苹果黑点病症状及病原菌鉴定

近年在甘肃省天水、陇南苹果产区发现苹果果实黑点病 ,经对其病原菌形态、培养性状和致病性等方面的测定表明 ,其主要致病菌为苹果柱盘孢霉 (Cylindrosporium pomi Brooks) ,其次为苹果茎点菌 (Phomapomi Pass)。该病在苹果不同品种果实上造成的症状不同 ,将其归纳为 5种症状类型。该病在我国尚属首次发现     

加气灌溉对温室番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

本试验目地是探明加气灌溉不同灌水量和加气灌水频率对温室番茄生长、产量和品质的影响,为实际生产应用奠定基础。采用温室小区对照试验,设置3个不同作物-皿系数K_cp（K_cp=0.8、K_cp=1.0、K_cp=1.2）和2个加气灌水频率（1次/3d、1次/6d）共组成6个处理,均以对应的不加气灌溉为对照,比较不同处理对番茄植株生长及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在相同的灌溉频率及灌水量下,加气灌溉可以提高番茄的生长量、产量及品质,加气灌溉的番茄株高较不加气灌溉增加1.44%、茎粗增加3.02%、产量增加19.49%;加气灌溉有利于温室番茄茎粗、株高的生长,并且对番茄的产量和品质均有利。加气灌溉处理时,在相同的灌水量条件下,1次/6d较1次/3d的加气灌水频率,株高增加了8.08%,茎粗增加了6.33%,产量增加了26.01%。由此得出：加气灌溉对植株生长量及果实产量和品质的影响明显优于不加气处理;灌水频率为1次/6d且K_cp=1.0的处理最有利于番茄生长量的积累、产量的提高和品质的改善。     

沼泽红假单胞菌PSB-06菌剂对番茄褪绿病的防效及其作用机制

为明确沼泽红假单胞菌Rhodopseudomonas palustris PSB-06菌剂对番茄褪绿病毒（tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV）的抑制作用,连续3年在田间进行沼泽红假单胞菌PSB-06菌剂对ToCV的药效试验,并在室内研究其抗病毒的作用机制。田间试验结果显示,PSB-06菌剂处理能降低ToCV的发生,植株发病率均低于50%,均显著低于清水和氨基寡糖素处理;室内试验结果显示,PSB-06菌剂处理能抑制病毒传播,喷施PSB-06菌剂后的感病番茄的SA含量达532.67 mg/g,PI II和NPR1基因表达量也相对上升;同时,健康番茄与感病番茄的叶绿素含量均明显升高;经PSB-06喷施后番茄植株上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci生存数量降低。蛋白组学分析结果表明,PSB-06处理促使植物代谢及防御的相关蛋白均上调。表明沼泽红假单胞菌PSB-06菌剂能增强植物免疫和防御烟粉虱的能力,从而有效地控制ToCV的发生及传播。     

球孢白僵菌定殖提高番茄对灰霉病抗性及其作用机理

为明确球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana定殖对番茄植株抗病性的影响及作用机理,采用灌根法将球孢白僵菌芽生孢子悬浮液接种于番茄植株内,并通过人工接种灰霉菌Botrytis cinerea评价球孢白僵菌定殖后番茄对灰霉病的抗性水平;检测灰霉菌胁迫下番茄植株不同位置叶片内球孢白僵菌的相对含量;测定番茄叶片内草酸氧化酶（oxalate oxidase,OXO）、几丁质酶（chitinase,CHI）和ATP合成酶（ATP synthase,atpA）3种抗病相关基因的表达量。结果表明,球孢白僵菌定殖能够提高番茄植株对灰霉病的抗性,接种灰霉菌第5天,番茄植株发病率、病斑直径和病情指数分别下降了61.6%、41.4%和26.4%;在灰霉菌胁迫下番茄植株内球孢白僵菌偏好于在病原菌感染位置定向聚集,并且引起植物抗病基因OXO、CHI和atpA的表达量上调。表明球孢白僵菌能通过内生定殖与植物互作提高植物抗病性,在植物病害生物防治领域有较大应用潜力。     

大蒜鳞茎腐烂病的病原鉴定

从江苏太仓产蒜区及南京周边市场采集的病蒜上分离到 5株细菌和 3种真菌 ,经柯赫氏法则验证 ,均确定为大蒜鳞茎腐烂的病原菌。经细菌形态特征观察和生理生化性状测定结果表明 :g W、g 1属芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus spp .) ;g Y、g 2为欧文氏菌 (Erwinia spp .) ;g 3属红球菌 (Rhodococcu ssp .)。真菌的形态特征观察鉴定结果表明 :3株真菌F1、F2、F3分别属于黄青霉 (Penicillium chrysogenum Thom)、黑曲霉 (Aspergillus niger van Tiegh)和尖胞镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum)     

