三种糖源对凡纳滨对虾仔虾期饥饿和补偿生长后营养物质代谢的影响

为了解2种状态(饥饿和复投喂)下投喂3种糖源对凡纳滨对虾仔虾生长、虾体组成成分、代谢指标的影响,实验共5个处理,分别为饥饿组S0、对照组C、实验组S1、S2、S3(在基础饲料中糖源分别为：葡萄糖、蔗糖、玉米淀粉)。实验选取体质量为(1.84±0.23) g的凡纳滨对虾仔虾用方形纱制网兜独立喂养,进行为期12 d的饥饿实验后继续复投喂12 d。结果显示,饥饿后仔虾体组成成分及相关酶[脂肪酶(LPS)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、已糖激酶(HK)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)]差异显著;仔虾肝糖原、肌糖原均呈现出反复升降的过程,饥饿8 d后肝糖原降到最低值,肌糖原短暂回升后显著下降。复投喂4 d后S3组增重率最高,实验各组间无显著差异,均低于C组;全虾水分、全虾粗灰分、肌糖原含量无显著差异;S1、S2组虾体粗脂肪含量显著高于S3组;肝糖原、肌糖原均有回升,S1组肝糖原显著低于其他组。复投喂12 d后,S3组LPS活性、HK活性显著高于其他各实验组,GS、PFK含量实验组间无显著差异。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾仔虾饥饿过程中糖原和脂肪先于蛋白质被动用供能;复投喂出现部分补偿生长效应,玉米淀粉作为糖源饲料对凡纳滨对虾仔虾期恢复生长效果最佳。     

四种糖作为碳源对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道消化酶及肠道菌群的影响

为研究4种常见的糖源对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道消化酶及肠道菌群的影响,选取初始体质量为(0.36±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,从多种糖类中选择常见的4种糖(葡萄糖、果糖、淀粉、蔗糖)作为糖源配制饲料,实验共计4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复40尾虾,养殖周期为56 d,每种糖源的添加量为20%。结果显示,(1)凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率和蛋白质效率均存在显著性差异,淀粉组显著高于其他3组,但各组间的肝体比和含肉率无显著差异。全虾体成分,蔗糖组的粗脂肪显著低于其他3组,葡萄糖组的灰分显著高于其他3组,粗蛋白与水分各组间无显著差异。(2)各组间对虾肠道的脂肪酶活性,淀粉组与蔗糖组显著高于葡萄糖组及果糖组,胃蛋白酶活性方面,淀粉组显著高于其他3组。(3)各组间凡纳滨对虾肠道的OTU、Ace指数及Chao指数无显著差异,Shannon指数淀粉组及蔗糖组显著高于葡萄糖组,Simpson指数淀粉组显著低于蔗糖组,而蔗糖组又显著低于葡萄糖组。门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度差异显著,但疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)相对丰度各组间无明显差异;在纲水平上,各处理组间的对虾肠道菌群的差异性较显著,淀粉组对虾肠道中黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)、γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)及噬纤维菌纲(Cytophagia)是明显高于蔗糖组与葡萄糖组。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾对淀粉和蔗糖的吸收利用优于葡萄糖和果糖,同时,淀粉和蔗糖对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群多样性存在一定的影响,淀粉和蔗糖为凡纳滨对虾饲料中的适宜糖源。     

益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和全虾营养组成的影响

研究了芽孢杆菌制剂（Bacillus sp．，10^9CFU·g^-1）对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei（初始体重0．03g·尾^-1）生长性能、全虾营养成分和氨基酸的影响。7种试验饲料中芽孢杆菌制剂的添加量分别为0，0．5，1．0，1．5，2．0，2．5和3．0g·kg^-1饲料。芽孢杆菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾的成活率没有显著影响。摄食添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料的凡纳滨对虾的增重率高并且饲料系数低于对照组，特别是添加量为1．0g·kg^-1时，差异显著；然而，其它添加量并不存在显著性差异。添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾全虾的水分、蛋白质和灰分含量的影响不显著；投喂添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料，脂肪含量高于对照组。饲料中添加益生菌可以改变凡纳滨对虾全虾中部分氨基酸的含量。     

