饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响

以酵母硒(总硒含量2 000 mg/kg)的形式分别向基础饲料(硒含量0.78 mg/kg)中添加0、2、4、6 mg/kg(饲料中硒总含量为0.78、2.42、4.26和6.73 mg/kg)的硒，研究饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼(25.89±0.74) g生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取360尾体质健康的史氏鲟幼鱼，随机分配至12个养殖缸(30尾/缸),养殖周期为10周。结果显示：(1)饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼肌肉硒含量、水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量及饲料转化率(FCR)、内脏比(VSI)、肝重比(HIS)没有显著性影响，但肥满度(CF)显著升高；与对照组相比，6.73 mg/kg添加组的史氏鲟幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定增长率(SGR)显著升高，肌肉蒸煮损失、冻融损失和滴水损失均显著降低；(2)对史氏鲟幼鱼投喂添加2.42～6.73 mg/kg的酵母硒饲料，其肌纤维密度显著增加、肌纤维直径显著降低；(3)添加6.73 mg/kg的硒显著提升了肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GP_X)活性。结果表明，饲料...     

黄曲霉毒素B1对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长及肝脏功能的影响

为研究黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1, AFB1)对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长、肠道消化酶及肝脏功能的影响,用添加不同梯度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)(0、50、100和200μg/kg)的4种等氮等脂配合饲料饲喂初始体质量为(6.00±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼8周。结果显示:(1)饲料中添加AFB1对黄颡鱼幼鱼的存活率、饲料系数和特定生长率等均无显著影响,但使胰蛋白酶活性显著提高,而高含量AFB1(100和200μg/kg)显著降低肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性;(2)随着AFB1添加量的上升,血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性及葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总胆汁酸和总胆固醇含量显著升高,肝脏中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性显著下降;(3) AFB1添加组的肝脏过氧化氢酶活性和丙二醛含量显著高于对照组,100和200μg/kg AFB1组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组,其余各组无显著差异;(4) AFB1添加组肝脏sod基因及炎性因子il-1β基因的相对表达量显著上调,200μg/kg AFB1组cat基因及炎性因子il-8、il-10相对表达量显著上调;(5)通过组织学观察,AFB1会引起部分肝细胞出现轻微萎缩、肝细胞核移位、细胞界限模糊和肝细胞内空泡化的现象。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中AFB1含量低于200μg/kg不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能,但饲料中AFB1≥50μg/kg时会影响黄颡鱼幼鱼肠道的消化吸收功能,同时引起肝脏氧化应激及炎性反应,造成肝脏功能损伤。     

糖基化大豆分离蛋白替代鱼粉对黄河鲤幼鱼生长及糖代谢的影响

为探讨糖基化大豆分离蛋白(GSPI)替代鱼粉对黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)幼鱼生长和糖代谢的影响,用GSPI替代0%(GSPI 0,对照组)、20%(GSPI 20)、40%(GSPI 40)、60%(GSPI 60)、80%(GSPI 80)和100%(GSPI100)的鱼粉配制6种等氮、等能(粗蛋白35.77%、粗脂肪6.07%)的饲料,分别饲喂6组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),体重为(13.44±0.27) g的幼鲤,进行8周养殖试验。结果表明,对比GSPI 0组, GSPI 60、GSPI 80和GSPI 100组幼鲤的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)及血清中生长激素(GH)、类胰岛素生长因子(IGF–I)含量均显著降低,而GSPI 40组幼鲤的饲料系数(FCR)显著增加(P<0.05)。随着GSPI替代鱼粉比例的增加,幼鲤的成活率(SR)、后肠的淀粉酶活性、钠葡萄糖共转运载体1 (SGLT1)和葡萄糖转运蛋白2 (GLUT2)基因表达量、肝的磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6PD)和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(P...     

