拮抗性链霉菌对大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成与萌发的影响

为探索拮抗性链霉菌对棉花黄萎病病原大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.的抑菌机制,采用菌丝生长速率法、微菌核萌发法研究了6株拮抗链霉菌无菌发酵滤液对大丽轮枝菌生长、微菌核形成与萌发的影响。链霉菌无菌发酵滤液对大丽轮枝菌菌落生长、菌核形成和微菌核萌发有明显抑制作用。其中菌株B49的抑菌效果最好,5倍稀释发酵液培养14天时对菌落生长的抑菌率达69.7%;菌株B49、D184和Act12的5倍稀释发酵液对微菌核形成的抑制率达100%;将经B49、D184和Act12发酵液处理后丧失形成微菌核能力的大丽轮枝菌菌株转接至不含发酵液的PDA培养基,连续传代至第5代,其仍然不能恢复形成微菌核的能力;微菌核在含有菌株D184 5倍稀释发酵液的培养基上培养168 h时,萌发率仅为38.3%。     

韭菜等几种植物根系分泌物对棉花黄萎病菌的影响

通过水培法收集韭菜、大葱、野薄荷、藿香和薰衣草的根系分泌物,研究其对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发的影响,并通过室内盆栽试验研究了植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌微菌核萌发的影响。结果表明,5种植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现为抑制作用;随着浓度的升高,抑制作用增强,而在同一浓度下,随着处理时间的延长,根系分泌物对孢子萌发的抑制作用逐渐减弱。盆栽试验表明,植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌微菌核的萌发均表现为抑制作用,且微菌核对韭菜根系分泌物最为敏感。5种植物中,韭菜根系分泌物的抑制作用最强,野薄荷次之,藿香最弱。     

土壤大丽轮枝菌微菌核的快速定量检测

 微菌核是大丽轮枝菌在土壤中的主要存活结构和黄萎病的初侵染来源。对土壤中大丽轮枝菌微菌核进行定量是黄萎病监测和预警的基础。本研究以大丽轮枝菌Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)区特异性引物对P1/P2扩增产物的重组质粒为标准品,构建SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR反应的标准曲线,结合土样水筛法建立了土壤大丽轮枝菌微菌核定量检测体系。同时,建立了土壤中微菌核数量与棉花黄萎病发病率的关系模型。结果表明,实时定量PCR检测灵敏度比常规PCR高10倍,检测下限为1个微菌核/克土,在5.54×10²～5.54×10⁷copies范围内,DNA拷贝数的对数值与Ct值具有良好的线性关系。建立的土壤中微菌核个数n与Ct值之间的关系为n=e^7.3-Ct/3.905。温室人工接种微菌核数量与棉花黄萎病发病率间的线性关系为y=2.710n+0.251。     

一个编码富含丝氨酸蛋白的基因影响大丽轮枝菌的微菌核形成、产孢及致病力

 大丽轮枝菌是一种可在广泛的寄主范围内引发黄萎病的土传植物病原真菌,主要以微菌核的形式在土壤中存活多年,因此鉴定与微菌核形成及致病力相关的基因对防治该病害至关重要。本课题组从前期构建的棉花黄萎病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个微菌核明显减少的突变体,致病力测定结果表明,该突变体致病力明显下降。以棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592的基因组DNA为模板,从棉花黄萎病菌中克隆到被T-DNA插入突变的基因(VdSRP1)编码区全长为415 bp,包含一个外显子,编码一个富含丝氨酸蛋白,与任何已知的注释基因没有显著的序列相似性。为了明确VdSRP1基因在大丽轮枝菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得了VdSRP1基因的2个敲除体菌株,与棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP1基因敲除突变体的微菌核形成明显减少,产孢量及孢子萌发率下降,对棉花的毒力也显著下降。对野生型菌株V592及VdSRP1敲除突变体的转录分析表明,VdSRP1调控一系列与微菌核形成、孢子形成及致病力相关基因的表达。这些结果表明,VdSRP1基因影响大丽轮枝菌的致病力、微菌核形成、产孢及孢子萌发。     

