青岛地区贝类产品中诺如病毒的感染和流行初探

从2006年1月至2007年1月，在青岛市内3区5个主要水产品批发市场连续采集贝类样品，其中太平洋牡蛎Crassostreagi gas 208个、毛蚶Scapharca subcrenata 169个、杂色蛤Venerupis variegata 169个，采用RT—PCR方法检测诺如病毒（Novoviruses，NV）的感染，旨在为贝类食品的安全监控提供基础数据资料。研究结果表明，太平洋牡蛎和毛蚶样品中NV检出率分别为10．1％和5．3％，而杂色蛤未检出，NV流行的季节主要是11月至次年3月，感染部位主要分布于贝类的消化道。     

中国牡蛎分类方法研究进展

牡蛎(Oyster)为世界性广布种,是我国重要的海水养殖对象.由于牡蛎的贝壳随其生活环境的变化而发生极大的变化,导致了牡6的物种组成及分布问题存在很大的分歧.采用传统的形态学、解剖学等方法已不能完全解决牡蛎的分类问题.近年来,随着分子生物学技术在牡蛎分类方面的广泛应用,通过采用形态分类和分子生物学技术相结合已成为了解决...     

温州市珊溪水库鳙营养成分分析与评价

本研究采用国标方法分析了温州市珊溪水库鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉的基本营养成分(水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质和灰分)、氨基酸、脂肪酸及矿物质等含量。研究表明4龄和6龄温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉中(鲜样)水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为(78.74±0.98)%和(78.84±1.16)%、(16.87±0.86)%和(16.50±0.80)%、(1.35±0.66)%和(1.36±0.83)%、(1.65±0.82)%和(1.76±1.47)%。鳙肌肉中18种氨基酸总量分别为(17.90±1.50)%和(16.87±0.86)%,其中,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸比值分别为41.38%和41.46%,4种鲜味氨基酸总量分别为8.24%和7.75%。温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉的氨基酸种类齐全,比例适宜,第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸。温州市珊溪水库鳙肌肉中检测出23种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较其他淡水鱼丰富,EPA+DHA含量在22.69%和22.24%之间。本研究可为温州市珊溪水库鳙的营养价值进行了全面评估并对人类合理膳食营养提供参考。     

庙湖水华过程中浮游细菌丰度与多样性的变化

藻类的过度繁盛(水华)将产生大量有机质,并由此造成严重危害,而浮游细菌在有机质分解过程中的作用尚未得到充分研究。描述了2010年4-8月武汉庙湖叶绿素与不同形态氮和磷的浓度,分析了不同形态细菌的丰度和多样性(以DNA的DGGE图谱为表征)及其与胞外水解酶活性的关系。结果表明,庙湖叶绿素a与总磷浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),4月与7月的叶绿素浓度均超过120μg/L。在水华间隔期内,自由生活菌的数量大幅度升高(1.39×106～2.72×107个/mL),而附着细菌的数量则大体相近(7.77×105～4.49×106个/mL)。水华衰亡初期,二者的群落结构基本相似,并随时间逐渐分化至显著不同的程度;附着细菌的数量直接或间接地明显正比于胞外水解酶活性,在水华有机碎屑分解过程中的作用更为重要。     

沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究综述

沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的研究,主要包括重金属污染常用评价体系,沉积物中重金属的存在形态以及生物对重金属的生物利用等方面。同时对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性研究进行了展望。     

泾河宁夏段夏季浮游生物群落结构特征

2010年7-8月对泾河宁夏段浮游生物群落组成进行了调查.结果表明,该河段浮游植物种类有6门、81种(属),密度为1.1万～11.6万个/L,平均密度为4.37万个/L.生物量为0.024 ～0.210 mg/L,平均生物量为0.083 mg/L.浮游动物有4门、54种(属),密度为60 ～ 185个/L,平均密度为107.73个/L.生物量为0.02～0.66 mg/L,平均生物量为0.24 mg/L.浮游植物多样性指数表明,该河段水质良好,浮游生物群落结构不稳定,易受外界的干扰.     

