超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺等5种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定豇豆中溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒残留量的方法。豇豆样品经乙腈提取,通过QuEChERS法净化后,采用Acquity UPLCBEH C18色谱柱分离,在电喷雾正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明:在0.01~1μg/mL内5种农药的峰面积与其相应的质量浓度间呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,回收率为71%~129%,相对标准偏差为0.90%~20.8%(n=5)。5种农药在豇豆中的检出限为0.084~4.0μg/kg,定量限为0.80~16.6μg/kg。该方法简单灵敏,定量准确,可用于分析豇豆中的溴氰虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和啶虫脒的残留量。     

烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留及消解动态

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中的残留分析方法,并采用该方法研究了烯啶虫胺在田间柑橘和土壤中的消解动态。样品分别采用乙腈和甲醇提取,UPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。在0.1~5 mg/L质量浓度范围内,烯啶虫胺的仪器 响应值与质量浓度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均在0.99以上。该方法的最小检出量为1.0×10-11 g, 在柑橘和土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.05 mg/kg。当添加水平为0.05~2 mg/kg时,回收率在70.8%~104.1%之间,相对标准偏差在4.7%~12.3%之间。消解动态试验结果表明,烯啶虫胺在柑橘和土壤中消解的半衰期分别为3.4~10.7 d和1.8~5.4 d,表明烯啶虫胺属于易降解农药(t1/2<30 d)。     

优化的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定韭菜中31种农药残留

基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS),建立了同时检测韭菜中31种农药残留的分析方法。韭菜样品经乙腈提取,采用优化的QuEChERS方法净化后,进行UPLC-MS/MS 检测。结果表明:在 0.5~100 μg/L范围内,31种农药的质量浓度与相应峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995,定量限 (LOQs) 为0.01 mg/kg;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,31种农药在韭菜中的平均回收率在70%~102%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11% (n = 5)。该方法快速、简便、可靠、高效,且成本低廉,适用于同时检测韭菜中多种农药的残留量。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定柑橘中4种苯甲酰脲类农药残留

建立了柑橘中虱螨脲、灭幼脲、氟啶脲和除虫脲4种苯甲酰脲类农药同时检测的超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品采用QuEChERS前处理技术,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱电喷雾负离子模式检测测定。结果表明:在0.01~0.2μg/mL范围内,4种供试农药的质量浓度与其相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.994。在0.01、0.05和0.1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,4种农药的平均回收率为92%~105%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%~3.3%(n=5)。4种农药在柑橘中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、简单,适用于同时测定柑橘中4种苯甲酰脲类农药的残留量。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法测定桑葚中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留量

建立了桑葚中吡虫啉和啶虫脒残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。桑葚样品经乙腈提取,石墨化碳黑氨基复合柱(Carbon/NH_2)净化,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸水溶液作为流动相洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式(ESI~+),多反应监测(MRM)方式进行采集,外标法定量。结果表明,该试验方法简单,灵敏,选择性好,精密度高,啶虫脒和吡虫啉在0.10~100μg/L浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数R~20.99,方法检出限为0.02μg/kg,测定下限为0.10μg/kg。在1.00~100μg/kg添加浓度范围内,回收率、精密度均满足分析方法要求。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定玉米粉中41种农药残留

基于QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (UPLC-MS/MS),建立了同时检测玉米粉中41种常见农药残留的分析方法。玉米粉样品经乙腈提取、QuEChERS方法净化后,采用UPLC-MS/MS检测分析。结果表明:在0.5~100 μg/L 范围内,41种待检农药质量浓度与对应的峰面积间均呈良好线性关系,决定系数均在 0.99以上;41种农药的定量限 (LOQ) 为 0.48~0.85 μg/kg;在0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg添加水平下,41种农药的平均回收率在74%~110%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.5%~12% (n = 5) 之间。该方法高效、快速、灵敏、准确,适用于玉米粉中多种农药残留的同时检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定柑橘中6种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测柑橘中吡虫啉、啶虫脒、多菌灵、咪鲜胺、乐果和阿维菌素6种农药残留。样品经乙腈振荡提取,氯化钠盐析分层,上清液经以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法净化。质谱采用电喷雾正离子模式(ESI+)和选择多反应监测方式(MRM)采集数据。以基质配制标准溶液外标法定量,方法检出限为0.12～1.56μg/kg。在5.00～100μg/kg添加水平范围内,平均回收率为76.3%～112.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%～9.4%。本方法简单方便、灵敏度高、重现性好,可适用于快速检测大批量柑橘类水果样品。     

番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单总残留量的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱检测

建立了番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法。先将杀虫单在碱性条件下水解成沙蚕毒素,经乙醚液-液分配后用甲醇定容,采用UPLC-MS/MS法测定沙蚕毒素浓度,最后再折算成杀虫单的残留量。结果表明:在1~500μg/L范围内,杀虫单质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99;仪器检出限(LOD)分别为0.213μg/kg(番茄)、0.212μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.172μg/kg(土壤),定量限(LOQ)分别为0.710μg/kg(番茄)、0.707μg/kg(黄瓜)和0.573μg/kg(土壤);对于番茄、黄瓜及土壤样品,10、100和500μg/kg 3个水平的添加回收率试验结果显示,方法的平均回收率在79%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.6%~16%。该方法可用于番茄、黄瓜及土壤中杀虫单残留量检测。     

菠菜中3种新烟碱杀虫剂多残留分析方法研究

研究确立了以乙腈为分散萃取溶剂,以羧基化双壁碳纳米管(DWCNTs-COOH)和石墨化碳黑(GCB)为基质分散材料的菠菜样品中呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉残留的基质分散萃取前处理方法,建立并优化了乙腈梯度洗脱的高效液相色谱(HPLC)残留样品外标定量方法。结果表明,优化色谱条件下,呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉色谱保留时间分别为6.8、8.6和17.7min,在0.025~25.00mg/L范围内与对应色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系。呋虫胺、烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉在菠菜中3个添加水平的回收率均在75%以上,相对标准偏差均小于10%,该色谱条件下方法的最低检测浓度分别为0.091 2mg/L(呋虫胺)、0.080 8mg/L(烯啶虫胺)和0.062 8mg/L(吡虫啉),表明研究建立的残留样本前处理方法和样品检测方法简便、高效、经济、可靠,可满足3种农药在菠菜中残留的定量检测要求。     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.