一个编码富含丝氨酸蛋白的基因影响大丽轮枝菌的微菌核形成、产孢及致病力

 大丽轮枝菌是一种可在广泛的寄主范围内引发黄萎病的土传植物病原真菌,主要以微菌核的形式在土壤中存活多年,因此鉴定与微菌核形成及致病力相关的基因对防治该病害至关重要。本课题组从前期构建的棉花黄萎病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个微菌核明显减少的突变体,致病力测定结果表明,该突变体致病力明显下降。以棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592的基因组DNA为模板,从棉花黄萎病菌中克隆到被T-DNA插入突变的基因(VdSRP1)编码区全长为415 bp,包含一个外显子,编码一个富含丝氨酸蛋白,与任何已知的注释基因没有显著的序列相似性。为了明确VdSRP1基因在大丽轮枝菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得了VdSRP1基因的2个敲除体菌株,与棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP1基因敲除突变体的微菌核形成明显减少,产孢量及孢子萌发率下降,对棉花的毒力也显著下降。对野生型菌株V592及VdSRP1敲除突变体的转录分析表明,VdSRP1调控一系列与微菌核形成、孢子形成及致病力相关基因的表达。这些结果表明,VdSRP1基因影响大丽轮枝菌的致病力、微菌核形成、产孢及孢子萌发。     

匐柄霉对大丽轮枝菌生长及微菌核形成的影响

在离体条件下及棉花植株内测试了匐柄霉对大丽轮枝菌的抑制作用。结果表明,在离体条件下,匐柄霉菌的菌丝体或其培养滤液,对大丽轮枝菌的生长和微菌核形成均有影响。将形态发生变异,不能形成微菌核的大丽轮枝菌菌株转移至ＰＤＡ培养基后,其微菌核形成能力不再恢复。匐柄霉培养滤液的抑菌物质受热不稳定,１００℃处理１０分钟后活性丧失。抑菌物质经硫酸铵、乙醇沉淀初步测定,属非蛋白次生代谢产物。匐柄霉经接种可进入棉株体内,定殖率为７５％～１００％,分布于棉苗根、茎的维管束组织中。与轮枝菌先后或同时混合接种,匐柄霉可减轻棉花黄萎病的症状,以棉苗栽种前用匐柄霉菌分生孢子悬浮液沾根处理效果最明显。     

大丽轮枝菌效应蛋白VdSRP2的功能分析

为明确效应蛋白VdSRP2在大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae中的生物学功能,从大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌株V592中克隆VdSRP2基因并进行生物信息学分析,利用酵母转化酶分泌系统对其信号肽活性进行测定,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术分析VdSRP2基因在大丽轮枝菌中的表达模式,并以V592菌株为材料获得VdSRP2基因的敲除突变体和过表达体菌株,通过表型分析和致病性测定确定VdSRP2基因的生物学功能。结果显示,VdSRP2基因编码232个氨基酸,含有5个半胱氨酸残基,N-端信号肽具有分泌活性,为真菌的典型效应蛋白;VdSRP2基因主要在大丽轮枝菌菌丝和微菌核中表达,其中经棉花根系诱导培养24 h时表达量最高;与野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP2基因敲除导致大丽轮枝菌的产孢量和孢子萌发率显著下降,不能形成微菌核,对棉花的致病力明显减弱;但VdSRP2基因敲除不影响大丽轮枝菌的穿透能力;VdSRP2基因在本氏烟和棉花叶片瞬时表达不会诱导细胞死亡。表明VdSRP2是大丽轮枝菌微菌核形成必需...     

