成灾,给农业生产带来巨大损失。斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（SpltNPV）能有效控制斜纹夜蛾种群数量,是有效防治斜纹夜蛾的生物制剂,具有重要的经济、生态和环保价值。本文从毒力、流行病学、分子生物学、复配剂及其田间应用和对斜纹夜蛾天敌的影响等方面综述了斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒的研究进展。     

复合型苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒制剂

复合型苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒制剂主要由苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒和斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒两株病毒毒株和苏云金杆菌按一定比例复合而成,经单一型,复合型病毒制剂毒力测定比较,获得增效比值为５．１－９．５的最佳配比,并以甜菜夜蛾为宿扩大增殖形成雏型产品。     

甜菜夜蛾卵和成虫携带核型多角体病毒对种群数量的影响

在室内分别测定了甜菜夜蛾的卵、雌蛾和雄蛾分别携带甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SeNPV)对其卵孵化率、幼虫存活率及单雌产卵量的影响。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾卵块携带SeNPV后,卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均显著下降。雌、雄蛾分别携带病毒再交尾后,对单雌产卵量、卵孵化率和幼虫的存活率也有显著影响,并且不同带毒量处理间存在显著差异,表现为带毒量越高,单雌产卵量越少、卵孵化率和幼虫存活率越低。同等带毒处理条件下,卵、雌蛾和雄蛾带毒3种处理方式对甜菜夜蛾种群数量的影响没有显著差异。说明SeNPV能通过甜菜夜蛾的卵、雌蛾和雄蛾3种虫态进行垂直传播,可以明显抑制甜菜夜蛾种群数量的增长,为昆虫性诱剂和病毒集成技术在田间的应用提供了理论依据。     

甜菜夜蛾不同品系对甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒的敏感性

利用寄主昆虫增殖病毒时，影响病毒产量的因素很多，其中寄主昆虫的敏感性是重要因素之一。尽管国内外在不同寄主对同种病毒敏感性方面进行了较多研究，但在相同寄主不同品系对同种病毒敏感性上的研究，尚未见报道。鉴于此，本文开展了甜菜夜蛾不同品系对甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera exigua Nucleopolyhedmvirus，SeNPV）敏感性的研究，以期筛选到高敏感性寄主昆虫，从而实现在甜菜夜蛾幼虫末龄高效增殖甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒，达到有效提高甜菜夜蛾病毒杀虫剂生产效率的目的。现报道如下。     

利用甜菜夜蛾日本品系增殖核多角体病毒

比较了甜菜夜蛾3种品系增殖甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒(SeNPV)的效果。结果表明,利用甜菜夜蛾日本品系幼虫增殖SeNPV产量最高,其平均单头病毒含量分别比广州品系和荷兰品系高19 6%和53 3%;病毒总含量分别高20 4%和116 7%。在此基础上,进一步研究了虫龄、感染浓度和饲养密度对用甜菜夜蛾日本品系幼虫增殖SeNPV的影响,确定了利用甜菜夜蛾日本品系增殖SeNPV时,以上3因子的最佳条件为:在27±1℃下用1×108PIB/ml的SeNPV感染5龄初幼虫,并按30头/dm2的密度饲养。     

甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD的毒力测定

为评价一株新的甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒（青岛分离株SeMNPV-QD）在害虫生物防治中的应用潜力，本文以甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒青岛株SeMNPV-QD与美国株SeMNPV-US1为材料，分别测定了病毒对甜菜夜蛾细胞系的感染、对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的室内生物活性以及田间防治效果。研究结果表明，SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对甜菜夜蛾细胞系Se-3的感染率分别为92.34%和93.65%，平均每个细胞的病毒多角体产量分别为23.97和24.10 PIB，差异均不显著；SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对初孵甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为4.43×10⁴和4.35×10⁴ PIB/mL，LT₅₀分别为4.12和4.02 d；SeMNPV-QD与SeMNPV-US1对4龄甜菜夜蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为9.25×10⁵和4.44×10⁵ PIB/mL，LT₅₀分别为6.20和5.50 d；SeMNPV-QD和SeMNPV-US1对大葱田甜菜夜蛾幼虫具有较好的防治作用，7 d的校正防效分别达到74.99%和79.04%。研究结果将为新病毒株的深入研究开发以及甜菜夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。     

昆虫病毒重组增效蛋白的广谱增效活性

室内生物测定表明 ,大肠杆菌表达的粉纹夜蛾颗粒体病毒重组增效蛋白P96可显著或极显著提高棉铃虫核型多角体病毒、苏云金杆菌和阿维菌素对棉铃虫幼虫的致死率 ,分别提高1 6 9.78%、73.90 %和 36 .0 4 % ;对苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒感染甜菜夜蛾幼虫也有明显增效作用。Na2 CO3 溶解的P96对棉铃虫初孵幼虫有一定致死作用。     

