吡虫啉对番茄幼苗根系活力及生理生化指标的影响

本论文以70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂为研究药剂,以番茄为研究试材,通过室内盆栽法研究了不同剂量的吡虫啉对番茄植株生长量的影响,以及对番茄体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和番茄根系活力进行了测定。结果表明70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂分别以有效成分用量1.0、1.5、2.5、3.0mg/株和5.0mg/株5个剂量处理番茄幼苗,在处理后30d测定番茄展开叶片数、株高、主根长、地上和地下部分鲜重,随着药剂浓度的增加,各测定指标呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,其中以2.5mg/株剂量影响最大,与清水对照比差异显著。测定不同浓度的吡虫啉处理番茄后30d叶片及根系中CAT、SOD的活性和根系活力,结果表明不同剂量的吡虫啉均对番茄叶片和根系的CAT、SOD活性和根系活力有一定的影响,其效应并不是随药剂浓度的增加而增加,与清水对照比以2.5mg/株剂量各生理指标活性增加最大,超过2.5mg/株的剂量有下降趋势。     

新杀菌剂邻丙烯基苯酚在番茄中的残留分析研究

研究了新的仿生农用杀菌剂邻丙烯基苯酚的残留分析方法及其在番茄中的消解动态和最终残留。番茄经丙酮提取、液液分配及弗罗里硅土净化、浓缩、定容后,用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱进行测定。邻丙烯基苯酚的最低检出量为3 ng,在番茄中的最低检出浓度是0.01 mg/kg。本方法的添加回收率为87.7%~90.2%,变异系数1.25%~2.06%,符合残留分析要求。运用上述方法,测定了邻丙烯基苯酚在番茄中的消解动态以及最终残留,结果表明:邻丙烯基苯酚在番茄中的半衰期为6.37 d,番茄收获时邻丙烯基苯酚消解在80%以上。     

番茄细菌性斑疹病病原鉴定及其病害症状鉴别

从河北番茄病果样品中分离到的5株细菌经致病性、细菌学、Biolog及脂肪酸测定,被鉴定为Pseudomonassyringae pv.tomato。其在果实上的初期症状与番茄细菌溃疡病相似。根据英文名及在番茄果实上的症状,建议使用番茄细菌性斑疹病。     

武夷菌素对番茄灰霉菌的抑制作用及对番茄抗病性相关酶活性的影响

采用凹陷载玻片法测定了武夷菌素对番茄灰霉菌分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,在离体番茄叶片上测定了被武夷菌素处理后的番茄灰霉菌菌丝和分生孢子致病性的变化以及武夷菌素对番茄幼苗体内抗病性相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:武夷菌素对番茄灰霉菌的分生孢子有较强的抑制作用,其EC₅₀为14.1μg／mL。浓度为100μg／mL的武夷菌素可完全抑制孢子的萌发。武夷菌素能使灰霉菌菌丝和分生孢子的致病性明显下降,同时还能诱导番茄体内抗病性相关酶(SOD、POD、PPO、PAL)活性的增强,提高番茄幼苗的抗病性。     

植物激活蛋白对番茄抗病性的诱导作用

用2μg.ml-1植物激活蛋白处理番茄植株,测定了番茄叶片过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性和过氧化氢的含量。处理番茄4d后,过氧化物酶活性比对照增加117.14%;10min过氧化氢酶活性即迅速上升为对照的2.5倍,12h其活性显著低于对照;过氧化氢含量随过氧化氢酶活性的降低逐渐增加,在36h达最大值134.67μmol.g-1,比对照提高27.5%。通过半定量RT-PCR方法测定了参与蜡质合成基因Cer1表达水平,结果表明,处理番茄2d后Cer1表达量约为对照的2倍。植物激活蛋白处理番茄植株,对灰霉病的防治效果21d时达71.30%。     

枯草芽胞杆菌QM3防治番茄早疫病和促进幼苗生长的研究

［目的］ 枯草芽胞杆菌QM3是从青海牦牛粪中分离筛选的一株对番茄早疫病菌有显著抑菌效果的高效拮抗菌株,本文旨在进一步明确QM3对番茄早疫病的作用机制和在生物体内的防治效果。 ［方法］ 采用温室盆栽试验测定QM3发酵液对番茄早疫病的防治效果及对不同番茄品种的促生作用,并测定该菌株在番茄根际的定殖能力。［结果］ 不同处理的QM3发酵液均对番茄早疫病有明显的防治效果（p<0.05）,最高可达52.94%,且与化学农药联合使用防效更好,最高可达71.80%;经QM3发酵液处理后,番茄植株叶片数、株高及根部发育等指标有增加;此外,灌根接种QM3菌株后,根际总芽胞杆菌数量明显增加（p<0.01）。［结论］ QM3菌株是一株有益的促生根际细菌（PGPR）,具有应用于番茄早疫病生防的潜力。     