泾河宁夏段夏季浮游生物群落结构特征

2010年7-8月对泾河宁夏段浮游生物群落组成进行了调查。结果表明,该河段浮游植物种类有6门、81种（属）,密度为1.1万～11.6万个/L,平均密度为4.37万个/L。生物量为0.024～0.210mg/L,平均生物量为0.083mg/L。浮游动物有4门、54种（属）,密度为60～185个/L,平均密度为107.73个/L。生物量为0.02～0.66mg/L,平均生物量为0.24mg/L。浮游植物多样性指数表明,该河段水质良好,浮游生物群落结构不稳定,易受外界的干扰。     

益生芽孢菌制剂对鸡免疫促进作用的研究

本研究利用益生芽孢杆菌微生态饲料添加剂混料饲喂雏鸡,在7日龄和21日龄进行2次新城疫疫苗免疫后,检测相关指标。结果显示,试验组的新城疫血凝抑制效价(HI)明显高于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01);脾脏指数、胸腺指数均显著高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.05);法氏囊指数高于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明本制剂对雏鸡具有免疫调节作用。     

The Role of Somatostatins in the Regulation of Growth in Fish

Somatostatins (SS) are a structurally diverse family of peptide hormones that affect various aspects of growth, development and metabolism in vertebrates. Fish have proved to be useful models for understanding the role(s) of SS in the regulation of growth. Organismal growth is inhibited by SS and fish with impaired growth (caused by fasting or premature transfer to seawater of anadromous species) display enhanced SS production and elevated plasma levels of the hormone. Somatostatins modulate growth at the level of the pituitary through the inhibition of growth hormone (GH) synthesis and secretion. There are, however, significant structure-function relationships with regard to GH inhibition. For example, while SS-14 is a potent inhibitor of GH secretion, catfish SS-22 and salmonid SS-25 appear not to have GH secretotropic effects. Somatostatins also have extra-pituitary effects on growth. For example, SS reduce GH binding capacity and inhibit IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver. In addition, SS inhibit insulin, another factor essential to organismal growth. Finally, SS interact with a variety of reproductive and metabolic processes - actions which suggest that SS help modulate energy partitioning among biological processes.     

新疆渭干河流域鱼类资源现状

2019年5月、8月和11月,在上、中、下游共设5个采样点,采用单层刺网(网目1、2、3 cm,网长20、30、40 m)和地笼网(开口40 cm×40 cm,长8 m)调查新疆天山南麓中段塔里木河流域九大水系之一的渭干河(N 41°06′～42°42′,E 80°40′～84°10′)的鱼类资源状况.调查共采集鱼类1...     

新疆雅罗鱼亚科鱼类分化时间的估计

在鲤科鱼类中雅罗鱼亚科鱼类起源较早,形态差异显著。迄今为止,有关雅罗鱼亚科的系统发育关系还存在很大的争议。本文以新疆分布的雅罗鱼亚科鱼类为对象,采用线粒体DNA中的cyt b基因序列,用贝叶斯联合模型分析数据,重建了雅罗鱼亚科的系统发育关系;结合鲤亚科和裂腹鱼亚科,用松散分子钟估算了雅罗鱼亚科属间的分歧时间。结果显示：丁鱥属（Tinca）处于系统发育树的基部,新疆雅罗鱼亚科鱼类中丁鱥属（36Ma）和鱥属（Phoxinus）（29Ma）的起源于渐新世,而欧鳊属（Abramis）（20Ma）、拟鲤属（Rutilus）（18Ma）、雅罗鱼属（Leuciscus）（13Ma）起源于中新世。     

南海北部湾2012年捕捞产量估算

南海北部湾是广西、广东和海南三省区渔民的传统重要渔场之一,准确掌握北部湾捕捞产量对于搞好北部湾渔业生产管理意义重大。文章采用2012年南海捕捞信息动态采集网络的广西渔船生产数据,参考广西相关渔业调查资料,分别推算2012年广西拖网、围网、刺网、钓具、定置网和其他杂渔具在北部湾的捕捞产量,统计广西全年在北部湾的捕捞产量为39．2×10^4t,进而推算中国渔船2012年在北部湾的产量为65．7×10^4t。在此基础上,再采用相关文献中有关越南渔船在北部湾的产量,估算2012年北部湾的捕捞产量约为85．7×10^4t。     

