不同寄主种群B型烟粉虱体内营养和成虫体长差异比较

［目的］ 探讨以黄瓜、番茄、棉花及甘蓝4种不同植物为寄主对B型烟粉虱体内主要营养物质及成虫体长的影响。［方法］ 以长期隔离饲养的4个B型烟粉虱寄主种群为材料,测定不同寄主种群身体含水量、总糖、总脂、总蛋白及成虫体长,比较不同种群上述各项指标的差异。 ［结果］ 4个不同寄主种群B型烟粉虱体内总糖和总脂肪含量存在显著差异,而含水量和总蛋白含量差异不显著。总糖含量以棉花种群最高,占干重的9.62%;而黄瓜种群总糖含量最低,占干重的6.15%。总脂肪含量以棉花种群最高,占干重的49.57%;而番茄种群仅占干重的34.96%,含量最低。不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱成虫的体长影响显著。雌成虫体长变化表现为：黄瓜种群>番茄种群>棉花种群>甘蓝种群;而雄虫体长变化为: 黄瓜种群>棉花种群>甘蓝种群>番茄种群。［结论］ 不同寄主植物对B型烟粉虱体内总糖、总脂含量及成虫体长有明显影响。     

寄主植物对B型烟粉虱个体发育和种群繁殖的影响

同一原始种群B型烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)],分别在甘蓝、一品红、棉花、番茄和黄瓜连续隔离饲养大约20代后形成5种对应的烟粉虱种群,研究其在甘蓝上各虫态大小、存活率、发育历期、成虫寿命和平均产卵量等生物学参数。在(25±1)℃条件下,一品红种群烟粉虱的1、2、3龄若虫体长和宽均显著低于其他4个种群烟粉虱;发育时间以甘蓝和一品红种群烟粉虱(20.44、19.69d)显著高于番茄种群烟粉虱(19.13d);雌虫寿命以甘蓝种群烟粉虱显著低于一品红、棉花、番茄和黄瓜种群烟粉虱;平均单雌产卵量以一品红种群烟粉虱(169.30粒)显著高于其他4个种群烟粉虱;5个种群烟粉虱在甘蓝上的总存活率均无显著差异。     

B型烟粉虱成虫对五种寄主植物的取食和产卵行为

为明确烟粉虱的寄主选择机制,利用刺吸电波技术(EPG)记录了B型烟粉虱在苘麻、棉花、黄瓜、甘蓝和烟草上的刺吸取食波型,并比较了烟粉虱在寄主植物上的产卵行为.研究结果表明,烟粉虱在5种寄主植物上的刺吸过程由A、B、C、E、G和np波组成,但取食不同植物的波型比例、频次及平均持续周期等指标有显著性差异.烟粉虱取食苘麻时,反映被动取食行为的E波比例和平均周期分别达83.8%和20.2min,明显高于其它寄主植物.总体上,B型烟粉虱取食5种寄主植物的适宜度为苘麻>黄瓜>棉花>烟草>甘蓝.烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的产卵量随产卵时间延长而增加,但增加量明显低于接虫24 h的产卵量.烟粉虱对苘麻的产卵选择性显著高于棉花,但与黄瓜、甘蓝、烟草没有显著的差别.在本试验烟粉虱雌虫密度的范围内,各种寄主植物的产卵量与烟粉虱成虫密度成正相关,高密度下烟粉虱成虫在甘蓝和苘麻上的产卵量显著高于黄瓜、烟草和棉花.     

主植物单种及组合混种对丽蚜小蜂寄生和存活的影响

日光温室条件下,将番茄、甘蓝、棉花、茄子、黄瓜5种寄主植物两两组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对组合后寄主植物上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对番茄与黄瓜、甘蓝与黄瓜组合后的黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫寄生率分别是37.60%、34.60%,显著高于单种黄瓜上的寄生率28.00%;对两种组合中番茄上烟粉虱的寄生率为45.34%（单种）和46.20%（组合）,甘蓝上的寄生率为35.38%（单种）和36.40%（组合）,差异不显著。其他8组组合中寄主植物上的寄生率间均差异不显著,即寄主植物组合对丽蚜小蜂的寄生影响不大。但无论是寄主植物单种还是寄主植物组合混种对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率都没有显著影响。     