饲料浮萍水平对大正三色锦鲤TYR及MC1R基因表达的影响

为探究饲料中不同浮萍添加水平对大正三色锦鲤酪氨酸酶TYR以及黑素皮质素受体MC1R基因表达的影响,配制浮萍添加水平分别为0%、3%、6%、9%、13%、14%6种等蛋白(38.6%)饲料饲养大正三色锦鲤(42.19±1.32)g 8周,分别记为Diet 1(0/13)、Diet 2(3/10)、Diet 3(6/7)、Diet 4(9/4)、Diet 5(13/1)、Diet 6(14/0)。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂10尾鱼。试验结果表明:(1)TYR基因在大正三色锦鲤的心脏、肝脏、眼睛、黑色皮肤、脑中均有表达,并且在脑、皮肤、眼睛中表达量相对较高;(2)各组织中TYR mRNA表达量随浮萍添加水平的升高均有一定波动,在皮肤与眼睛中,以Diet 6(14/0)组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),在脑中,以Diet 3(6/7)组显著高于除Diet 6的其他各组(P0.05);(3)皮肤与眼睛中MC1R mRNA表达量以Diet 6(14/0)组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而在脑中各组差异均不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲料不同浮萍添加水平促进大正三色锦鲤TYR以及MC1R基因表达,有利于鱼体黑色素沉积,因此选择Diet 6(14/0)组饲料投喂大正三色锦鲤最适。     

壳寡糖添加量对青鱼幼鱼血清特定生化指标、肝和肠白介素IL-2、IL-8和IL-10 mRNA表达量的影响

将30日龄、体质量约4.7g的青鱼放养在12个网箱中,每箱40尾,分别投喂添加0(对照组)、0.3%、0.6%和1.2%壳寡糖的饲料50d,每种饲料3个重复,研究壳寡糖添加量对青鱼血清特定生化指标、肝和肠白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-8(IL-8)和白介素-10(IL-10)mRNA表达量的影响。试验结果显示,与对照组比较,0.3%壳寡糖组青鱼血清乳酸脱氢酶的活性显著降低(P0.05),0.6%壳寡糖组青鱼血清甘油三酯、葡萄糖的含量和乳酸脱氢酶的活性显著降低(P0.05),0.3%组的肝IL-2和IL-10的表达量显著提高(P0.05),0.6%壳寡糖组的肝IL-2和IL-8的表达量显著提高(P0.05)。试验结果表明,在饲料中添加壳寡糖能促进青鱼幼鱼肝和肠白介素的表达,增强免疫力,降低血糖血脂含量,其中以添加0.6%壳寡糖的效果最佳。     

维生素C对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响

以初始体质量为(7.27 ±0.40)g的青鱼为研究对象,采用维生素C(VC)含量分别为0(对照组)、16.3、33.9、69.1、137.8和277.5 mg/kg 6种等氮等能实验饲料,饲养青鱼8周后,选取0、69.1和277.5 mg/kg VC组进行24 h氨氮胁迫(20 mg/L),研究VC对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响.结果显示:以特定生长率为指标,折线模型分析表明青鱼有效维生素C需要量为63.0 mg/kg.肌肉、肝脏和血清中VC积累量与饲料中VC含量呈正相关性,当VC添加量达到137.8 mg/kg时,肌肉和肝脏中VC积累量达到饱和.饲料中添加VC对血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响,饲料中添加VC显著提高了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(P＜0.05);血清中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力(NKA)随饲料中VC添加量的增加呈升高趋势,而血清皮质醇含量(COR)呈下降趋势.氨氮胁迫有使肝脏和肌肉VC含量、血清T-SOD、CAT、GSH-px活性、GSH含量和鳃丝NKA活性降低,血清VC含量、COR和MDA含量增加趋势.其中,对照组T-SOD、CAT、NKA活性、GSH、MDA和COR胁迫前后差异显著(P＜0.05),氨氮胁迫使VC添加组青鱼肝脏VC含量显著降低(P＜0.05),而CAT、NKA活力、GSH、COR胁迫前后均无显著变化.69.1 mg/kg VC组T-SOD活性胁迫前后无显著差异,但GSH-px活性和MDA含量胁迫前后差异显著(P＜0.05),而277.5 mg/kg VC添加组GSH-px活力和MDA含量胁迫前后差异不显著,但T-SOD活性显著降低,血清VC含量显著升高(P＜0.05).研究表明,青鱼获得最好生长的饲料有效VC添加量为63.0 mg/kg,氨氮胁迫使青鱼产生免疫应激反应,而补充VC可有效增强机体免疫,缓解机体免疫应激,改善青鱼抗氨氮胁迫能力.     

