橘色双冠丽鱼黑素皮质素受体1基因(MC1R)整胚原位杂交

为探究黑素皮质素受体1基因(MC1R)在橘色双冠丽鱼胚胎发育和体色形成过程中的表达定位及功能,本研究首先制备了MC1R基因的RNA正反义探针,T7方向转录的正义RNA探针质量浓度为447.529 ng/μL,SP6方向转录的反义RNA探针质量浓度为342.698 ng/μL。经10～20倍稀释后的探针用于原位杂交,MC1R基因探针表达定位显示,随橘色双冠丽鱼胚胎的发育杂交信号总体呈逐渐减弱趋势,原肠期和视泡期其卵黄和胚体侧卧部分有杂交信号分布;出膜期其脊柱、卵黄囊及其内容物和色素细胞内出现杂交信号;出膜期第1天,卵黄表面有信号分布。总体来看,杂交信号在脊索、卵黄囊、卵黄囊内容物质及色素细胞有特异表达,而以正义探针作为阴性对照组在5个胚胎阶段均无任何信号,杂交信号显现的MC1R表达定位说明其在橘色双冠丽鱼色素细胞的分化、迁移中起到重要调控作用,也与神经、营养、免疫功能相关,初步建立了鱼类体色相关基因功能和定位研究的整胚原位杂交方法。     

橘色双冠丽鱼体色相关基因mitf的结构及表达调控特性

为了解小眼畸形相关转录因子mitf基因在鱼类早期体色褪黑过程中的调控作用,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得橘色双冠丽鱼(Amphilophus citrinellus) mitf基因cDNA序列全长,利用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)技术检测其在橘色双冠丽鱼胚胎不同发育时期、体色褪黑不同时期和各个组织中的表达规律。获得mitf基因2个亚型,其中,mitf1的cDNA全长为1816 bp,包括5′非编码区(UTR) 158 bp、3′UTR 428 bp、开放阅读框(ORF) 1230 bp,共编码409个氨基酸;mitf2的cDNA全长为1638 bp,包括5´UTR 160 bp、3´UTR 428 bp和ORF 1050 bp,共编码349个氨基酸。同源性和系统进化分析显示,mitf1和mitf2聚在一小支,与慈鲷科(Cichlidae)鱼类同源性最高,与哺乳类动物同源性较低。qRT-PCR结果显示,在成鱼各个组织中,mitf1和mitf2均有不同程度表达,其中,眼部表达量最高且显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),肌肉、脑和肾脏也有较高表达;mitf1和mitf2在胚胎各个发育时期均有表达,在受精卵时期表达量最高,显著高于其他胚胎期;随着橘色双冠丽鱼体色由黑色过渡到橘黄色,mitf1和mitf2在鱼皮肤、鳞片、尾鳍中的表达均呈逐渐下降的趋势,表明mitf基因表达与鱼体色由黑到黄转变的表型间存在关联性,推测与鱼体色发育阶段色素细胞的分化和分布比例的动态变化相关。本研究通过了解鱼类体色发育和变异的分子基础,可为鱼类色素细胞发育和体色人工改良积累资料。     

不同颜色品系暹罗斗鱼色素细胞的观察

为了解暹罗斗鱼多彩体色的成因,为斗鱼的体色选育提供科学依据,对红色系、蓝色系和金属色系暹罗斗鱼背部鳞片的色素细胞进行了研究。通过显微观察,确定了组成斗鱼鳞片的色素细胞有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞、黄色素细胞、鸟粪素细胞等4种,分布于鳞片的上下两层。研究结果表明,不同颜色品系间鳞片色素细胞的组成、分布、形状不同,是形成暹罗斗鱼多彩体色的重要原因。红色系斗鱼没有鸟粪素细胞,而蓝色系和金属色系斗鱼均有鸟粪素细胞,只分布于鳞片的下层。除了蓝色系铁锈蓝色斗鱼外,蓝色系其它颜色斗鱼和金属色斗鱼鳞片的上下层均有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞、黄色素细胞这3种色素细胞。红色系不同颜色斗鱼的色素细胞组成不同,超红色斗鱼有黑色素细胞、红色素细胞,柬红色斗鱼只有红色素细胞,橘红色斗鱼有红色素细胞和黄色素细胞,黄色斗鱼有黄色素细胞和黑色素细胞,分布于鳞片的上下层。     

鱼类体色研究进展

鱼类的体色丰富多彩,这是由于鱼类体内具有色素细胞所致,鱼类的基本色素细胞有四种:即黑色素细胞(Melanophore)、虹彩细胞(Iridocyte,又称鸟粪素细胞,guanophore)、红色素细胞(Erythrophore)和黄色素细胞(Xanthophore).     