寄主植物单种及组合混种对丽蚜小蜂寄生和存活的影响

日光温室条件下,将番茄、甘蓝、棉花、茄子、黄瓜5种寄主植物两两组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对组合后寄主植物上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对番茄与黄瓜、甘蓝与黄瓜组合后的黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫寄生率分别是37.60%、34.60%,显著高于单种黄瓜上的寄生率28.00%;对两种组合中番茄上烟粉虱的寄生率为45.34%(单种)和46.20%(组合),甘蓝上的寄生率为35.38%(单种)和36.40%(组合),差异不显著。其他8组组合中寄主植物上的寄生率间均差异不显著,即寄主植物组合对丽蚜小蜂的寄生影响不大。但无论是寄主植物单种还是寄主植物组合混种对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率都没有显著影响。     

烟粉虱成虫对不同寄主植物的选择性

选用棉花、烟草、番茄、甘蓝进行非选择性和选择性试验研究 ,探讨烟粉虱成虫对 4种寄主植物的嗜食性。结果表明 ,在 4种寄主作物共同存在时 ,烟粉虱成虫喜欢取食烟草 ,排列顺序为 :烟草 >番茄 >棉花、甘蓝 ;产卵量排列顺序为 :烟草、番茄 >甘蓝、棉花。当只有番茄和烟草两种寄主植物时 ,烟粉虱成虫趋向于取食烟草 ,但在番茄上产卵 ;只有烟草和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱倾向于取食烟草并产卵 ;只有棉花和番茄时 ,烟粉虱对两种寄主没有明显的趋向 ;只有棉花和烟草时 ,烟粉虱显著的喜好在烟草上产卵 ;只有棉花和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱趋向在棉花上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平 ;同样只有番茄和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱喜好在番茄上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平。     

寄主植物对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本文探讨了不同寄主植物对烟粉虱种群暴发的影响,在28℃恒温下,组建了烟粉虱在甘蓝、番茄、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、辣椒、西葫芦、青菜等8种不同寄主植物上的实验种群生命表.结果表明:烟粉虱对寄主有较强的选择性.烟粉虱在黄瓜、番茄上的产卵量最大，平均每头雌虫分别达382头和246头。各寄主植物上烟粉虱种群内禀增长率在0.2433～0.3790之间，取食番茄的内禀增长率rm最大，达0.3790，不同寄主植物上烟粉虱内禀增长率大小依次为番茄＞甘蓝＞黄瓜＞西葫芦＞茄子＞烟草＞辣椒＞青菜。保护地蔬菜面积扩大是烟粉虱种群暴发的重要原因之一.     

卵期短时高温暴露对B型烟粉虱存活和繁殖特性的影响

为探明B型烟粉虱卵期的高温适应性,研究了B型烟粉虱卵在不同温度(39℃和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(1、2和4h)后转至适温(27℃)饲养,对其存活和繁殖特性的影响。结果显示,卵期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对B型烟粉虱的存活率、性比、雌虫寿命和产卵量具有显著影响。卵期在41℃暴露1h和4h后烟粉虱的存活率分别为73.0%和72.3%,显著低于对照,其它各处理与对照差异不显著。卵期在41℃暴露1h后,雌成虫比例为61.3%,显著高于对照,其它各处理与对照差异不显著。卵期在41℃暴露2h和4h后烟粉虱雌成虫寿命均为23.9天,较对照显著延长;产卵前期均为0.1天,较对照显著缩短;平均单雌产卵量分别为138.6粒和149.1粒,较对照显著增多。其它各高温暴露处理也导致雌成虫寿命显著延长。此外,卵期短时高温暴露后羽化雌虫的产卵节律和成虫生存曲线也发生显著变化,成虫产卵高峰期和存活期延长。     

寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生长发育特性

为了阐明丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对Q型烟粉虱的寄生特性及寄主植物携带病毒对其寄生的影响,采用微虫笼饲养法研究了寄生Q型烟粉虱的丽蚜小蜂生物学特性。结果显示,丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时,其生长发育显著优于寄生Q型烟粉虱2龄若虫。丽蚜小蜂在感染黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCV）番茄和健康番茄上寄生Q型烟粉虱（分别为VW和NVW）3龄若虫时,其生长发育特性发生了明显变化。丽蚜小蜂以VW若虫为寄主时的寿命为10.25 d,显著长于寄生NVW的丽蚜小蜂寿命（5.90 d）;对VW和NVW后代3龄若虫的寄生率分别为23.81%和17.62%,致死率分别为38.95%和26.52%,差异均显著;而丽蚜小蜂的羽化率和发育历期不存在显著差异。说明丽蚜小蜂寄生Q型烟粉虱3龄若虫时更适宜其生长发育,寄主植物番茄携带TYLCV显著提高丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生效果。     