Function of meiobenthos and microorganisms in cellulose breakdown in sediments of wetlands with different origins in Hokkaido

To validate the mechanism of cellulose breakdown in cold climate wetlands, we investigated cellulase activity in sediments collected from 17 wetland sites in Hokkaido, the northern area of Japan. We evaluated cellulase activity by quantitative analysis of glucose released from carboxymethyl cellulose and found that sediments from peat fens demonstrated high activity, followed by sediments from lagoons and estuaries. Sediments from peat fens also contained greater amounts of organic matter, followed by lagoons and estuaries, thereby suggesting a strong positive correlation between organic matter content and cellulase activity. Evaluation of cellulase activity by qualitative cellulose zymographic analysis showed that various cellulases with different molecular sizes were implicated in cellulose breakdown in wetlands. Among them, cellulose breakdown in Meguma Pond (peat fen), Notsuke Gulf (peat fen), and Lake Utonai (lagoon) was potentially due to microorganism cellulase, while that in Lake Chobushi (lagoon) was ascribed to meiobenthos (Oligochaeta species) cellulase. The findings presented herein suggest that the origin and activity level of cellulase vary depending on the type of cold climate wetland.     

锦州湾夏季浮游动物的群落特征

调查结果表明:锦州湾生态监控区海域共鉴定出浮游动物36种,包括桡足类、水母类、毛颚类、磷虾、糠虾和各种浮游幼体以及一些原生动物。其中,小拟哲水蚤、强额拟哲水蚤、双毛纺锤水蚤为优势种,合计占浮游动物总个体数的56%。浮游动物的种类数和总个体数水平分布格局都表现为湾外大于湾内,浮游动物数量与叶绿素a的含量变化基本一致,但相关不显著。浮游动物多样性指数平均值为2.232,说明该海域水质和生物群落较稳定、成熟。     

2006年夏季珠江口浮游动物群落结构特征分析

2006年8月对珠江8大入海口浮游动物群落的种类组成和数量平面分布进行了调查。经鉴定有浮游动物57种,其中桡足类占优势,有20种;其次为轮虫和枝角类,分别为18和8种;此外,被囊动物2种,原生动物、多毛类、异足类、水母类、糠虾类各1种;还有阶段性各种幼虫以及未知种类2种。调查期间各站位均出现的种类有萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、镰状臂尾轮虫（B.falcatus）和长额象鼻溞（Bosmina lon-girostris）。浮游动物的种数变化范围为19～29种,密度的变化范围为2288～300000ind·m^-3,生物量的变化范围为10.03～111.94mg·m^-3。     

刺参南方池塘养殖技术

福建是刺参南方养殖的主要地区，池塘养殖是主要养殖方式之一。本文在借鉴北方刺参养殖技术的基础上，结合多年的南方养殖实践，从附着基设置、放苗前准备、苗种选择与投放、养殖管理、收获与销售等方面对南方刺参池塘养殖技术做一总结介绍，为南方刺参养殖业者提供参考。     

Recent Advances in Hormonal Induction of Sex-Reversal in Fish

ABSTRACT

A neuroendocrine peptide can induce sex-reversal in pro-togynous labrid teleosts, similar to androgenic and antiestrogenic steroids. Culture water containing metabolites of 17a-methyltestosterone (MT), when recirculated, are more potent to induce sex-reversal than dietary supplemented MT; human estrogens present in sewage water, or other pollutants derail the normal course of sex differentiation. Steroid administration by immersion is 200-1,000 times cheaper than dietary supplementation; discrete immersion for 2-8 hours per day for 1-3 weeks after hatching induces maximal sex-reversal in salmonids like coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, while others like chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha, require dietary supplementation. Studies on uptake, disposition in the organs, and elimination of unlabeled or labeled steroids have indicated that the androgen is absorbed within one hour after intake, and selectively retained it in gall bladder, pyloric caeca and liver at higher concentrations for a longer time; however, 90-95% of the steroid is eliminated within 1-2 weeks. Estimated residual steroid of < 5 ng/g fish is too low to be a hazard to human health. Steroid delivered through water can be absorbed and retained by egg yolk of salmonids and is gradually released into the developing embryos. Temperature and autosomal gene(s) alter the process of sex differentiation in hormonally sex-reversing fish. Suboptimal treatment of steroids results in the production of hermaphroditic and intersex individuals. Hormonally sex-reversed fish also suffers from low survival and functional deficiences. The Indian scenario on the use of hormones for monosex aquaculture is described.     