不同体色血鹦鹉鱼的色素细胞种类、数量及色素含量

用显微镜观察了体长7.0~10.0cm的黑、黑黄、黄、红4种体色血鹦鹉鱼色素细胞的形态结构,用紫外分光光度计法测定了其总类胡萝卜素含量。结果显示,(1)黑色血鹦鹉鱼通体分布树突状和圆点状两种形态的黑色素细胞,内含大量黑色素颗粒,黄色素细胞较少,颜色较浅;(2)黑黄色血鹦鹉鱼体上的树突状黑色素细胞的中心胞体扩散,分枝细长,黑色素颗粒为棕色,聚集能力弱,黄色素细胞大颜色深且数量较多;(3)黄色血鹦鹉鱼体上的黑色素细胞数量很少,黄色素细胞遍体分布,颜色深,有少量圆点状的红色素细胞,形状小,颜色浅;(4)红色血鹦鹉鱼体的黑色素细胞稀少,有少量的黄色素细胞,红色素细胞遍体分布。(5)红色血鹦鹉鱼的肉、鳞片、鳍条和皮肤的类胡萝卜素含量与其他3种体色的鱼相比差异均极显著(P0.01);黑、黑黄、黄3种体色的血鹦鹉鱼的上述4个部位的类胡萝卜素含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。本试验结果为深入探究色素细胞的发育机制提供了参考。     

硬骨鱼类黄色素细胞的研究进展

色素细胞是动物体内产生色素的一类特化细胞,其色素颗粒可选择性吸收或反射特定波长的光产生多种颜色,从而形成动物的体色。色素细胞由胚胎神经嵴细胞分化形成,在动物警戒求偶、伪装、拟态、隐蔽以及环境适应性等一系列生物学过程中起着关键作用。黄色素细胞是仅次于黑色素细胞最受关注的研究对象。黄色素细胞合成含有类胡萝卜素和蝶啶成分的红/黄色素小体,可以形成从白色到红色等一系列的颜色,是研究色素细胞互作、色素沉着以及生物进化机制的理想模型。本综述介绍了鱼类色素细胞的来源和分布、黄色素细胞的发育和分化以及蝶啶色素合成代谢机制三个方向,并提出了现阶段黄色素细胞研究中存在的缺陷,为鱼类体色形成、色素细胞分化及体色性状分子选育提供参考依据。     

鱼类体色研究进展

鱼类的体色丰富多彩，这是由于鱼类体内具有色素细胞所致，鱼类的基本色素细胞有四种：即黑色素细胞（Melanophore）、虹彩细胞（Iridocyte，又称鸟粪素细胞，guanophore）、红色素细胞（Erythrophore）和黄色素细胞（Xanthophore）。色素细胞都具有薄而极富弹性的细胞膜，膜上有细微的肌纤维和神经末梢。     

养殖鱼类体色改良研究进展

鱼类在不同的生态及生理条件下会呈现不同的颜色，并且在自然界中都会呈现自己特定的体色。鱼体真皮层中含有4种色素细胞：黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞、红色素细胞及鸟粪素细胞。前3种色素细胞内的色素颗粒在神经及体液调节下，产生位移或数量的增减，及色素细胞数量的变化，加上鸟粪素细胞的特殊反光作用，使鱼体呈现不同的颜色。     

鱼类的体色及其变化

各种鱼类都具有各自的体色，但是在一般情况下，热带水域鱼类体色的色彩比寒带鱼类绚丽多彩。鱼类的体色是由皮肤真皮层和鳞片上、下两面的大量有色细胞形成的，这类细胞分为色素细胞和光彩细胞(Iridocyte)两种。色素细胞是分枝状的结缔组织细胞，细胞里含有色素，它的颜色成分是红、橙、黄等其它色调的脂色素、     

鱼溶浆、酶解鱼溶浆(粉)对黄颡鱼体色的影响

正黄颡鱼隶属鲇形目、鲿科、黄颡鱼属。在中国,黄颡鱼是一种优质名贵的经济鱼类,因为市场价格高,可获得更高的经济效益,在很多地区养殖量逐年增长。人工养殖条件下黄颡鱼的体色易变,会影响商品价值。影响养殖鱼类体色的因素很多,饲料色素不足是主要因素之一,水质、疾病、饲料等也能导致黄颡鱼体色发生变化。养殖鱼类体色变化分为黑色和黄色等鲜艳体色的变化,鱼类黑色体色的形成主要依赖于皮肤、鳞片中成熟的黑色素细胞数量、分布,以及黑色素颗     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来，我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐，参与市场竞争，努力提升企业和产品竞争力，经济社会事业发展较快，对国家的贡献提升，职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善，示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓，战略定位与发展方向不明，经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑，没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系，投资匮乏，发展后劲不足，人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状，提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估，改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作，改革时机的选择，处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系，调整好内部利益分配关系，自觉融入区域经济，与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展，建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.