B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫经高、低温暴露后的存活特性研究

研究了B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫经过高、低温暴露后的存活情况.结果表明,2种生物型烟粉虱成虫对高温具有较强的适应性,在45℃下暴露1 h,部分成虫仍能存活;B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫在2～5℃下暴露1～8 d后存活率迅速下降,成虫在2℃下暴露4 d或在5℃下暴露8 d后全部死亡.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency is altered in a novel rice bacterial blight resistance cultivar and is influenced by environmental temperature

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization from an elite japonica rice cultivar (Dalixiang) and a wild rice (Oryza meyeriana), which shows high resistance to bacterial blight. It has a similar genetic background to its recurrent parent, Dalixiang, but Y73 has a high resistance to both bacterial blight and Agrobacterium. The transformation efficiency of Y73 was 35.7%, while Dalixiang had higher transformation efficiency (71.2%) under the same co-cultivation temperature (25 °C). These results indicate that the resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Y73 was linked with its characteristic of bacterial blight resistance, and was obtained from its donor parent, O. meyeriana. Further studies also showed that the resistance to A. tumefaciens was weakened at a lower temperature (20 °C). To study its molecular mechanism, the expression levels of genes associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (OsMPKs, OsVIP1s and OsPR1s) in rice were investigated by Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The expression levels of OsMPK genes remained unchanged at different temperatures, while all OsVIP1s and almost all OsPR1s were up-regulated and transformation efficiency of Y73 was increased notably when infected by Agrobacterium at 20 °C compared with 25 °C. This study suggests that the bacterial blight resistance genes in Y73 also have an effect on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and that the response to temperature is associated with the regulation of MAPK/VIP1 defense signaling pathway.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

加州新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨的控制潜力

为了确定加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor)的国内品系在生物防治中的潜力,采用捕食者功能反应方法,研究了加州新小绥螨、江原钝绥螨Amblyseius eharai Amitai et Swirski、尼氏真绥螨Euseius nicholsi (Ehara et Lee)和拟长毛钝绥螨A.pseudolongispinosus Xin,Liang et Ke对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri AaGregor的捕食作用,加州新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨的功能反应可以很好地拟合HollingⅡ圆盘方程,对柑橘全爪螨卵的捕食能力显著高于其它3种捕食螨,4种捕食螨对柑橘全爪螨卵的功能反应参数a/Th分别为20.8342、6.9458、0和6.1634;加州新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨和成螨功能反应分别为20.8342、42.0721、29.1849、22.1204和5.6284.加州新小绥螨密度越大,柑橘全爪螨种群数量下降越快,在益、害比为5∶30下,柑橘全爪螨种群数量在第4天就能得到控制.结果表明,加州新小绥螨国内品系对柑橘全爪螨表现出很大的控制潜力.     

两株棒束孢菌的鉴定及其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾的致病力

为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×10⁸孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT₅₀分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT₅₀分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.47×10⁵孢子/mL和1.01×10⁵孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为2.20×10⁵孢子/mL和1.34×10⁵孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

草间钻头蛛体内沃尔巴克氏体的去除及其感染对宿主生殖和适合度的影响

采用在草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola的饮水和人工饲料中添加四环素的方法研究了蜘蛛体内沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的去除.同时,通过设置草间钻头蛛Wolbachia感染种群与未感染种群之间不同的交配方式,研究Wolbachia感染对草间钻头蛛生殖和适合度的影响.结果显示,在草间钻头蛛的饮水和人工饲料中添加四环素均能部分去除草间钻头蛛体内的Wolbachia,在供试最高浓度下,去除率分别为40％和50％.4种不同的交配组合下,草间钻头蛛雌蛛均能产卵,卵的孵化率差异不显著,Wolbachia感染对草间钻头蛛的生殖无影响.感染Wolbachia的草间钻头蛛所产第1卵袋的卵历期为6.65d,极显著高于未感染Wolbachia的卵历期(P =0.008).感染与未感染Wolbachia的草间钻头蛛种群世代存活率、性比以及适合度均无显著差异.