糖源组成和投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫功能及抗氧化性功能的影响

正以初始体重为(0.38±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾为实验对象,采用3×2双因子实验,研究两种糖源饲料(蔗糖和玉米淀粉)和投喂频率(7次/天、5次/天、2次/天)及其交互作用对对虾生长、非特异性免疫功能和抗氧化性功能的影响,结果表明提高投喂频率后凡纳滨对虾增重率显著升高,糖源对凡纳滨对虾增重率无显著影响。     

糖和蛋白质水平对饲养于咸淡水中的凡纳滨对虾生长、体营养成分组成和消化率的影响

试验制作了蛋白梯度为35%,40%,45%的6种饲料，在每种蛋白水平下设计两种糖水平（15%和20%）,饲养初始体重为(1.10±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾，经过56 d的生长试验，观察不同糖和蛋白质水平对于凡纳滨对虾的生长、成活率、机体营养组成和消化率的影响。实验结果表明，凡纳滨对虾对不同水平的糖和蛋白质的利用表现出差异性。各组的成活率没有表现出显著差异，糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为35%组的成活率要高于其它各组，糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为45%组最低，它们分别为93.3%和61.1%。糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为35%组的凡纳滨对虾体增重在各组间最高(269.4%),而且明显高于糖水平为20%且蛋白水平为45%组(117%)（P<0.05)。糖和蛋白质水平对全虾脂肪含量影响较大，在同一糖水平下，体脂肪含量随饲料蛋白含量的升高而升高;同样,在同一蛋白水平下，20%糖组的体脂肪含量要高于15%糖组。糖和蛋白质的水平对凡纳滨对虾对干物质和蛋白质的消化率影响不显著；糖的消化率在蛋白水平为35%且糖水平为20%组最高（P<0.05)。表4参21     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

饲料中添加盐对低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉常规营养成分及质构的影响

以初始体重为2.70&#177;0.16g的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei为研究对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0（对照组）、1%、2%和4%的食盐,配制成4种实验饲料,在低盐养殖水体中饲养40d,探讨饲料中添加盐对低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分及质构的影响。结果表明,随着食盐添加量的升高,凡纳滨对虾虾体蛋白质和灰分含量有增加的趋势,而虾体水分、脂肪有降低的趋势。其中,盐添加量为4%组的蛋白质含量增加极显著（P〈0.01）,而水分降低亦显著（P〈0.05）。在肌肉质构方面,随着饲料中盐添加量的增加,除粘性下降外,其他质构参数都逐渐升高。而且添加4%盐组对虾的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、耐咀性和回复性显著优于其他组（P〈0.05）,但各组的内聚性无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加盐可以改善低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉的质构,且当添加量为4%时效果最佳。     

几种不同碳源对凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗效果的影响

为提高凡纳滨对虾种苗生产的生态化水平,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖、淀粉为添加碳源,添加量为投饵量的50%,同时添加地衣芽孢杆菌,在1 000 L的水体中进行凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗实验。结果表明添加碳源组絮团含量明显高于对照组(不添加碳源和芽孢杆菌),且蔗糖组絮团的形成比淀粉组和葡萄糖组早;蔗糖组和葡萄糖组的氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量均显著低于对照组和淀粉组,其亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别比对照组降低25.4%和31.4%,且未换水即自行下降;添加碳源各组絮团的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量均显著高于对照组,粗蛋白含量最高的蔗糖组达到32.6%。仔虾幼体P14时,葡萄糖组和蔗糖组的仔虾体长分别比对照组增长22.8%和19.2%(P0.01),差异极显著。表明在凡纳滨对虾生物絮团技术育苗中,蔗糖和葡萄糖作为添加碳源是合适的。     

凡纳滨对虾的脂肪营养需求

脂肪在凡纳滨对虾的生命活动中有着重要的作用,主要用于能量代谢和生长发育。虾类的脂肪来源一部分来自于体内的三大营养物质转化,另外主要的来源还是来自于饲料的供给。凡纳滨虾饲料中脂肪和脂肪酸的种类以及含量的不同,直接影响凡纳滨对虾的机体的生长和养殖效益。研究发现凡纳滨对虾幼虾饲料C18:3n-3/C18:2n-6比值为0.44,凡纳滨对虾饲料中脂肪添加量在8.5%~9%之间的效果最好。     