大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料中泛酸最适需求量的研究

为研究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼对泛酸的最适需求量，在基础配方中添加不同梯度的泛酸钙，制成6组泛酸含量分别为6.24、10.64、15.02、23.81、41.40和76.57 mg/kg等氮等能实验饲料，投喂初始体重为(24.73±0.10) g的大菱鲆幼鱼80 d。结果显示：1)泛酸对幼鱼成活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05)，10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著提高(P< 0.05)；泛酸含量超过23.81 mg/kg时，肝体比(HSI)显著降低(P<0.05)；2)随着饲料中泛酸含量的提高，全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪和肌肉粗蛋白均呈先升后降趋势，肝脏脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05)；3)肠道消化酶、Na+, K+-ATPase和肝脏胆碱酯酶(ChE)活力随泛酸添加量的增加呈先上升后下降趋势，10.64~76.57 mg/kg饲料组肠道肌酸激酶(CK)活力显著提高(P<0.05)；4)血清、肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均呈先升后降趋势；6.24 mg/kg饲料组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于其他5组(P<0.05)；5)随泛酸含量的增加，肝脏脂肪合成酶(FAS)基因表达量先升后降，脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)基因表达量显著上升(P<0.05)。研究表明，饲料中添加适宜的泛酸能显著增强大菱鲆幼鱼肠道消化、吸收能力和机体抗氧化能力，并可提高脂肪代谢相关基因的表达水平，从而提高其生长性能。以增重率为判据，经折线模型拟合得出，初体重为24.73 g的大菱鲆幼鱼对泛酸的需求量为16.08 mg/kg饲料。     

饲料中茶多酚的添加量对团头鲂幼鱼生长、饲料利用和抗氧化能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加茶多酚对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用和抗氧化能力的影响，选取240尾初始体重为(3.5±1.0) g的团头鲂幼鱼，随机分为4组，每组3个重复，每个重复20尾。实验配制了茶多酚添加量分别为0 (对照组)、100、300和500 mg/kg的等氮等能饲料，饲喂团头鲂幼鱼8周后测定鱼体生长性能、肌肉组成、血液生化指标和肝肠抗氧化指标。结果显示，摄食300 mg/kg茶多酚组的增重率(WGR)相较于对照组显著提高，蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于低添加量组，饲料系数(FCR)显著降低。500 mg/kg茶多酚显著降低了鱼体肌肉粗脂肪含量。茶多酚的添加显著降低了血浆葡萄糖(GLU)含量，且300和500 mg/kg茶多酚添加组团头鲂肝肠丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于无添加组。100和300mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝肠组织中还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著高于对照组。此外，300 mg/kg茶多酚添加组鱼体肝脏的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)活性也显著高于对照组。养殖实验结束后，通过腹腔注射浓度为50%的四氯化碳(CCl₄)溶液诱导...     

草鱼幼鱼肌醇营养需要量的研究

以酪蛋白、明胶和鱼粉为蛋白源,配制含肌醇水平分别为0、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg8、00 mg/kg、1 600 mg/kg的7组实验饲料。每组设3个重复,连续投喂体质量(4.78±0.18)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼9周,通过测定生长指标、部分血清生化指标和全鱼营养成分来评价饲料肌醇添加水平对草鱼幼鱼的影响。结果表明,饲料中肌醇添加水平≥200 mg/kg使草鱼幼鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率、血清中总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量与对照组相比有显著提高(P<0.05),而血清甘油三酯(TG)含量比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg肌醇添加组草鱼幼鱼饲料系数(FCR)比对照组有显著降低(P<0.05);饲料中添加肌醇对草鱼幼鱼存活率、血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和全鱼营养成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。对WGR、FCR、TC、TG和LDL-C进行折线回归分析得出饲料中肌醇添加水平为166～214 mg/kg对草鱼幼鱼的生长比较适宜。     