生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量及品质的影响

探究生物炭对亏缺灌溉下温室重壤土栽培番茄产量和品质的影响，确定番茄产量和综合品质最优的灌水量及生物炭添加量，为重壤土地区温室番茄栽培提供灌水及生物炭施加依据。采用桶栽试验，设置3个生物炭添加量（0，3%，6%，按干土重的百分比计）和3个灌水水平（充分灌溉W1：75%~85%θ_f；中度亏缺W2：55%~65%θ_f；重度亏缺W3：40%~50%θ_f。θ_f为田间持水量），共9个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时，亏缺灌溉下番茄产量降低了13.8%~54.0%（P＜0.05），果实硬度、果色指数、VC、可溶性固形物、有机酸含量等营养品质指标均显著降低，果型指数、番茄红素则呈现增加的趋势，灌溉水利用效率在重度亏缺下降低了10.9%（P＜0.05）；在充分灌溉条件下添加生物炭，番茄产量和灌溉水利用效率分别提高了12.3%~22.0%和23.3%~28.6%，可溶性固形物含量降低了6.4%~17.7%（P＜0.05），对VC、番茄红素、有机酸含量及外观品质无显著影响；在亏缺灌溉条件下添加生物炭不利于增产，C1W3、C2W3处理产量较C0W3处理分别降低了37.6%（P<0.05）、17.1%（P>0.05），但外观品质指标、VC、可溶性固形物均有一定幅度的提升，对灌溉水利用效率的影响表现为低添加量时降低而高添加量时提高。综合分析表明，各灌水水平下添加生物炭均能提高番茄品质的综合排名，充分灌溉下生物炭低添加量效果较好，而亏缺灌溉下高添加量较优，尤其是C2W2处理，番茄品质综合排名可达到充分灌溉的效果。综合考虑番茄品质、产量及灌溉水利用效率，C1W1处理（灌水水平为75%~85%θ_f，施炭量为3%）为最优处理。     

草地贪夜蛾对四种蔬菜的胁迫取食和产卵偏好选择

为明确草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda 入侵种群是否对我国蔬菜生产构成威胁,以玉米Zea mays为参照,通过室内饲养观察比较分析草地贪夜蛾胁迫取食黄瓜Cucumis sativus、豇豆Vig-na unguiculata、番茄Solanum lycopersicum和菜心Brassica campestris这4种蔬菜后的生存能力和产卵选择性。结果表明,以黄瓜、番茄、豇豆和菜心嫩叶饲养的草地贪夜蛾幼虫存活率分别为30.56%、19.44%、20.83%和5.56%,显著低于玉米嫩叶饲养的幼虫存活率（75.00%）。综合分析幼虫发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重和羽化率,发现草地贪夜蛾在菜心上的适合度最低。产卵选择试验表明,草地贪夜蛾在番茄、豇豆和菜心上的产卵量分别仅为669.00、116.33和101.00粒,该虫更偏好于在玉米和黄瓜上产卵,产卵量分别达到2 522.33粒和2 948.00粒。表明虽然草地贪夜蛾幼虫和成虫在黄瓜、番茄、豇豆、菜心上的适合度显著低于玉米,但仍具有在黄瓜、豇豆、番茄和菜心上建立种群的能力,对我国蔬菜生产构成潜在威胁。     

番茄田二代棉铃虫发生为害规律及其防治研究

第２代棉铃虫是危害番茄最严重的世代，９５％左右的卵产在番茄植株顶尖至第４复叶层的嫩梢、嫩叶、果萼和茎基上，平均每株落卵３２．８粒。在番茄上的卵量和幼虫量与第１代蛾量密切相关，卵量（Ｙ_１）与第１代蛾量（Ｘ）关系式为：Ｙ_１＝一３１５．９＋１．７７８３Ｘ，ｎ＝６，ｒ＝０．８５６２，幼虫量（Ｙ_２）与第１代蛾量（Ｘ）关系式为：Ｙ_２＝３１．３＋０．１３４Ｘ，ｎ＝６，ｒ＝０．８６５２。在第２代棉铃虫产卵初盛期应用Ｂ.ｔ菌剂含孢子１００亿个／ｍＬ２００倍液喷雾３次，或１．８％爱福丁乳油４５ｍＬ／６６７ｍ^２对水７５ｋｇ喷雾２次，防效显著。     

德国鸢尾(Iris germanica L.)细菌性软腐病病原物初步鉴定

从德国鸢尾(Iris germanica L.)栽培品种软腐病感病植株上分离到2株病原细菌,经回接试验证明为鸢尾软腐病病原细菌;同时还对2株细菌进行了形态观察、致病性测定、染色反应、培养性状观察和生理生化反应等研究,并将该病原细菌初步鉴定为欧文氏菌菊欧软腐致病型(Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkhdder,Mc Fadden&;Di-mock)。     