维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率的影响

通过对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeusvannamei雌虾投喂添加或不添加维生素A(VA)、维生素E(VE)的4组实验饲料,并以饲喂活饵组为对照组,研究了维生素A、E对凡纳滨对虾受精率、孵化率和幼体存活率的影响.结果表明,第1(饲料中添加0.002%VE)、2(饲料中添加0.002%VE,0.004%VA)、3组(饲料中添加0.004%VA)凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率、幼体存活率及仔虾应激实验(仔虾入淡水30min,再入海水30min)后的存活率均显著高于第4组(饲料中未添加VA、VE),而且第2组凡纳滨对虾的受精率、孵化率及幼体存活率(Z1-M2)与第1、3组相比有增高的趋势.     

Growth,body composition,ammonia tolerance and hepatopancreas histology of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing different carbohydrate sources at low salinity

Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei farmed at 3.0 psu were fed five diets containing glucose, sucrose, wheat starch, corn starch or potato starch as the carbohydrate (CBH) source. Shrimp were fed for 50 days to explore the effect of dietary CBH source on growth, body composition and ammonia tolerance. The specific growth rate of body length of shrimp fed glucose was the highest and significantly higher than those fed potato starch. The survival rate of shrimp fed glucose was 89.44%, and it was the highest and significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Whole shrimp body crude protein and lipid of the corn starch group were 140.2 g kg^?1 and 10.1 g kg^?1 respectively. And they were significantly higher than those fed wheat starch. Shrimp fed potato starch had higher hepatopancreas and muscle glycogen. Shrimp fed sucrose had higher glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lower pyruvate kinase activities (P < 0.05). Besides, shrimp fed starch produced more B cells in hepatopancreas tubules than those fed glucose or sucrose. Shrimp fed different sources of CBH differed in the number of R cells. After 96‐h of ammonia nitrogen challenge, the survival rate of the treatments from high to low in turn was glucose, wheat starch, corn starch, sucrose and potato starch, and no significant differences were observed among all treatments. Based on shrimp growth and the economic problems of practical production, we recommend wheat starch as CBH source in practical diets for L. vannamei farmed at low salinities.     

黄鳍鲷幼鱼对几种不同糖源的利用

本研究用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中葡萄糖、麦芽糖、糊精、玉米淀粉和预糊化玉米淀粉的利用。本试验饲料为6种等氮(粗蛋白:45%,干重)等脂(粗脂肪:9%,干重)的半纯化饲料,其中对照组糖源为纤维素。每种饲料设3个平行。试验鱼初始体重为(3.57±0.13)g(平均值±均差)。试验鱼饲养在含18个水族箱的循环系统中。水温保持在(27±1)℃。试验周期为8周。本试验用来评价黄鳍鲷幼鱼对饲料中不同糖源利用的指标为生长指标、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和肝脏的6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶。试验结果表明,黄鳍鲷幼鱼体增重、特定生长率、肝体比、肠系膜脂肪体比、饲料效率、蛋白质效率、肝脂肪合成有关酶活性和全鱼、肌肉、肝脏组成均受到饲料中不同糖源的显著影响。预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖组比其它糖源组显著具有更好的体增重和特定生长率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。黄鳍鲷幼鱼生长和体增重与饲料中糖源的复杂性没有相关性。饲喂预糊化淀粉和对照饲料鱼的饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著比其它组高。饲料中糖的添加增加了黄鳍鲷幼鱼的肝体比,但对照组肝体比与糊精组,玉米淀粉组没有显著性差异。预糊化玉米淀粉组肠系膜脂肪体比比其它饲料组要高。结论:基于体增重和特定生长率为指标,饲料中添加25%预糊化玉米淀粉和麦芽糖可以提高黄鳍鲷幼鱼的生长。另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了黄鳍鲷对玉米淀粉的利用。     