拮抗菌Z-L-22不同剂型对番茄溃疡病的防治效果

以对番茄溃疡病菌拮抗效果良好的西唐链霉菌(Streptomyces setonii)菌株Z-L-22为研究对象,开发出3种大田应用剂型——水剂、颗粒剂和片剂,确定了片剂最佳发酵组分,并测定不同剂型在温室和棚室对番茄溃疡病的防治效果。温室试验结果表明,10×发酵液稀释液、固体发酵物5g和片剂1g于番茄定植时施用,对番茄溃疡病防效可达到80%以上;棚室番茄定植75d后,经过水剂、颗粒剂、片剂处理后的番茄发病率和严重度均显著低于硫酸链霉素处理和空白对照。其中片剂由于具有成本低、易储存运输、持效期长等优点,有很高的开发价值。     

番茄灰霉病拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

将采自天津、辽宁、新疆地区温室栽培和露地栽培的番茄21份根际土壤样品,经室内分离、纯化及初筛,获得了12株对番茄灰霉病病菌具有较强拮抗作用的细菌。采用平板对峙培养法结合盆栽试验,测定了拮抗细菌的抑菌活性和田间抑菌效果。结果表明,拮抗细菌LNWFD-05对番茄上常见的7种真菌病原具有一定的抑制作用,抑菌圈直径在16.23~37.48 mm之间,对番茄灰霉病的盆栽防效可达68.65%。LNWFD-05经10代传代培养后,对番茄灰霉病菌的平均抑菌圈直径为24mm左右,各代之间的生防活力均无显著差异,其抑菌效果稳定。通过PCR鉴定和部分生理生化特征测定,确定该生防细菌为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。     

菇类蛋白多糖对烟草、番茄和黄瓜病毒病防治效果研究

室内用菇类蛋白多糖测定了由黄瓜病毒(CMV)侵染而发生的烟草、番茄和黄瓜病毒病的防治效果。结果表明:对烟草、番茄和黄瓜等作物病毒病有较高的活性。0.5%菇类蛋白多糖水剂加水稀释300～500倍液对大田烟草、番茄和黄瓜病毒病的防效达65%以上,并能明显改善上述作物的性状。     

番茄青枯病内生拮抗细菌的筛选

 从广西一些市县采集番茄茎标本分离得到55个细菌菌株,分属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas spp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)和欧文氏菌(Erwinia spp.),其中芽孢杆菌为优势种群。经回接测试,有36个菌株为番茄植株内生菌。这些内生菌只有7个菌株对番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用,芽孢杆菌B₄₇菌株对番茄青枯病菌拮抗作用较强,经室内和田间初步防治测定,它对番茄青枯病有较好的防治效果。     

Specific Detection of Tomato Pathotype of Verticillium dahliae by PCR Assays

Verticillium dahliae Klebahn is the causal agent of tomato wilt disease. Isolates of V. dahliae can be classified based on pathogenicity to tomato, but the pathotypes are indistinguishable in morphology. We designed PCR primers for specific detection of isolates pathogenic to tomato (tomato pathotype) from the sequences of a pathotype-specific gene, vdt1. With the primer pair Tg5/Tc3, a PCR product (approximately 3.2 kb) specific to tomato pathotype was amplified from the genomic DNA of isolates. Using the primer pair, a tomato pathotype isolate was specifically detected from hypocotyls of inoculated tomato and eggplant. On the other hand, no amplification was observed from non-tomato pathotype isolates of V. dahliae, some other wilt pathogens of tomato and a healthy host plant. Therefore, the primer pair can be useful for pathotype-specific detection of V. dahliae as well as for diagnosis of wilt disease of tomato plant. Received 7 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 3 December 2001     

Pathogenicity of plant and soil isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora parasitica</Emphasis> on tomato and pepper