新疆棉花黄萎病的发生现状及其病原菌的分子鉴定与ISSR分析

为掌握新疆主要植棉区棉花黄萎病的发生现状及其病原菌大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae的落叶型菌系分布以及遗传变异情况,于2015年对26个新疆主要植棉区棉花黄萎病的发生情况进行了随机调查,统计新疆大丽轮枝菌的培养性状,利用大丽轮枝菌落叶型特异引物D1/D2、INTD2F/INTD2R与非落叶型特异性引物ND1/ND2、INTNDF/INTNDR对新疆大丽轮枝菌菌系进行互补鉴定,并对部分菌系的遗传变异进行简单序列重复区间(inter simple sequence repeat,ISSR)分析。结果表明:2015年新疆棉花黄萎病发病田比例为54.0%,其中病情指数在10.0以上的发病田与2013年持平,而病情指数在20.0以上的严重发病田比例为10.8%,比2013年增加3.8个百分点;新疆大丽轮枝菌的培养性状以菌核型为主,比例为70.1%,菌丝型与中间型比例分别为13.4%和16.5%;新疆大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌系比例为53.2%,26株菌株的来源地全部检出落叶型菌系;聚类分析结果显示,当遗传相似系数为0.66时,新疆大丽轮枝菌落叶型与非落叶型菌系聚为2个谱系,菌系地理来源、培养性状与大丽轮枝菌的遗传分化无明显相关性。     

棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理

为明确棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株对棉花黄萎病的防效及其作用机理,利用圆盘滤膜法和平板对扣培养法测定菌株CEF-373对大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae菌丝生长的抑制作用,测定其对棉花黄萎病的温室和田间防效,并通过活性氧含量及防御基因表达情况来分析其作用机理。结果表明,菌株CEF-373的挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝的生长均有显著抑制作用,抑制率最高分别可达37.75%和100.00%。用1×107CFU/mL的菌株CEF-373分生孢子悬浮液灌根后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达71.12%,用质量比为3%的菌株CEF-373固体菌剂拌土栽培后,对棉花黄萎病的温室防效可达62.74%,防治作用显著。菌株CEF-373的发酵液滴灌和微生物肥料处理40 d后,对棉花黄萎病的田间防效达到最大,分别为36.23%和27.71%,而在后期有所降低。菌株CEF-373可以诱导棉花叶片中细胞活性氧的爆发;且菌株CEF-373成功激活了苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、几丁质酶和病程相关蛋白基因PR10的表达,对大丽轮枝菌的侵染具有抵御作用。表明棉花内生真菌CEF-373菌株通过抑制大丽轮枝菌生长以及诱导寄主系统抗病性来有效防治棉花黄萎病,具有较好的生物防治应用前景。     

脂肽类抗生素fengycin对大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发和微菌核形成的影响

 枯草芽胞杆菌NCD-2菌株能够产生脂肽类抗生素fengycin和surfactin。本研究分别比较了NCD-2野生型菌株、丧失fengycin合成的突变子MF和丧失surfactin合成的突变子MS对大丽轮枝菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,NCD-2菌株和突变子MS周围能形成清晰的透明圈,而突变子MF周围透明圈模糊,说明fengycin对大丽轮枝菌具有抑菌活性。不同浓度的脂肽提取物对大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发的抑制试验表明,NCD-2野生型菌株的脂肽提取物能抑制大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发,在0.1 mg·mL^-1浓度下对孢子萌发的抑制率为46.30%,且随着脂肽浓度的提高抑制效果更加明显;同野生型菌株相比,突变子MF脂肽提取物显著降低了对大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发的抑制效果,在0.1 mg·mL^-1浓度下对孢子萌发的抑制率仅为18.48%,而突变子MS的脂肽提取物对大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发抑制效果与野生型菌株没有显著差异。通过测试脂肽提取物对微菌核形成的影响,发现野生型菌株和突变子MS脂肽提取物均能够显著抑制微菌核的形成,而突变子MF几乎丧失了对微菌核形成的抑制作用。RT-qPCR结果证明,野生型菌株和突变子MS脂肽提取物能抑制微菌核形成相关基因的表达,而突变子MF丧失了对微菌核形成相关基因表达的抑制作用。以上结果证明,fengycin在NCD-2菌株抑制大丽轮枝菌孢子萌发和微菌核形成中发挥主要作用。     

牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚对16种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

为评价牛至精油及其2种主要成分香芹酚和百里酚在植物真菌病害防治方面的应用前景，采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定3种物质对16种植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性，并采用黄瓜子叶法测定其对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明，牛至精油在500 mg/L浓度处理下可完全抑制番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和小麦根腐病菌Bipolaris sorokiniana等12种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长，对棉花黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae的菌丝生长抑制率也达到97.66%。牛至精油对这13种病原真菌的EC₅₀在83.09~236.58 mg/L之间，香芹酚和百里酚对这13种病原真菌的毒力均高于牛至精油，其中香芹酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum、小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis、棉花黄萎病菌和小麦茎基腐病菌Fusarium pseudograminearum菌丝生长的毒力较强，EC₅₀分别为9.09、22.45、24.28、28.40和28.80 mg/L；百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病菌和小麦全蚀病菌菌丝生长的毒力较强，EC50分别为21.32 mg/L和27.08 mg/L。香芹酚和百里酚对棉花黄萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌Setosphaeria turcica、苦瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.momordicae、黄瓜灰霉病菌和黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum orbiculare的孢子萌发亦有较强毒力，其EC₅₀为3.78~289.07 mg/L。1 000 mg/L牛至精油对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的预防效果无显著差异；500 mg/L百里酚对黄瓜灰霉病的预防效果和治疗效果均与400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂的效果相当，而香芹酚的治疗效果显著优于400 mg/L嘧霉胺悬浮剂。表明牛至精油及其主要成分香芹酚和百里酚的抑菌谱广且活性强，具有作为植物源杀菌剂的开发应用潜力。     

Dry mycelium of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> induces resistance against verticillium wilt and enhances growth of cotton plants

Dry mycelium (DM) ofPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extract (DME) were examined for their effects on induced resistance against Verticillium wilt and plant growth of cotton in the greenhouse. Soil application of 0.1–5% DM or 0.5–5% DME provided significant protection against the wilt, relative to the control. As neither DM nor DME inhibited mycelial growth ofVerticillium dahliae in vitro, it is suggested that the disease-controlling effects of DM or DME are attributed to induced resistance. DME (5%), as well as DME treated with chloroform or cold acetone, were as effective as 2% DM in reducing disease severity of Verticillium wilt, implying that the resistance-inducing substance(s) in DM are mostly water-soluble, with neither proteins nor lipids likely to be responsible for the induction of resistance. No significant difference in root colonization withV. dahliae was found between control-inoculated and 2% DM- or 5% DME-inoculated plants. However, colonization of hypocotyls and epicotyls was drastically suppressed by either 2% DM or 5% DME relative to the control. Treatments with 2% DM or 5% DME significantly increased ionically-bound peroxidase (POX) activity in roots, hypocotyls and the second leaf of cotton plants, with the hypocotyls expressing the highest increase. Soil application of DM or DME increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of inoculated and non-inoculated cotton plants, relative to their corresponding controls. It is concluded that DM may be used in cotton crops to promote plant growth and to induce resistance againstV. dahliae. POX might be associated with the defense against Verticillium wilt. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 9, 2002.     

Effect of plant roots on the germination of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae

Induction of germination of microsclerotia by exudates from plant roots may be important for the control ofV. dahliae. Laboratory experiments with root observation boxes were carried out to assess the influence of root tips of seven crop species and cultivars on the germination of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae in soil under controlled conditions. The root density of crops was measured in a field experiment. The results of the laboratory experiments and the field experiment were combined to estimate the total effect of crops on the population of microsclerotia in the field. Germination of microsclerotia was stimulated by all crops compared to a control without a crop. Among crops, roots of potato cvs Element and Astarte had a larger stimulation effect on microsclerotia than that of potato Ostara, pea, flax, sugar beet or onion. The number of hyphae per microsclerotium decreased with distance from the root surface regardless of the crop species or cultivar. Differences in root densities, in the affected root zones and in the stimulation effect on germination of microsclerotia caused large differences among crops in the effect on the population of microsclerotia in the soil. However, growing a rop with the special purpose to reduce the level ofV. dahliae inoculum in the soil is an inefficient control measure, because only a small part of the total soil volume is affected by roots and the number of hyphae per microscleroium affected is too low.Abbreviations MS microsclerotia, microsclerotium     