饲料中不同水平维生素A对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响

在饲料中分别添加0、20、100 IU/g的维生素A(视黄醇乙酸酯形式)配制成Ac、Al和Ah 3种试验饲料饲喂3龄半滑舌鳎亲鱼[雌性(1.58±0.18)kg/尾、雄性(0.20±0.05)kg/尾]70 d,探讨饲料中不同水平的VA对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。结果显示,Al组和Ah组雌鱼性腺成熟率均要高于Ac组;相对产卵量Al组最高,Ac组最低;Al和Ah组的受精率和孵化率均显著高于Ac组(P0.05);Al组的卵上浮率、初孵仔鱼长度、仔鱼的成活率和仔鱼生存活力指数(SAI)均显著高于Ac组和Ah组(P0.05);随饲料中VA的增加仔鱼畸形率虽有增加趋势,但无显著性差异(P0.05);而卵巢、肝脏和卵子中VA的含量和血清中SOD的活性均随饲料中VA的增加而显著提高(P0.05)。此外,Al组和Ah组卵子中维生素C的含量以及卵子脂肪酸中n-3HUFA、n-6PUFA和PUFA的含量均要高于Ac组。综上所述,饲料中添加适量VA可促进半滑舌鳎亲鱼性腺的发育,提高产卵量,改进卵子和仔鱼的质量;本研究中Al组(20 IU/g)亲鱼的繁殖性能要优于Ac组(0 IU/g)和Ah组(100 IU/g)。     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Parasites, pathological conditions and mortality in QX-resistant and wild-caught Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata

Differences in the survival of QX-resistant fifth generation (QXR₅) and wild-caught (Wild-Caught) Sydney rock oysters were assessed over the QX-disease risk period in the Pimpama River, SE Queensland. Cumulative mortality of Wild-Caught oysters (31.7%) was significantly greater than QXR₅ oysters (0.0%) over the 118 days of the experiment. PCR and histological results showed that Wild-Caught oyster did not die from QX disease. Histology revealed oysters were infected with disseminating hemocytic neoplasia, a Steinhausia-like infection, a Rickettsia-like organism infecting epithelial cells of the gill, digenean flukes encysted in the gonadal tissue and a gill response to an unknown toxin. The cause of mortality is attributed to disseminating hemocytic neoplasia.     

不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及抗氨氮能力的影响

对从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道中分离出的鲍鱼希瓦氏菌(Shewanella haliotis)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和双壳气单胞菌(Aeromonas bivalvium)3株有益菌株,利用正交设计得到9种复合比例,通过饲料中添加上述9种比例混合的菌体(菌数总量为109 cfu/g)饲喂凡纳滨对虾,经过28 d养殖实验,评价其对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫指标的影响。随后,利用氯化铵调节水体氨氮浓度至26.67 mg/L,经过16 d的氨氮毒性实验,研究不同比例复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗氨氮能力的影响。研究结果表明,9个复合益生菌实验组的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P0.05),并且以3株菌菌数6︰1︰3比例效果较好;不同配比的复合益生菌能够显著提高酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力(P0.05),并表现出了不同的影响效果,其中,3株菌菌数(菌数总量为109 cfu/g,下同)2︰3︰3、4︰2︰3及6︰1︰3比例对ACP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05),3株菌菌数4:2︰3和6︰1︰3比例对ALP活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);3株菌菌数2︰1︰1比例对T-SOD活力具有显著促进作用(P0.05);各比例的复合菌对溶菌酶活力的影响不显著(P0.05);氨氮浓度26.67 mg/L条件下,不同比例复合菌组对虾累计存活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中以3株菌菌数4︰3︰1和6︰3︰2比例组累计存活率较高,即抗氨氮效果较好。     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel anti-HIV lectin from the cultured cyanobacterium, Oscillatoria agardhii

OAA, the potent anti-HIV protein from Oscillatoria agardhii NIES-204 belongs to a new lectin family, shows strict binding specificity for high-mannose N-glycans, and has an extremely high association constant in the picomolar range for recombinant gp120, an envelope protein of HIV. In this study we have cloned the gene encoding OAA from the genomic DNA of the cyanobacterium, and efficiently expressed the recombinant lectin (rOAA) in Escherichia coli. The rOAA expressed as a His-tagged fusion protein was recovered in a soluble form and purified in high yield (48 mg/1 l-culture) by metal chelate chromatography. The fusion protein was cleaved with factor Xa, and the resulting rOAA was isolated in a final yield of 14.8 mg/1 l-culture by reversed-phase HPLC. Both the N-terminal sequence and the molecular mass of rOAA were found to be identical with those of OAA. The rOAA was fully functional with the same properties as OAA, as evidenced by hemagglutination activity, hapten-inhibition test, and binding specificity for high-mannose-type N-glycans. This rOAA should be applicable as a specific probe for high-mannose N-glycans and should contribute to elucidation of the molecular basis of its strict carbohydrate-binding specificity and potent anti-HIV activity.     