Crown and root rot of tomato and sweet pepper can be caused by Phytophthora parasitica. In this work, 23 P. parasitica isolates from diseased pepper or tomato plants as well as 54 isolates from 23 monocrop tomato soils (from Spain and Chile) and one from a pepper soil were studied for their host–pathogen response. Results show significant host specificity for the isolates from tomato plants and tomato soils (63 of 64 isolates were unable to cause disease in pepper). None of the pepper plant/soil isolates showed pathogenicity on tomato, and only four of 14 reproduced their pathogenicity on pepper. Only one tomato isolate was pathogenic to both Solanaceae species. Two different inoculation protocols were evaluated (substrate irrigation and stem cutting). All isolates which expressed pathogenicity when stem inoculated also did it when root inoculated, but not vice-versa. Therefore, the recommended test protocol for tomato and pepper breeding programmes is that based on root inoculation by irrigation.     

Systemic necrosis in tomato induced by a Japanese isolate of rehmannia mosaic virus in a temperature-sensitive manner

The Japanese isolate of rehmannia mosaic virus (ReMV-J) was initially isolated from chilli pepper in Japan. The leaves of diseased chilli pepper plants, which hold no tobamovirus-resistance genes, have mosaic symptoms. As the symptoms progress, the infected plants develop prominent leaf necrosis and severe leaf fall, followed by stem necrosis and fruit distortion. Additionally, ReMV-J systematically infects tomato and this reportedly leads to mottle in tomato when incubated at 20 °C. This study found that ReMV-J induces systemic necrosis of tomato – except for cultivar Micro-Tom – when incubated at 25 °C. To determine the virus factor involved in the induction of temperature-sensitive systemic necrosis on tomato, intergenic recombinants between ReMV-J and tomato mosaic virus were constructed. All recombinant viruses systemically infected tomato similar to ReMV-J. Recombinant viruses with the movement protein (MP) gene of ReMV-J induced systemic necrosis on tomato. Incubation at 20 °C significantly reduced the ability of recombinant viruses with the MP gene of ReMV-J to induce systemic necrosis. Thus, the ReMV-J MP gene is involved in the temperature-sensitive induction of systemic necrosis on most tomato cultivars tested. This study is the first to report the involvement of the MP gene in temperature-sensitive induction of systemic necrosis by tobamovirus on tobamovirus-susceptible tomato.     

巨大芽胞杆菌CJLC2菌株对盐胁迫下番茄生长及耐盐生理生化指标的影响

为增强番茄耐盐能力,采用菌液浸种、灌根以及蒽酮比色和钼锑抗显色等方法,研究巨大芽胞杆菌Bacillus megaterium CJLC2菌株增强番茄耐盐能力的效果及其作用机制。在非NaCl胁迫条件下,CJLC2菌株显著促进番茄的生长,对根长、株高和鲜重的促生率分别为14.33%、9.20%和17.75%。在NaCl胁迫条件下,随NaCl浓度增加对番茄的生长抑制作用增大,而CJLC2菌株在一定程度上提高了番茄对NaCl耐受能力。其中,番茄对100 mmol/L NaCl的耐受能力显著提高,加菌处理对根长、株高和鲜重的促生率分别为17.05%、18.04%和15.81%。CJLC2菌株可提高番茄叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,在200 mmol/L NaCl处理时效果显著,分别提高了40%和41%。CJLC2菌株还影响番茄矿物质元素的含量,其中在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,加菌处理番茄根系磷、钾、铁、铜和锌的含量以及K⁺/Na⁺比值分别提高190%、12.88%、6.80%、34.78%、10.17%和50.72%,而根系钠的含量降低25.11%。此外,CJLC2菌株可降低受害番茄乙烯的含量。研究表明,巨大芽胞杆菌CJLC2菌株通过提高番茄耐盐相关生理生化指标,增强番茄的耐盐能力并促进其生长。     

烟粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒和番茄黄化曲叶病毒对不同番茄品种的复合侵染

为明确烟粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)与番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)对不同番茄品种的复合侵染情况,于2015年11月在山东省寿光市温室内采集13个番茄品种共390份疑似发病植株叶片,对不同番茄品种的TYLCV抗性和2种病毒的复合侵染以及温室内发病番茄植株上烟粉虱成虫的带毒率进行检测。结果表明,采集的13个番茄品种经分子标记检测鉴定均为TYLCV杂合抗性;不同番茄品种ToCV与TYLCV的复合侵染率存在明显差异,大果番茄粉宴和贝瑞上复合侵染率最高可达73.3%,而樱桃番茄八喜上未检测到这2种病毒的复合侵染。此外,在发病番茄植株上采集的烟粉虱成虫体内可检测到2种病毒,其中烟粉虱ToCV带毒率为90.7%,TYLCV带毒率为80.0%,同时检测到ToCV与TYLCV的概率为71.3%。表明ToCV和TYLCV的复合侵染在山东省番茄生产中普遍发生,烟粉虱可同时携带这2种病毒并广泛传播。     

