Attachment of Vibrio pathogens to cells of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract. The attachment of Vibrio pathogens to cells of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was studied by use of species-specific monoclonal antibodies and indirect FITC- immunofluorescence microscopy. Vibrio anguillarum, V. ordalii and V. parahaemolyticus attached to cultured cells of rainbow trout gonads, various tissues of cryostat sections of whole fish, and smears of gills, intestine, buccal mucosa and skin. The attachment was inhibited by prior incubation of bacteria with monoclonal antibodies at titres of 1:32, or less. Other Vibrio pathogens used in this study did not attach to any trout cells. The research provides approaches to study the mechanisms of bacterial attachment in the onset of Vibrio infections.     

养殖刺参腐皮综合征 2 种致病菌间接荧光抗体快速检测方法

以养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)腐皮综合征的2种致病菌:灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)为抗原,分别制备兔抗血清。以载玻片为介质,建立了2种病原菌的间接荧光抗体检测技术(IFAT)。交叉反应、阻断试验和吸收试验结果均表明本方法特异性强。对人工感染实验中的养殖水体及发病刺参溃烂组织检测,可以检出水体和患病刺参溃烂组织中的相应病原菌,病原菌被染成明亮的黄绿色,检测灵敏度2.4×104cell/mL。冰冻切片检测结果显示,在刺参肿胀嘴部与溃烂肌肉处有大量染成黄绿色的细菌颗粒。结果表明:采用IFAT可以对刺参腐皮综合征2种致病菌进行准确快速的检测。该方法的建立对刺参腐皮综合征的流行病学调查及快速诊断具有重要意义。     

采用通用引物PCR配合SSCP和RFLP技术检测鱼病病原菌

采用通用引物PCR（UPPCR）、PCR－RFLP、PCR－SSCP技术,研究快速鉴别鱼病病原菌的分子生物学诊断技术。结果发现,采用细菌16S rRNA基因保守区特异性引物,以嗜水气单胞菌、鲁克氏耶尔森菌、鳗弧菌、柱状曲挠杆菌、乙型链球菌、荧光假单胞菌等部分常见鱼病病原菌为对象,可以建立一种UPPCR技术。该技术能在保证实验条件不变的基础上,检出上述所有细菌,并还可检出大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌等非鱼病病原菌。并且认为,该法与SSCP配合即采用UPPCR－SSCP技术能较好地鉴别被检菌而用于鱼病病原菌的快速诊断。     

中草药对刺参腐皮综合征病原菌的体外抑菌试验

用改良二倍稀释法和抑菌圈法测定了24种单方中草药和9种复方中草药对刺参腐皮综合征4种重要病原菌灿烂弧菌、假交替单胞菌、哈维氏弧菌和恶臭假单胞菌的体外抑菌活性。结果显示,不同中草药对特定病原菌抑菌效果差异较大,单方中草药最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为1.56mg/ml,中草药水煎剂H-5和H-9对假交替单胞菌的抑菌圈最大,达22mm。单方中草药中穿心莲、大青叶、金银花和川芎4种中草药对4株病原菌抑菌效果最好,其水煎剂对4株病原菌平均抑菌浓度分别为6.25、7.81、5.86和3.52mg/ml;平均抑菌圈直径分别是17.5、11.3、14.0和11.5mm。将筛选的4种单方中草药组成9种复方,复方MIC和抑菌圈均显著好于单方,最低MIC降低到0.20mg/ml。其中复方HC-G和HC-D抑菌浓度最低,效果最好,平均抑菌浓度分别降低为0.54和0.64mg/ml;平均抑菌圈直径分别为15.3mm和16.3mm。试验结果显示,复方最佳配比为穿心莲、大青叶、金银花和川芎=2∶1∶3∶2。该复方可为生产高效专用中草药,以替代抗生素,为刺参健康养殖提供技术保障。     

Reproductive Performance of Penaeus stylirostris Females Injected with Heat-Killed Vibrio alginolyticus

Good broodstock health is necessary for successful reproduction of captive penaeid shrimp. Diseases caused by opportunistic, gram-negative bacterial pathogens (especially species of Vibrio ) are a common problem in broodstock maturation systems worldwide. A variety of management practices, including frequent disinfection of the maturation system and use of antibiotics in water or feeds, have been used to reduce losses associated with vibriosis (Brock and LeaMaster 1992). Nevertheless, effective control of vibriosis remains an elusive goal. Failure of most management practices to control losses and controversy over the widespread use of antibiotics has stimulated interest in vaccination as a prophylactic measure to manage vibriosis in penaeid broodstock.     