Effects of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaf protein concentrate as soybean protein replacement in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae diet

The potential of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in formulated diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae, was assessed. Isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated containing 40% protein and 8% lipid. WHLPC replaced 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets. Twenty postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei weighing 5.0 ± 0.00032 mg were randomly assigned to twelve 30‐L aquarium tanks and were fed experimental diets for 70 days. Results show that the overall biological performance of shrimp in terms of specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed efficiency (FE) and survival in treatment receiving the 25% WHLPC replacement is comparable to that of the control diet. Replacement levels beyond 25% exhibited significant depression in terms of growth performance of the shrimp. Collectively, these findings indicate that WHLPC can replace 25% of soybean meal protein in the formulated diets of L. vannamei.     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance and utilization for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Günther)

The nutritional function of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides for omnivorous gibel carp and carnivorous Chinese longsnout catfish were investigated and the ability of these two species to utilize carbohydrates was compared. For each species, triplicate groups of fish were assigned to each of five groups of isoenergetic and isonitrogenous experimental diets with different carbohydrate sources: glucose, sucrose, dextrin, soluble starch (acid‐modified starch) and α‐cellulose. The carbohydrates were included at 60 g kg^?1 in Chinese longsnout catfish diets and at 200 g kg^?1 in gibel carp diets. A growth trial was carried out in a recirculation system at 27.8 ± 1.9 °C for 8 weeks. The results showed that fish with different food habits showed difference in the utilization of carbohydrate sources. For gibel carp, better specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were observed in fish fed diets containing soluble starch and cellulose, but for Chinese longsnout catfish, better SGR and FE were observed in fish fed diets containing dextrin and sucrose. Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (ADC_d) and apparent digestibility coefficient of energy (ADC_e) were significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate sources in gibel carp. ADC_d and ADC_e significantly decreased as dietary carbohydrate complexity increased in Chinese longsnout catfish except that glucose diet had medium ADC_d and ADC_e. In both species, no significant difference of apparent digestibility coefficient of protein was observed between different carbohydrate sources. Dietary carbohydrate sources significantly affected body composition, and liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME) activities also varied according to dietary carbohydrate complexity. Fish with different food habits showed different abilities to synthesize liver glycogen, and the liver glycogen content in gibel carp was significantly higher than in Chinese longsnout catfish. The influence of carbohydrate source on gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis was also different in the two fish species.     

Growth,feed conversion,body composition and nutrient retention efficiencies in fingerling catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), fed different sources of dietary carbohydrate

Growth, conversion efficiency, body composition, nutrient retention and plasma glucose concentration were evaluated in fingerling catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), (3.25 ± 0.1 g) fed iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-caloric (4.7 kcal g^–1 gross energy) test diets containing different sources of carbohydrates (i.e. glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, dextrin, pre-cooked corn-starch or α- cellulose) at the 20% level of inclusion. Each dietary treatment had three replicates of 20 fish each. The growth trial was conducted in 70-L high-density polyvinyl flow-through (1–1.5 L min^–1) indoor circular troughs (water volume = 55 L). The catfish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 days a week over ≈ 8 weeks. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were noted in the growth and feed conversion efficiencies when fish were fed the sucrose, dextrin and corn-starch diets. Similarly, growth and conversion efficiencies were similar (P > 0.05) in fish fed the glucose, fructose and maltose diets. The minimum growth and conversion efficiencies were found in fish fed the α-cellulose diet. Post-feeding glucose or maltose resulted in the maximum increase in plasma glucose, followed by sucrose, dextrin, fructose or corn-starch diets, over the 8-h sampling period. Post-feeding α-cellulose produced a relatively low (P > 0.05) variation in the plasma glucose level. Compared to the initial values, higher values of dry matter, crude protein, lipid and body energy, and lower percentages of ash were recorded in catfish fed different sources of carbohydrate. The maximum protein retention rate was seen in fish fed the dextrin diet, while a higher energy retention rate was observed in fish fed the sucrose-based diet. Dietary α-cellulose produced significantly (P < 0.05) lower values of protein and energy retention in fish. The present study indicates that utilization of complex carbohydrates in catfish is more successful with di- and monosaccharides, while dietary α-cellulose is poorly utilized.     