冬季大别山不同生境的绿太阳鱼肌肉营养组成对比

为了解冬季绿太阳鱼(Lepomis cyanellus)肌肉营养成分的空间差异,分析并比较了2016年12月采集的大别山区三个样地的绿太阳鱼肌肉营养成分。利用相似性百分比(SIMPER)分析、非参数多变量排序(NMS)和聚类分析(Cluster analysis),结果显示:大别山区栖息环境(水库、溪流)对绿太阳鱼肌肉营养成分影响较大;随后t-test的结果显示同一样地溪流环境中的绿太阳鱼丰满度K,肌肉氨基酸组成中的脯氨酸Pro、甘氨酸Gly、蛋氨酸Met、组氨酸His、精氨酸Arg、总脂肪,以及脂肪酸酸组成中棕榈酸(C_(16∶0))、硬脂酸(C_(18∶0))、油酸(C_(18∶1))均高于水库中绿太阳鱼的含量;同时水库环境中绿太阳鱼肌肉中的花生一烯酸(C_(20∶1))、二十二碳二烯酸(C_(22∶2))、二十二碳六烯酸(C_(22∶6))、十七碳一烯酸(C_(22∶6))、花生二烯酸(C_(20∶2))、花生三烯酸(C_(20∶3))、花生四烯酸(C_(20∶4))、二十二碳四烯酸(C_(22∶4))、二十二碳五烯酸(C_(22∶5))等不饱和脂肪酸高于下游溪流绿太阳鱼肌肉中的水平。     

Patterns of movement of centrarchids in two warmwater streams in eastern Tennessee

We studied the movements of redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), largemouth brass (Micropterus salmoides), and warmouth (Lepomis gulosus) by tagging fishes with individually numbered tags. We sampled quarterly over a 3-year period (1985–1988) at six 800- to 2300-m-long sites in 2 streams near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Overall, distances between successive captures were < 100 m for approximately two-thirds of all fishes. Only rarely did we document movements over long distances; distances of 17.0-17.6 km between successive captures were obtained for 5 fishes (1 redbreast sunfish, 1 largemouth bass and 3 bluegill), and only one other fish moved > 10 km. In general, all species were highly sedentary in both streams, with rock bass and redbreast sunfish being the most sedentary and bluegill and largemouth bass being the least. In most instances, redbreast sunfish showed the same distribution of distances between captures regardless of the interval between captures (1 week, 3 months, 6 months or more). This species also tended to be more mobile in the spring and less mobile in the winter, with large fish exibiting the greatest distances between captures. Some redbreast sunfish showed a very restricted home range, being captured 3 or more times over ≥ 6 months in the same 50-m section of stream. A few individuals moved 4-9 km only to return to their original location, but most fish exhibited behaviors intermediate between these extremes. For all species, upstream and downstream movements were equally common, although movements in one direction predominated at some sites for limited periods of time. Knowledge of movement patterns and differences in behavior among species is important not only in understanding the basic ecology of the species but also in designing, conducting and interpreting environmental monitoring studies.     

单过硫酸氢钾粉对5种水产常见致病菌的体内外抑菌作用

研究了单过硫酸氢钾粉对5种水产常见致病菌的体内、外抑菌作用,测定了体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)及以保护率为指标的体内抑菌效果。结果表明,体外抑菌实验中,单过硫酸氢钾粉对爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella、温和气单胞菌Aeromonas sobria、嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila、迟钝爱德华氏菌Edwardsiella tard、荧光假单胞菌Psudomonas fluorescens均有明显的抑制作用,其对5种菌的MIC分别为1、0.25、0.125、0.25、0.5μg/ml;MBC与MIC相同。而体内抑菌实验中,随着单过硫酸氢钾粉浓度的增加,由5种致病菌引起鲫鱼的死亡率逐步降低。统计分析发现,使用0.25μg/ml单过硫酸氢钾粉药浴鲫鱼,即可对由5种致病菌引起的鲫鱼病害有治疗的作用。