咯菌腈对西瓜幼苗生长及抗病性相关酶活性的影响

 测定了有效成分为咯菌腈的2.5%适乐时悬浮种衣剂包衣处理西瓜种子后对种子发芽、幼苗生长及其植株体内抗病性相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,种衣剂包衣对种子发芽率以及幼苗的子叶宽度、侧根数和百株鲜重无显著影响;幼苗子叶长度和株高分别增加了4.8%和7.5%,植株体内丙二醛的积累量下降了7.7%,可溶性蛋白含量增加了2.2%;过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的含量分别较对照提高了62.9%、46.5%、35.6%和44.1%,与对照相比,差异显著。说明咯菌腈处理西瓜种子后发芽安全,并能促进幼苗生长,提高抗病性相关酶的活性。     

棉秆生物炭对大丽轮枝菌生长及毒素作用的影响

棉花黄萎病难以防治的根源在于大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb在土壤中形成的微菌核能抵抗不良环境,并在土壤中长期存活,将棉秆加工成生物炭施入棉田,可克服棉秆直接还田的缺点,从源头上防止黄萎病菌进入土壤。为探索棉秆生物炭还田对棉花黄萎病原菌的影响机理,采用液态摇床培养及平皿固态培养法研究生物炭对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长及微菌核萌发的影响;通过平皿内棉花和甜瓜种子发芽试验研究生物炭对大丽轮枝菌毒素的减毒作用。结果表明:液态培养条件下,棉秆生物炭对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长抑制作用不明显,在固态培养下对菌丝体生长有一定促进作用;生物炭能减慢微菌核的萌发速率,但对最终萌发率无影响;液态培养中加入棉秆生物碳对大丽轮枝菌毒素有较强的减毒作用。在摇床培养中期,加入2.0 g·L-1生物炭处理与对照棉种在培养12天时的发芽率分别为53.3%与33.3%(P0.05);前期、中期及后期加入0.5 g·L-1生物炭处理的棉花幼苗总长度分别为对照的4.9、2.1倍及3.2倍;加入棉秆生物碳处理甜瓜种子发芽率、胚根长度、胚轴长度及总苗长较对照均有不同程度增加。表明棉杆生物炭对棉花黄萎病菌大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长、微菌核萌发的抑制作用较弱,对大丽轮枝菌毒素危害有较强的减毒作用。     

海洋生境棘孢木霉菌TCS007对植物的促生长及诱导抗逆作用

为研究海洋生境棘孢木霉菌Trichoderma asperellum TCS007对植物的促生长及诱导抗逆作用,以黄瓜和水稻为试材,评价菌株TCS007对植物种子萌发、幼苗和根系生长等生长量及其对叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白含量的影响,并在低温和高盐胁迫条件下,研究其对植株生长相关生理指标影响。结果表明:1 × 106 CFU/mL的TCS007孢子悬浮液可以显著促进黄瓜种子萌发,且处理后黄瓜幼苗的株鲜重、叶面积、根鲜重及根系活力分别提升13.53%、17.97%、66.67%和27.30%,总叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量分别增加22.75%、18.24%和8.60%;在5 ℃、10 ℃和15 ℃低温胁迫下,1 × 106 CFU/mL的TCS007孢子悬浮液显著提高了黄瓜叶片中过氧化物酶 (POD) 和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 的活性,降低了丙二醛 (MDA) 含量和相对电导率 (REC);在0.1 mol/L的氯化钠 (高盐) 胁迫下,不同含量的TCS007孢子悬浮液均可显著缓解氯化钠对水稻幼苗的盐害作用,且随着孢子含量的增高,缓解效果越为明显,其中添加5% 1 × 106 CFU/mL TCS007孢子悬浮液的水稻幼苗POD、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增加并能降低其REC。综上,棘孢木霉菌TCS007对植物具有良好的促生长效果和诱导抗逆作用,研究结果可为其开发成为新型生物农药提供理论依据。     

干旱胁迫下NaCl对棉花幼苗抗氧化酶活性及水分特征的影响

测定干旱与0、50、100和200 mmol·L-1NaCl组合条件下棉花叶片抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,分析土壤盐分对棉花耐旱性的影响。结果表明,单一干旱处理的棉花幼苗SOD、CAT活性和总抗氧化力在处理后的前21d大幅升高随后又快速下降,POD活性则持续升高,而50～200 mmol·L-1NaCl溶液浇灌的盆栽棉花幼苗在干旱期间SOD、POD、CAT活性和总抗氧化力的变幅明显小于单一干旱;同时,单一干旱棉花幼苗叶片MDA含量明显高于前者,说明NaCl溶液浇灌土壤减弱了干旱胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害程度。另外,盆土用50～200 mmol·L-1NaCl溶液浇灌后显著提高了土壤的保水能力,增加了植株对Na+的吸收和积累,使叶片渗透势比单一干旱降低了17.5%～40.1%,从而有利于维持较高的细胞膨压,缓解干旱胁迫对棉花的不利影响。     