混合病毒在不同宿主中交替繁殖 对病毒毒力的影响

研究了混合病毒在不同宿主中交替繁殖对病毒毒力的影响,选用对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hüber)较专化的苜蓿银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(AcNPV)和对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) 较专化的斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(SlNPV),按多角体数量1∶ 1混合后分别连续感染或交替感染甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾,比较各代病毒对两种夜蛾的活性。测定结果表明:SlNPV中国株和AcNPV混合,起始感染甜菜夜蛾,再在斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾中交替繁殖后,F4代斜纹夜蛾病毒(由斜纹夜蛾中收集的病毒)对3龄甜菜夜蛾幼虫的致死率极显著高于F2代斜纹夜蛾病毒,F3代甜菜夜蛾病毒(由甜菜夜蛾中收集的病毒)对斜纹夜蛾的致死率也显著高于F1代甜菜夜蛾病毒;混合病毒起始感染斜纹夜蛾,再经甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾交替繁殖后,斜纹夜蛾病毒对甜菜夜蛾的毒力以及甜菜夜蛾病毒对斜纹夜蛾的毒力也都显著提高。交替传代后的病毒比同代次连续传代后的病毒对非宿主的毒力显著提高,并且它们对原宿主的毒力未有减弱。AcNPV和SlNPV日本株混合病毒在甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾中交替繁殖后也表现出对非宿主毒力的提高。表明混合病毒在两种不同原宿主中交替繁殖比其在同种宿主中连续繁殖后对非繁殖原宿主的毒力显著提高。     

芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑菌蛋白TasA基因的克隆及原核表达

为了探讨柑桔溃疡病生防菌芽胞杆菌Bacillus CQBS03菌株TasA基因的功能,采用PCR方法从CQBS03基因组DNA中扩增出编码TasA基因的全长DNA序列,并构建pEASY-E1/TasA原核表达载体,经大肠杆菌Escherichia coli表达获得TasA基因的融合表达蛋白,纸碟法检验融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌Xanthomonas citri citri的抑制作用。结果显示,CQBS03菌株的TasA基因包含1个786 bp的完整开放阅读框（GenBank登录号为JQ309841）,编码261个氨基酸残基;该序列与来源于解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens的1个已知同源TasA基因序列FJ713580的相似性达99.75%。原核表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,检测到约31 kD的融合蛋白;纯化后的融合蛋白对柑桔溃疡病菌有明显的抑制作用,72 h后抑菌圈直径达11.5 mm。研究表明TasA基因是生防菌芽胞杆菌CQBS03抑制柑桔溃疡病菌的功能基因之一,并且该基因对原核表达宿主没有抑制作用,具有较好的开发利用前景。     

菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌在土壤和植株残体中的越冬能力

为评估菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种或褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种在土壤及植物残体中的越冬能力,对采自黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北及新疆的18块菜豆生产田的20份土壤及14份植物残体样品进行病原菌分离和鉴定。在MT选择性培养基上有12个土壤样品和13个植株残体样品提取液产生典型的类似黄单胞菌菌落。选取29个分离物进行致病性测定,有27个分离物对菜豆品种"英国红"致病。利用地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种和褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种的特异性引物X4c/X4e及褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种特异性引物Xf1/Xf2对29个分离物进行多重PCR检测,其中17个分离物为地毯草黄单胞杆菌菜豆致病变种,10个分离物为褐色黄单胞菌褐色亚种。结果表明,菜豆普通细菌性疫病菌可以在黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、河北的一些菜豆种植区的土壤及植株残体中越冬存活。     

河北和山东鸭梨果实上链格孢菌鉴定

为了查清造成鸭梨果实储藏期黑斑病的链格孢Alternaria的种类,从其产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学等方面对分离的链格孢菌进行了研究.经对分离到的188支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即链格孢Alternaria alternata、细极链格孢A.tenuissima和侵染链格孢A.infectoria,比例分别为41.0%、54.8%和1.6%.分子生物学研究结果表明,Altemaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种之间可以根据ITS和gpd序列差异明确区分;而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS和gpd序列上差异很小,无法区分.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is altered in a novel rice bacterial blight resistance cultivar and is influenced by environmental temperature

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization from an elite japonica rice cultivar (Dalixiang) and a wild rice (Oryza meyeriana), which shows high resistance to bacterial blight. It has a similar genetic background to its recurrent parent, Dalixiang, but Y73 has a high resistance to both bacterial blight and Agrobacterium. The transformation efficiency of Y73 was 35.7%, while Dalixiang had higher transformation efficiency (71.2%) under the same co-cultivation temperature (25 °C). These results indicate that the resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Y73 was linked with its characteristic of bacterial blight resistance, and was obtained from its donor parent, O. meyeriana. Further studies also showed that the resistance to A. tumefaciens was weakened at a lower temperature (20 °C). To study its molecular mechanism, the expression levels of genes associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (OsMPKs, OsVIP1s and OsPR1s) in rice were investigated by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression levels of OsMPK genes remained unchanged at different temperatures, while all OsVIP1s and almost all OsPR1s were up-regulated and transformation efficiency of Y73 was increased notably when infected by Agrobacterium at 20 °C compared with 25 °C. This study suggests that the bacterial blight resistance genes in Y73 also have an effect on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and that the response to temperature is associated with the regulation of MAPK/VIP1 defense signaling pathway.     