养殖河蟹弧菌病病原茵分离鉴定及其胞外产物的致病性

从杭州一养蟹场的病蟹体内分离到3株细菌,经形态学检查、生化性质测定,鉴定为副溶血弧菌。人工感染健康蟹,48h内均发生死亡,死亡率100％,证实副溶血弧菌为河蟹的致病菌。药敏试验结果表明,此病原菌对链霉素、利福平、卡那霉素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、氟哌酸、四环素、氯霉素、氟嗪酸、复达欣、菌必治、萘啶酸等药物高度敏感。分离菌株培养物经理化方法处理获得的胞外产物蛋白具有明胶酶、几丁质酶、淀粉酶、酪蛋白酶、脂酶、磷脂酶等多种酶活性及溶血活性,并对河蟹具有明显的致病作用。     

植物源杀菌剂对水产养殖常见病原菌的抑菌作用研究

植物源杀菌剂因其成分复杂、无污染、属性天然等特点,为水产养殖防治病原菌提供了新思路。本文以虎杖、千里光、黄柏、黄岑、苦参等为原材料,研制开发植物源杀菌剂,研究结果表明其对12种水产养殖常见病原菌均有较好的抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌、荧光假单胞菌的的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为33μL／L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、温和气单胞菌的MIC为25μL／L,对肠炎沙门氏菌、单增李斯特氏菌的MIC为50μL／L,对拟态弧菌的MIC为100μL／L,对溶藻弧菌的MIC为250μL／L,对弗尼斯弧菌、副溶血弧菌的MIC为500μL／L,对创伤弧菌的MIC为1000μL／L。     

多效价载体疫苗免疫大菱鲆效果评价

采用注射与浸泡2种方法,对构建的多效价载体疫苗MVAV6203A-1进行了免疫保护效果和血清效价的研究.结果显示,用多效价载体疫苗注射免疫大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus),可同时获得对鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)和嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)的免疫保护效果,免疫相对保护率分别为80.6％和77.0％;用ELISA方法测定血清效价的结果显示,免疫MVAV6203A-1后大菱鲆血清效价最高达到2 048,均值为891,明显高于对照组的97;用多效价载体疫苗浸泡免疫大菱鲆后,对鳗弧菌与嗜水气单胞菌的免疫相对保护率分别为62.2％和11.7％.血清效价分析显示,实验组与对照组的均值均为64.上述结果表明,所构建的疫苗MVAV6203A-1可有效提高大菱鲆对鳗弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌的免疫力,并且免疫和攻毒的途径可能是影响免疫保护效果的因子.本研究旨在为鳗弧菌与嗜水气单胞菌引起的鱼类疾病防治提供技术支撑.     

凡纳滨对虾弧菌病及其防治方法研究进展

近年来,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖生产中弧菌病的发病率越来越高,严重阻碍了我国海水养殖业的发展.文章介绍了凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中容易发生的几种弧菌病及其防治方法的相关研究,并对常见的哈维氏弧菌、溶藻弧菌、霍乱弧菌和副溶血弧菌这4种弧菌的研究进展进行了综述,以期为海水养殖中弧菌病的防治和控制...     

仿刺参幼体烂胃病及其致病原鉴定

山东、辽宁两省在仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）苗种培育期间的5-7月，耳状幼体易发生一种以胃壁增厚、萎缩、溃烂为主要特征的“烂胃病”。从患烂胃病的耳状幼体中分离到1株细菌LW-1，人工回接感染实验证实其具有较强的致病性，并与自然发病症状相同。通过API半自动化鉴定和常规的生理生化试验的结果表明，LW-1具有弧菌属的特征，其表型特征与灿烂弧菌（Vibrio splendidus）相似。对该菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析和构建系统发生树。结果显示，菌株LW-1与灿烂弧菌的亲缘关系最近，相似率达到99．8％。菌株LW-1可鉴定为灿烂弧菌，并视为耳状幼体烂胃病的致病原之一。通过对多起仿刺参苗期烂胃病的调查研究表明，烂胃病病原也具有多样性和复杂性，并与投喂老化腐败的单胞藻饵料有关。     