外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H_2O_2和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%、41.0%;而H_2O_2和·OH含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率分别显著降低了13.6%、6.3%、27.6%、20.5%。以上结果表明,外源ATP浸种能够促进NaCl胁迫处理下油菜的种子萌发,显著提高幼苗的生物量、抗氧化能力及相关基因的表达,降低其膜损伤,增强油菜幼苗的耐盐性。     

不同种子处理方法下长枝木霉T6菌株对小油菜促生作用及生理特性的影响

为了明确长枝木霉T6菌株(Trichoderma longibrachiatm)对小油菜(Brassica chinensis)促生效果及生理特性的影响，通过水琼脂培养法、浸泡法和灌根法进行种子处理，并测定了长枝木霉T6菌株及其孢子悬浮液和发酵滤液处理后小油菜种子活性、根系发育及幼苗叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的变化情况。结果表明：与对照相比，采用水琼脂培养法，接种长枝木霉T6菌株后小油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、幼苗鲜重和干重相对增长率分别为2.51%、20.55%、70.79%、21.98%、32.00%和30.00%,幼苗根系总投影面积、总根表面积、平均根系直径、总根体积和根尖数相对增长率分别为58.49%、58.79%、18.18%、100.00%和77.88%;采用种子浸泡法，浓度为1.0×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1长枝木霉T6菌株孢子悬浮液处理后显著提高了小油菜种子发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚芽长度、幼苗鲜重和干重，其相对增长率分别为2.06%、19.60%、82.21%、43.36%、31.58%和40.00%,根系总...     

含ACC 脱氨酶菌株Rs—5对棉苗生长及其耐盐性的影响

试验设置不同盐及不同Rs-5菌液浓度、不同菌液处理方式,通过盆栽试验,比较各种处理条件下棉苗的生长量和丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量等生理指标的变化.结果表明,Rs-5具有在盐胁迫条件下促进棉花幼苗生长并增加其耐盐性的作用,这种作用随盐浓度升高而增加, 当盐浓度在0.4%以上时,菌株Rs-5对棉苗生长量和耐盐性影响均达显著水平(P<0.05), 0.8%的盐浓度下均达极显著水平(P<0.01);同时Rs-5菌悬液处理效果最佳的浓度是OD_(600nm)=0.3(约10~8 U/ml),棉花的株高、根长和干重分别比无菌对照增加了8.9%,10.1%,17.5%,丙二醛含量降低了42.8%,脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白分别增加17.9%,0.8%,151.4%.     

外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫下棉花种子萌发及幼苗耐寒性的影响

为探讨外源调节剂包衣对低温胁迫棉花幼苗耐寒性的调控效应,通过室内砂培试验,研究了外源调节剂包衣处理对低温下棉花种子萌发的影响,分析了5℃低温胁迫下以及恢复常温后外源调节剂包衣对棉花幼苗耐寒性的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下棉花种子的萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,水杨酸以及外源调节剂复配包衣处理均能显著提高低温胁迫下棉花种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,其中发芽指数和活力指数达到极显著水平,增幅分别为41.2%~44.4%和51.2%~63.9%;外源调节剂包衣处理叶片的相对电导率(REC)和MDA含量显著降低,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量显著提高,SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性也显著增强;5 mmol·L-1水杨酸+45 mmol·L-1氯化钙+60 mg·L-1亚硒酸钠复配包衣处理的叶片REC、MDA含量显著低于其它包衣处理,可溶性蛋白含量及其增幅显著高于其它包衣处理。说明水杨酸、氯化钙和亚硒酸钠三元复配包衣在缓解棉花幼苗低温逆境中具有协同效应,可以缓解低温胁迫对棉花种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高植物的耐寒性。     

塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分性状的影响

为了研究塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分特性的影响,以棉田轮作方式(水稻→棉花、水稻→冬麦→棉花、水稻→冬麦-绿肥→棉花)和连作年限(3、5、8、10、15 a)为试验因素,对0~100 cm土层土壤进行了调查与试验。结果表明:短期轮作对棉田土壤养分含量无影响,棉花连作年限是不同层次土壤养分含量变化的主要影响因素,连作3、8、10、15 a土壤0~20 cm速效氮平均为40.60、48.75、51.96、44.35 mg/kg;速效磷平均为10.16、26.72、27.00、23.37 mg/kg;速效钾平均为184.70、142.60、130.20、105.56 mg/kg;有机质含量分别为10.43 g/kg、12.10g/kg、12.93 g/kg、13.56 mg/kg;无论轮作类型、连作年限长短,从垂直分布上,连作15 a、3 a土壤速效氮F值分别为79.01、299.45;速效磷F值分别为88.99、17.54;有机质F值分别为77.27和171.6。表明长期连作降低了上下层土壤速效氮和有机质含量差异而增加了上下层土壤速效磷含量差异;有机质含量随着土层深度的增加而降低;速效钾含量有随着土层深度的增加而增加的趋势。棉花长期连作有利于增加各层次土壤速效氮、速效磷和有机质含量,同时降低深层土壤速效钾的含量;连作8~10 a耕作层土壤速效氮、有效磷含量达到最大值分别为52.35 mg/kg和27.45 mg/kg。     

银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.