Enrichment of Artemia nauplii in PUFA, phospholipids, and water-soluble nutrients using liposomes

Different liposome formulations, includingseveral combinations of membrane composition,type of vesicle (multilamellar and largeunilamellar vesicles), preparation method, andvehiculated nutrient, have been assayed asbioencapsulation products to enrich Artemia nauplii with nutrients for feeding fish larvae.The stability of the liposome preparationsunder conditions of use as enrichment producthas been tested using water soluble fluorescentmarkers as leakage indicators. The content ofthe fatty acids and lipid classesbioencapsulated in Artemia nauplii withliposomes has been analyzed by gas and thinlayer chromatography, respectively, andcompared with other enrichment products. Theeffect of the liposome enriched Artemianauplii used as food for fish larvae has beenevaluated in sea bass cultures. Liposomes withhigh content in polyunsaturated fatty acidsleak out more than 50% of their aqueous phasein less than 2 hours, unless they arestabilized with cholesterol and formed as largeunilamellar vesicles. Such vesicles hold70% of the encapsulated material for 8 hours.Liposome enriched nauplii in this study reflectthe influence of the enrichment products,however, they are far from the commercialemulsion (Super Selco) in terms ofdocosahexaenoic acid content, except for thenauplii enriched with liposomes made of purekrill phospholipid extract by the method ofdetergent solubilization. The liposome enrichednauplii show a higher amount of polar lipids incontrast to the feed enriched with emulsions.The larvae fed liposome enriched nauplii haveonly a slightly lower docosahexaenoic acidcontent than those fed emulsion enrichednauplii. The results obtained confirm thesuitable potential use of liposomes as foodsupplement in larviculture. Problems andadvantages are discussed.     

Effects of dietary medicinal herbs and Bacillus on survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The basal diet (C), with 0.20% medicinal herbs (M) and 0.30% Bacillus (BM1), with 0.10% medicinal herbs and 0.15% Bacillus (BM2), and with 0.30% Bacillus (B), was used to feed white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) (1.91 ± 0.03 g) in order to assess survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity. At the end of the feeding trial, survival ranged from 95.83 to 98.33% with no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all groups. Growth measured as weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed with BM2, BM1, and M compared to that of C. However, no significant differences were found among B, BM1, and M. In the case of specific growth rate, the shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than that of C. The contents of body moisture, crude protein, and ash seemed to be unaffected by the feed supplements, though lipid content was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 had the lowest and highest lipid contents, respectively. The digestive enzyme activity assessed using shrimp hepatopancreas revealed that the activities of amylase and protease in shrimp fed with BM2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of C at the end of the 2nd and 6th weeks. However, better performance of the specific amylase activity was shown by the shrimp fed with B at the end of the 8th week.     

鳢流行性溃疡综合征病原分离鉴定与病理形态学观察

为寻找冬春季鳢(Channa maculata)烂身病的病原,应用组织压片、组织切片、扫描电镜技术、HE常规染色法和Grocott六胺银染色法、霉菌分离纯化及ITS的序列分析等对冬春季患疑似溃疡综合征的烂身病鳢进行了病原学与病理学研究。病变组织压片观察到大量直径10～20μm,分枝较少、纤细菌丝。扫描电镜观察到肌肉组织中延伸出大量的纤细的丝状真菌。患病鳢皮肤和肌肉表现为变性、坏死与炎性细胞浸润,溃疡灶肌肉内可见大量的慢性肉芽肿结节和炎性细胞浸润。结节基本结构由类上皮细胞和多核巨细胞、炎性细胞、霉菌菌丝(横断面呈圆形,斜断或纵断呈丝状)组成,霉菌位于结节中央。Grocott六胺银染色观察到结节中有大量棕色菌体。无菌分离培养可观察到典型丝状霉菌;霉菌在灭菌池塘水20℃过夜, 12 h后可观察原代孢子群形成,真菌ITS序列分析表明其与侵袭丝囊菌(Aphanomyces invadans)同源性为100%。侵袭丝囊霉菌(A. invadans)是杂交鳢溃疡综合症病的主要病原,为鱼类流行病学调查和疾病防治的深入研究奠定基础。     