对虾发光病生物防治技术的初步研究

本文探讨了应用哈维氏弧菌噬菌体对致病菌哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的特异性噬菌作用防治对虾发光病的必要性和可行性.实验表明:从对虾育苗场分离的对虾发光病致病菌哈维氏弧菌对46种抗菌药物的敏感性逐年减弱,1993年尚有28种敏感药物,其中中度以上敏感的有12种;而到了2003年敏感药物则只剩下9种,中度敏感的仅为头孢三嗪和壮观霉素2种,在养殖生产中常用的几种药物几乎都变为不敏感.在试验水体中添加该噬菌体可使哈维氏弧菌的数量减少2～3个数量级,可以相对减少对虾发光病的发生和虾苗的死亡.实验还显示试验虾苗的死亡与噬菌体的效价高低无关,而与加入的噬菌体上清液的有机质含量有关.     

鲍弧菌病的防治研究

在实验室进行鲍人工感染弧菌病的防治试验。结果说明:使用鲍防病配合饲料对于防治养殖鲍弧菌病效果显著。并从东山养鲍场患病的九孔鲍体上分离到一种致病菌,经鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)。     

对虾的主要疾病及其诊断方法

诊断对虾病原的方法有传统的形态病理学（光镜和电镜直接观察和组织病理学等）、扩增和生物测定、微生物学和血清学方法，对皮下及造血组织坏死病毒病（IHHNV）、肝胰脏细小病毒病（HPV）、拖拉症（Taura syndrome,TS）、白斑综合症（WSSV）、斑节对虾型杆状病毒病（MBV）和杆状对虾病毒病（BP）等病原均采用非放射性的基因组探针目前已研制出了NHP、某些弧菌（Vibrio spp）和微孢子虫的传统基因探针，根据聚合酶链式反应（PCR），采用DNA扩增方法确立的检测某些病原的高敏感性方法也应用在对虾病原诊断上。     

中国对虾糠虾幼体病原菌（非01群霍乱弧菌）的研究

本文对中国对虾糠虾幼体的一种病原菌———非０１群霍乱弧菌作了研究报道。这种病的症状是病虾运动能力差、趋光性弱、镜检发现肠道肿胀。从垂死病虾中分离到５株细菌，经感染健康糠虾幼体得到与病虾相同症状。５株细菌的４７项形态及生理生化特性与霍乱弧菌相同，但不被０１群霍乱弧菌多价血清凝集。血清学分型结果均为不同的ＶＢＯ血清型ＶＢＯ５，１４，２６，４７，５６。用ＤＮＡ霍乱ＣＴ基因探针菌落原位杂交及小鼠肠结扎法测肠毒素，表明菌株有强毒力。分离菌株对小鼠的ＬＤ５０为１５８×１０８个／只。     

养殖鲟鱼暴发病病原菌分离及药敏实验

从濒死的西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)心、肝、肾、脾等组织中分离到细菌性病原20株,并对分离的菌株进行了细菌生化编码鉴定管鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明,分离株分别包括致伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus)6株、豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviac)5株、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)5株、亲水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)4株。16种常见药物的药敏实验显示,分离菌株均对多粘菌素B、妥布青霉素等6种药物较敏感;对红霉素、四环素等6种药物耐药,仅有部分菌株表现出不同程度的耐药性及敏感度的变化趋势。该研究对于合理使用抗菌药物,防治养殖鲟细菌性疾病及其他疾病引起的细菌继发性感染提供一定的数据基础。     

耐盐红螺菌对水产养殖病害细菌的拮抗作用

为探明光合理细菌对水产养殖动物病害的生物防治功能，对病鳖、鳗及南美白对虾动物体上的病原菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定，人工感染健康动物检测致病性；探讨耐盐红螺菌对病害细菌分离株的仰菌效能，和有效抑菌作用时细胞所处的生长期。试验结果表明，水产动物病害细菌分离株为孤菌属，气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属菌株；耐盐红螺菌的代谢产物对商害细菌分离株均有抑制作用，其平坂柳菌圈为1.2-1.4cm，最低抑菌浓度多为4-8倍稀释液；耐盐红螺菌的拮抗物质随细胞对数生长过程中生成，至细胞衰亡期达到最大值。     