Stimulation of respiratory pathways in tomato roots infested by Meloidogyne incognita

Respiration of tomato roots susceptible and resistant to Meloidogyne incognita was measured during infestation. No significant changes in respiratory rate occurred in susceptible tomato roots, during infestation by M. incognita. In resistant tomato roots, a pronounced increase of both cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-resistant oxidases, was observed during nematode attack. The time-course of the respiration during 12 days, after nematode inoculation, showed that resistant tomato roots responded with a rapid increase in cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-resistant respiration as invading nematodes progressed; no changes were observed in the susceptible tomato roots.Change in the rate of oxygen uptake paralleled an increase in nematode density in resistant tomato roots; oxygen uptake rose linearly to an infestation level of 50 juveniles for each seedling, above which value it declined. The physiological significance of the alternative respiratory pathway is discussed.     

烟粉虱成虫对不同寄主植物的选择性

选用棉花、烟草、番茄、甘蓝进行非选择性和选择性试验研究 ,探讨烟粉虱成虫对 4种寄主植物的嗜食性。结果表明 ,在 4种寄主作物共同存在时 ,烟粉虱成虫喜欢取食烟草 ,排列顺序为 :烟草 >番茄 >棉花、甘蓝 ;产卵量排列顺序为 :烟草、番茄 >甘蓝、棉花。当只有番茄和烟草两种寄主植物时 ,烟粉虱成虫趋向于取食烟草 ,但在番茄上产卵 ;只有烟草和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱倾向于取食烟草并产卵 ;只有棉花和番茄时 ,烟粉虱对两种寄主没有明显的趋向 ;只有棉花和烟草时 ,烟粉虱显著的喜好在烟草上产卵 ;只有棉花和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱趋向在棉花上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平 ;同样只有番茄和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱喜好在番茄上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平。     

Pathological evaluation of host-specific AAL-toxins and fumonisin mycotoxins produced by Alternaria and Fusarium species

Host-specific AAL-toxins and mycotoxin fumonisins are structurally related and were originally isolated from the tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata and from Fusarium verticillioides, respectively. Previous reports on the production of fumonisin derivatives by the tomato pathotype suggested a possible involvement in the pathogenicity of the pathogen. Here, we have evaluated the role of fumonisin in A. alternata–tomato interactions. The results indicate that highly pathogenic isolates of A. alternata tomato pathotype produce AAL-toxin as the sole toxin, strongly implicating it as a pathogenicity factor. The related compound, fumonisin, is also toxigenic and has infection-inducing activity on susceptible tomato plants.     

Detoxification of α-tomatine by tomato pathogens Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype and Corynespora cassiicola and its role in infection

In tomato plants, α-tomatine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid saponin, inhibits fungal growth. Tomato pathogens that produce host-specific toxins, Alternaria alternata tomato pathotype causing Alternaria stem canker and Corynespora cassiicola causing Corynespora target spot, were investigated for sensitivity to α-tomatine. Although spore germination of A. alternata pathogenic and nonpathogenic to tomato and of C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato was not affected by 0.1 mM α-tomatine, spore germination of C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato was significantly inhibited. This result showed that A. alternata, regardless of its pathogenicity, and only the C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato are resistant to α-tomatine. Germinating spores of A. alternata and C. cassiicola resistant to α-tomatine detoxified α-tomatine by degrading it to a less polar product. After inoculation of tomato leaves, spores of A. alternata and C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato germinated and formed appressoria, but did not form infection hyphae in host tissues. When a host-specific toxin (CCT-toxin) produced by C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato was added to nonpathogenic spores, colonization within leaves was observed in A. alternata, but not in C. cassiicola. On the other hand, when spores of C. cassiicola nonpathogenic to tomato were suspended in spore germination fluid of nonpathogenic A. alternata with α-tomatine detoxification activity, the fungus could be induced to colonize leaves in the presence of CCT-toxin. These results indicate that A. alternata tomato pathotype and C. cassiicola pathogenic to tomato detoxify α-tomatine during infection and that this detoxification is essential for host colonization by pathogens that produce host-specific toxins.