Comparison of age estimates from scale, opercular bone, otolith, vertebrae and dorsal fin ray in Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton)

The present study was undertaken with a view to compare the precision and reliability of the age readings obtained from different bony structures of some important freshwater teleosts viz., Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Catla catla (Hamilton) and Channa marulius (Hamilton). Standard procedures were followed to prepare and study the age structures. In L. rohita and C. marulius percent agreement between reader's age estimates was highest for scales, i.e. 96.3% and 90.5%, respectively and in C. catla percent agreement was highest (93.3%) for opercular bone. When scale ages were compared with other alternative structures viz., otoliths, opercular bone, vertebral centra and dorsal fin rays, percent agreement was found highest between scale and opercular bone age estimates (77.8%) in L. rohita and between scale and otoliths (94.8%) in C. marulius. In case of C. catla highest percent agreement was found between opercular bone and scale age estimates. In L. rohita each of the ageing structure showed significant (P < 0.05) underestimation of age in comparison to scales. In C. catla mean age estimates from opercular bone were comparable (P > 0.05) to the values obtained from all other structures except dorsal fin rays. In C. marulius mean age estimates from scales were comparable (P > 0.05) to those from all other structures except from dorsal fin rays. Results indicated scales to be the most suitable structure for ageing L. rohita and C. marulius and opercular bone for C. catla. However, in C. catla also scales may be used as a non-destructive method of age estimation with satisfactory results.     

大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟和金鳟的肌肉营养成分与品质特性

为了解大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)、三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)3种鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性,利用生化分析、物性分析方法分析3种鱼肌肉的营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、肉色、系水力和质构特性。结果表明,大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉的水分质量分数分别为62.91%、67.15%、73.02%,粗蛋白质量分数分别为22.39%、21.03%、22.11%,粗脂肪质量分数分别为14.64%、17.16%、5.11%。3种鱼肌肉的滴水损失、黄色值(b~*)、羟脯氨酸含量、内聚性均显著不差异(P0.05)。3种鱼肌肉的硬度和咀嚼性由低到高依次为大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟,而pH值的结果则与之相反(P0.05)。大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肌肉的灰分、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、回复性、弹性和红色值(a~*)差异不显著(P0.05),但灰分、蒸煮损失、回复性均小于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05),弹性和红色值(a~*)则均大于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05)。大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量分别为42.28%、41.84%、41.63%(质量分数),必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)比值分别为73.25%、71.94%、71.32%,均符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)对优质蛋白质的评价标准;3种鱼肌肉中均检测到22种脂肪酸,组成丰富,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。综上所述,3种鱼的肌肉都是符合人体营养需求的优质水产品,其中大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肉质接近,且都优于金鳟的肉质。     

三疣梭子蟹甲基转移酶2基因克隆及在胚胎、幼体和性腺发育过程中的表达分析

本研究采用SMART RACE方法克隆了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)Dnmt2(Pt Dnmt2)基因。该基因c DNA全长为1291 bp,开放阅读框为1203 bp,编码400个氨基酸。结构域分析显示,PtDnmt2基因有典型的C5-DNA甲基化酶结构域。同源分析表明,PtDnmt2氨基酸序列与其他物种有较高的同源性。系统进化分析显示,三疣梭子蟹PtDnmt2氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)Dnmt2关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示,PtDnmt2基因在三疣梭子蟹所有组织中均有表达,在卵巢中表达量显著高于其他组织(P0.05)。PtDnmt2基因在胚胎和幼体发育过程中的表达量随发育时期而变化,其在受精卵和多细胞时期无表达,从囊胚期开始出现,随着胚胎的发育表达量逐渐上升。在性腺发育不同时期PtDnmt2基因表达量存在显著差异,其在卵巢II期表达量最高,之后逐渐下降;在精巢中该基因的表达量随着精巢的发育逐渐上升,在IV期达到峰值。本研究结果表明,PtDnmt2基因参与了三疣梭子蟹胚胎、幼体和性腺发育调控。