Traditional antibacterial activity of freshwater microalga Spirulina platensis to aquatic pathogens

The crude ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) have been investigated for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion assays against various strains of fish and shellfish pathogens e.g. Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 49128; PP1, PP2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 35032; PA1, PA2), Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF1, PF2), Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 49140; AH1, AH2, AH3, AH4), Vibrio alginolyticus (VA), Vibrio anguillarum (VAN), Vibrio fluvialis (VF), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP), Vibrio harveyi (VH), Vibrio fisheri (VFS), Edwardsiella tarda and animal isolates of Escherichia coli (O115, O1, O156, O164, O111 and O109). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts were determined using the tube dilution method. Ethanolic extract showed comparatively higher antibacterial activity (15.66 mm) than that of methanolic and aqueous extract of S. platensis along with their respective MIC values, ranging from 100 to 150 μg mL^?1. The aqueous extract had no effective antibacterial activity against the test microorganism. The study suggested that S. platensis may have potential use in aqua feed as an antimicrobial agent of pharmaceutical interest.     

The development of probiotics for the control of multiple bacterial diseases of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

JB-1 and GC2, which were equated with Bacillus sp. and Aeromonas sobria respectively, were recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and ghost carp, Cyprinus sp. respectively, and demonstrated effectiveness as probiotics for the control of infections caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio ordalii and Yersinia ruckeri. When administered to rainbow trout (average weight = 12 g) for 14 days in feed dosed at 2 x 10(8) cells g(-1) of feed, JB-1 led to a reduction in mortalities to 0-13% after challenge with a range of bacterial pathogens compared to 80-100% mortalities of the controls. Similarly, use of GC2 reduced mortalities to 0-16% following the challenge compared to 80-100% mortalities of the controls. The mode of action reflected nutrition, production of inhibitory substances and stimulation of the innate immune responses. Specifically, JB-1 and especially GC2 were positive for siderophore and chitinase production, and increased lysozyme, phagocytic and respiratory burst activity.     

Seasonal dynamics in a coastal Vibrio community examinedby a rapid clustering method based on 16S rDNA

ABSTRACT:   A rapid clustering scheme for Vibrio specieswas developed based on the analysis of 16S rDNA, which compriseda group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragmentlength polymorphisms (RFLP) of the PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. The group-specificPCR, using a specific primer Vib1F, clustered the Vibrio speciesinto two large groups: Vib1F⁺ group and Vib1F^– group.The PCR-RFLP, using Sca I and Bln I, further dividedthese groups into smaller groups. Finally, 46 Vibrio speciesand eight related species could be clustered into 14 groups usingthis rapid clustering method. Seasonal dynamics of the Vibrio communityin Yoshimi Bay, Hibiki-nada Sea, Japan, were examined based on therapid clustering method. In both seawater and sediments, the groupcomprised Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio alginolyticus , Vibriocampbellii , Vibrio carchariae , Vibrio harveyi and Vibrionatriegens and was predominant when the seawater temperaturewas above 20°C, whereas the group of Vibrio splendidus biotypeI and Vibrio lentus was abundant when the temperature wasaround or below 20°C.     

Two pathogens of Greenshell™ mussel larvae, Perna canaliculus: Vibrio splendidus and a V. coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate

Bacterial pathogens of Greenshell™ mussel (GSM) larvae can cause batch losses during hatchery production. Twenty-two isolates were screened using a larval bioassay. Two strains were identified as potential pathogens. Phenotypic identification of these strains revealed two non-reactive Gram-negative, oxidase positive rods. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified Vibrio splendidus and a V. coralliilyticus/neptunius -like isolate as pathogens of GSM larvae, with an ability to cause 83% and 75% larval mortality in vitro , respectively, at a concentration of 10² CFU mL⁻¹. Histopathology indicated that the route of infection was via the digestive system. Using healthy larvae as target hosts, Koch's postulates were confirmed for the two isolates. This is the first report on pathogens of GSM larvae.