油菜菌核病内生拮抗细菌的筛选及防病作用研究

以油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum为靶标菌,测定了63株内生细菌对其菌丝生长、菌核形成及萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:在所有供试菌株中,除1株未表现出抑菌活性外,其余菌株均有抑菌作用,其中有6.3％的菌株抑菌带大于10 mm,7株细菌可完全抑制病原菌的菌核形成,1株细菌可完全抑制菌核萌发;此外,结合生物测定结果,从中筛选到1株对油菜菌核病的高效生防菌株Em7,其无菌培养滤液对温室苗期油菜菌核病的防治效果可达97.5％。通过形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,认为该菌株属于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。于接种病菌前后不同时间喷施菌株Em7无菌培养滤液,对油菜菌核病均有防治效果,但防效之间差异显著,以接种病菌前24 h喷施防效最高。原液及不同稀释度无菌培养滤液对菌丝生长、菌核萌发及病害防治的效果明显不同,随着稀释度的增加,其抑菌效果降低。显微观察结果表明,菌株Em7对油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长与发育会产生明显影响,可致使菌丝畸形、皱缩及细胞质外渗。     

2004—2008年东北春麦区小麦白粉病菌种群毒性动态分析

采用全国统一的9个鉴别寄主离体叶片法鉴定侵染型和Gilmour八进制法命名小种,对2004--2008年采自东北春麦区的辽宁、黑龙江等省不同县市的298个小麦白粉病菌标样进行生理小种及毒力频率分析,并利用已知抗白粉病基因的22个小麦品种(系)对参试菌株进行毒力频率测定.结果表明:2004--2006年优势小种为生理小种15号,出现频率分别为13.7%、15.6%和20.3%;2007年优势小种为17号小种,出现频率为10.2%;2008年411号小种上升为优势小种,频率达20.6%;2004--2008年毒性基因V4b、V2+6、V4+8、V12、V16、V18、V20、V21、V22和V23毒力频率较低,在0～28.0%之间,其对应抗性基因Pm4b、Pm2+6、Pm4+8、Pm12、Pm16、Pm18、Pm20、Pm21、Pm22和Pm23抗性较强,可作为有效的抗病基因加以利用.     

Insecticide resistance in house flies from the United States: Resistance levels and frequency of pyrethroid resistance alleles

Although insecticide resistance is a widespread problem for most insect pests, frequently the assessment of resistance occurs over a limited geographic range. Herein, we report the first widespread survey of insecticide resistance in the USA ever undertaken for the house fly, Musca domestica, a major pest in animal production facilities. The levels of resistance to six different insecticides were determined (using discriminating concentration bioassays) in 10 collections of house flies from dairies in nine different states. In addition, the frequencies of Vssc and CYP6D1 alleles that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides were determined for each fly population. Levels of resistance to the six insecticides varied among states and insecticides. Resistance to permethrin was highest overall and most consistent across the states. Resistance to methomyl was relatively consistent, with 65–91% survival in nine of the ten collections. In contrast, resistance to cyfluthrin and pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide varied considerably (2.9–76% survival). Resistance to imidacloprid was overall modest and showed no signs of increasing relative to collections made in 2004, despite increasing use of this insecticide. The frequency of Vssc alleles that confer pyrethroid resistance was variable between locations. The highest frequencies of kdr, kdr-his and super-kdr were found in Minnesota, North Carolina and Kansas, respectively. In contrast, the New Mexico population had the highest frequency (0.67) of the susceptible allele. The implications of these results to resistance management and to the understanding of the evolution of insecticide resistance are discussed.     

亲和病原菌诱导黄瓜组织结构抗病性机制

炭疽病菌预先接种黄瓜可以诱导其产生对褐斑病的抗性.经炭疽病菌(1.0×106个孢子/mL)诱导48h后,黄瓜对褐斑病的抗性最大可达97.83%.在同种马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基中培养,这两种病原菌的竞争力差异显著,黄瓜炭疽病菌能够获得更多的营养物质,生长旺盛,而褐斑病菌的生长则受到严重抑制.经苯胺兰染色发现,炭疽病菌诱导后黄瓜叶片中胼胝质的积累量显著增加.此外,黄瓜炭疽病菌与褐斑病菌的侵染方式存在一定的差异,前者可以通过气孔或直接穿透细胞壁侵入寄主.而后者只能通过直接穿透细胞壁侵入寄主.