番茄叶霉病高抗基因Cf-9的CAPS标记创建

根据番茄叶霉病高抗基因Cf-9的基因序列设计3对特异扩增引物,以近等基因系和本组的多重PCR检测材料为试材,扩增Cf-9基因1～2867 bp之间的单拷贝片段,3对引物分别扩增出560 bp,1 000 bp,1 080 bp的特异片段。分别用限制性内切酶TaqⅠ,HindⅢ,HinfⅠ,EcorⅠ酶切,限制性内切酶TaqⅠ酶切特异引物SCAR1扩增的560特异片段具有酶切多态性,抗病品种酶切出450 bp,330 bp,290 bp的特异片段,感病品种酶切出450 bp,290 bp的特异片段。初步建成番茄叶霉病高抗基因Cf-9的CAPS标记,经近等基因系及其杂交种检验,结果稳定可靠,可用于番茄Cf-9抗病基因辅助选育。     

东北地区番茄细菌性溃疡病的发生和病原鉴定研究

 1988~1989年从北京市、辽宁和黑龙江省等地调查采集的患溃疡病的病株和病果上分离到17个细菌菌株,接种番茄幼苗、果实及叶片,均能产生典型的溃疡病症状,各菌株致病力无明显差异。各菌株经细菌染色反应,形态特征,培养性状,生理生化反应,血清学反应(ELISA法)及蛋白质凝聚丙烯酰胺胶电泳等鉴定,认为番茄溃疡病的病原细菌是:密执安棒杆菌密执安亚种(Clavibacter michiganense subsp.michiganense (Smith) Davies et al.)。试验表明病原细菌可经种子带菌传染,病残体和病土壤可能是初侵染菌源。抗病性测定45个番茄品种均属感病品种。寄主范围除番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、龙葵和心叶烟。     

Isolation and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serratia rubidaea</Emphasis> from dark brown spots of tomato fruits

Bacterial contamination of fresh tomato fruits is of great concern. From naturally infected tomato fruits showing dark brown irregularly shaped spots, 36 bacterial isolates were recovered and identified on phenotypic characteristics and sequences of the gene encoding the 16S rRNA. Five isolates showing spots on tomato fruits in the pathogenicity test with healthy tomato fruits belong to the genus Serratia on the basis of phenotypic characteristics. One representative isolate of these has been further identified as a Serratia rubidaea by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. This is the first evidence showing that a S. rubidaea strain can cause spots on tomato fruits. Virulence of the S. rubidaea was also confirmed by the production and secretion of a large variety of enzymes capable of degrading the complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall and membrane constituents. Nineteen bacterial isolates of the 36 did not induce any spot symptoms in a pathogenicity test on artificially infected tomato fruits although these are known as phytopathogenic bacteria. Five of these 19 bacterial isolates were identified as Ralstonia species on the basis of biochemical tests. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal gene of one representative isolate revealed that the isolate is closely related to Ralstonia solanacearum. Six isolates of the 19 were related to Xanthomonas vesicatoria on the basis of biochemical tests and eight were related to the Enterobacteriaceae. One representative isolate of the Enterobacteriaceae could be identified by the 16S rRNA gene as Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens. The 12 other strains were related to Proteus mirabilis based on the 16S RNA gene sequence of one representative isolate. The isolates related to P. mirabilis did not produce any symptoms on artificially infected tomato fruits. The nucleotide sequences of S. rubidaea strain E9, E. cloacae strain E23, P. mirabilis strain E11, and R. solanacearum strain E15 have been deposited in the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under accession numbers HM585373 to HM585376.     

哈密瓜细菌性果斑病病原菌鉴定

 2000年在内蒙古和新疆的哈密瓜上发现一种新细菌病害-哈密瓜细菌性果斑病,从病叶和病果上分离到33个细菌菌株,接种哈密瓜、西瓜和甜瓜后,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,而且从接种病株上又重新分离到了此病原细菌,这33个细菌菌株经柯赫法则证明均为该病的致病菌。各菌株致病力无明显差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、细胞化学成分分析(糖、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、mol% G+C)、DNA-DNA杂交,确认该病原菌为燕麦食酸菌西瓜亚种(Acidovorax avenae subsp.citrulli Willems et al.1992)=类产碱假单胞菌西瓜亚种(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp.citrulli Schaad et al.1978)。该病菌除侵染哈密瓜外,人工接种尚能侵染多种葫芦科及番茄、茄子等作物。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

The use of attenuated isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pepino mosaic virus</Emphasis> for cross-protection

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has recently emerged as a highly infectious viral pathogen in tomato crops. Greenhouse trials were conducted under conditions similar to commercial tomato production. These trials examined whether tomato plants can be protected against PepMV by a preceding infection with an attenuated isolate of this virus. Two potential attenuated isolates that displayed mild leaf symptoms were selected from field isolates. Two PepMV isolates that displayed severe leaf symptoms were also selected from field isolates to challenge the attenuated isolates. The isolates with aggressive symptoms were found to reduce bulk yields by 8 and 24% in single infections, respectively. Yield losses were reduced to a 0–3% loss in plants that were treated with either one of the attenuated isolates, while no effects were observed on the quality of the fruits. After the challenge infection, virus accumulation levels and symptom severity of the isolates with aggressive symptoms were also reduced by cross-protection. Infection with the attenuated isolates alone did neither affect bulk yield, nor quality of the harvested tomato fruits.     