向日葵黄萎病菌突变体库的建立及其阳性转化子的鉴定

为揭示向日葵大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.的致病机理,利用农杆菌介导法将带有潮霉素抗性标记和绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的双元载体转入大丽轮枝菌的分生孢子中并获得阳性转化子,以野生型菌株为对照,对随机挑取的阳性转化子的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、产孢量、粗毒素分泌量和致病力进行了研究。结果表明,共获得800株阳性转化子,随机选取的40株阳性转化子中有2株的菌落只产生白色气生菌丝,不能形成黑色微菌核。与对照相比,40株转化子的生长速率均有不同程度降低,其中转化子A1生长速度降低最显著,菌落直径仅为3.28 cm,比对照下降了38.92%。40株转化子中有3株的产孢量高于对照,其中转化子A9的产孢量最高,为3.50×10~7个/mL,比对照提高1.10倍;转化子A1的产孢量最低,仅为1.35×10~7个/mL,比对照下降了19.16%。40株转化子中有4株的粗毒素分泌量较对照显著升高,占测定菌株的10%,有24株较对照显著降低,占60%,其余12株与对照无显著差异。40株转化子中有3株的致病力较对照显著增强,占测定菌株的7.5%;有7株的致病力较对照显著降低,占17.5%;其余30株与对照无显著差异。     

Selection and Screening of Endorhizosphere Bacteria from Solarized Soils as Biocontrol Agents Against Verticillium dahliae of Solanaceous Hosts

Verticillium dahliae antagonistic endorhizosphere bacteria were selected from root tips of tomato plants grown in solarized soils. Fifty-three out of the 435 selected bacterial isolates were found to be antagonistic against V. dahliae and several other soilborne pathogens in dual cultures. Significant biocontrol activity against V. dahliae in glasshouse trials was demonstrated in three of 18 evaluated antagonistic isolates, provisionally identified as Bacillus sp. Although fluorescent pseudomonads were also isolated from root tips of tomato plants, none of the tested isolates exercised any significant antagonistic activity against V. dahliae in dual cultures. So these isolates were not tested in glasshouse trials in this study. Finally, two of the most effective bacterial isolates, designated as K-165 and 5-127, were shown to be rhizosphere colonizers, very efficient in inhibiting mycelial growth of V. dahliae in dual cultures and successfully controlling Verticillium wilt of solanaceous hosts. In glasshouse experiments, root dipping or soil drenching of eggplants with bacterial suspension of 10⁷cfu ml^–1 resulted in reduced disease severity expressed as percentage of diseased leaves (40–70%) compared to the untreated controls under high V. dahliae inoculum level (40 microsclerotia g^–1 soil). In heavily Verticillium infested potato fields, experiments with potato seeds dusted with a bacterial talc formulation (10⁸cfu g^–1 formulation), showed a significant reduction in symptom development expressed as percentage of diseased potato plants and a 25% increase in yield over the untreated controls. As for their effectiveness in increasing plant height, both bacterial isolates K-165 and 5-127 produced indolebutyric, indolepyruvic and indole propionic acids. Both antagonists are considered as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria bacteria since significantly increased the height of treated plants compared with the untreated controls. Chitinolytic activity test showed that both isolates were able to produce chitinase. Testing rhizospheric and endophytic activity of the antagonists it was shown that although the bacteria are rhizosphere inhabitants they also preferentially colonize the endorhizosphere of tomatoes and eggplants. Fatty acid analysis showed that isolate K-165 could belong to Paenibacillus alvei while 5-127 to Bacillus amiloliquefaciens.