Characterization of Pseudomonas viridiflava Associated with a New Symptom on Tomato Fruit

A bacterial disease of tomato fruits was recorded during the winter in outdoor crops in Crete, causing damage of up to 30% in commercial production. Bacterial spots appeared on the upper surface of middle size immature fruit and the spots became larger with the increase of fruit size. Spots were round or elongated, superficial and lightly sunken, 1.5–2cm in diameter. The centre of the spots dried out and became progressively gray, brown to black-brown and had intensely coloured margins. The infected area did not develop into soft rot. The bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava (Burkholder) Dowson was identified as the causal agent on the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical and pathological characters. This appears to be the first time that these symptoms have been described on tomato fruit.     

Diversity and distribution of Ralstonia solanacearum strains in Guatemala and rare occurrence of tomato fruit infection

Fifty-nine Ralstonia solanacearum isolates from diverse crops and regions were collected and characterized to determine the distribution and diversity of this soilborne pathogen in Guatemala. Three distinct types were present: a phylotype I, sequevar 14 strain, probably originating from Asia, infecting tomatoes and aubergines at moderate elevations; a phylotype II, sequevar 6 strain of American origin causing Moko disease in lowland banana plantations; and a phylotype II, sequevar 1 (race 3 biovar 2) strain causing brown rot on potatoes, Southern wilt of Pelargonium spp. and bacterial wilt of greenhouse tomatoes at high elevations. These data on strain diversity will inform effective regional efforts to breed for wilt resistance. A sensitive enrichment method did not detect the pathogen in fruits from naturally infected commercial tomato plants in Guatemalan fields and greenhouses, although it was detected in 6% of fruits from a wilt-resistant hybrid. Low numbers of R. solanacearum cells were also infrequently detected in fruits from plants artificially inoculated in the growth chamber with either race 3 biovar 2 or a phylotype II tomato strain.     

番茄细菌性斑点病菌无毒基因研究进展

番茄细菌性斑点病是影响番茄产量和品质的重要病害,Pseudomonas syringaepv.tomato(Pst)为其病原菌,其与番茄的互作系统是研究植物抗感病机理的典型模式系统。Pst存在2种无毒基因:avrPto和avrPtoB,它们编码的蛋白质均能与番茄抗性基因Pto编码的Ser-Thr蛋白激酶互作,符合Flor"基因对基因"学说。AvrPto和AvrPtoB在表达Pto的抗性植物中,与Pto互作,表现无毒功能,引发植物防御反应;而在缺失Pto的感病植物中,它们具有毒性,促进细菌的生长。本文综述了番茄细菌性斑点病菌无毒基因avrPto及avrPtoB的结构特点及其功能,这有助于了解病原物与植物的互作机制,对认识植物的感病性、抗病性以及植物防御反应都具有重要意义。     

淡紫紫孢菌防治采后番茄果实灰霉病

本文通过孢子萌发检测、平板生长抑制法和果实病害防治试验,测定了淡紫紫孢菌Purpureocillium lilacinus PL36-1防治储藏期番茄果实灰霉病的效果。结果表明,菌株PL36-1发酵滤液不仅能够抑制灰葡萄孢分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长,而且可以抑制灰葡萄孢菌丝生长。对峙培养的菌株PL36-1显著抑制灰葡萄孢的菌丝生长,菌丝生长抑制率可达到74.45%,菌株PL36-1产生的挥发性物质也对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。菌株PL36-1发酵液处理樱桃番茄果实后,能有效控制番茄果实灰霉病的发生,含有2×10~8孢子/m L的发酵液10 d的防治效果达70.64%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌SB1的抑菌活性及其对番茄青枯病的防治作用

 Bacillus subtilis strain SB1 isolated from tomato roots was evaluated for its ability to control tomato bacterial wilt under greenhouse conditions.Application of strain SB1 culture suspension suppressed tomato wilt disease both in sterilized and non-sterilized soil,providing 76.03% and 77.78% protection,respectively.Wilt symptom was significantly reduced when strain SB1 was applied before pathogen inoculation,while less suppression was conferred by strain SB1 application after pathogen inoculati...