Influence of different dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity

Because of the increasing market potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and limited availability of coastal areas for production, culture of L. vannamei at low salinity is a growing trend throughout the world. Dietary manipulation could improve the growth performance of L. vannamei at low salinity. This study reared L. vannamei with glucose, sucrose and corn starch as dietary carbohydrate sources, respectively, at a low salinity. The results indicated that the sucrose and glucose feeding groups showed better growth performance. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition and the results indicated that Proteobacteria were the most prevalent members, but abundance of Actinobacteria decreased while Firmicutes increased in the corn starch‐fed group. Furthermore, bacteria related to complex carbohydrate degradation were in lower abundance, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria increased in corn starch‐fed group than the other two groups, suggesting that the diet imposes selective pressure on the intestinal microbiota. Complex carbohydrates were not the ideal energy sources for L. vannamei at low salinity because the host has higher energy demand in the stressful conditions while the complex carbohydrate degradation efficiency of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei is limited.     

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in practical diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamai (Boone)

The use of meat and bone meal (MBM) was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal in a practical diet formulated to contain 41% protein and 8% lipid. Anchovy meal was replaced by 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80% of MBM (diets 1–7) respectively. Healthy post larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were reared in an indoor, semi‐closed recirculating system. Each dietary treatment was fed to triplicate groups of 40 shrimp per tank (260 L) arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimp were hand‐fed to near‐satiation three times daily between 07:00 and 18:00 hours for 56 days. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimp fed diets 1–6. However, shrimp fed diet 7 had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diet 2 or diet 4. Survival ranged from 95% to 100% and did not significantly (P>0.05) differ. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass composition of the shrimp were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by dietary treatments. No significant differences (P>0.05) in protein efficiency ratio (PER) were found among shrimp fed diets 1‐6. However, shrimp fed diet 7 had significantly lower (P<0.05) PER than those fed diet 1 or diet 4. Results showed that up to 60% of fish meal protein can be replaced by MBM with no adverse effects on growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of L. vannamei.     

不同糖源对方格星虫稚虫生长、成活率及体组成的影响

以初始体重为15.49±0.03 mg的方格星虫稚虫为实验对象,分别投喂以葡萄糖、蔗糖、糊精、木薯淀粉、土豆淀粉、玉米淀粉、糊化玉米淀粉作为饲料糖源的7种等氮（45％蛋白）等脂（9％脂肪）饲料56d,研究饲料中的糖源对稚星虫生长、成活率及体组成的影响.结果表明,糊化玉米淀粉组增重率和特定生长率最高,显著高于其他各糖源处理组（P＜0.05）,而饲料中糖源对稚星虫存活率没有显著影响（P＞0.05）.体组成分析的结果显示,不同糖源对稚星虫的体水分和体粗蛋白含量均有显著的影响（P＜0.05）,其中,葡萄糖处理组方格星虫稚虫的体水分含量最高,且显著高于土豆淀粉组（P＜0.05）,其他各实验组差异不显著;葡萄糖处理组方格星虫稚虫的体粗蛋白含量最低,显著低于糊化及非糊化淀粉组（P＜0.05）.不同糖源对稚星虫的体粗脂肪含量及灰分含量没有显著影响（P＞0.05）.在本实验条件下,稚星虫对大分子糖类（淀粉）的利用能力显著优于双糖（蔗糖）和单糖（葡萄糖）.另外,玉米淀粉预糊化显著提高了方格星虫稚虫对玉米淀粉的利用.     

Effects of dietary chitosan on growth,survival and stress tolerance of postlarval shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

The effect of chitosan, a polymer of glucosamine obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, on growth, survival and stress tolerance was studied in postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei. An experiment was performed with postlarval shrimp (mean initial wet weight 1.2 mg) fed five isoenergic and isonitrogenous diets containing five supplemented levels of chitosan (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g kg^?1 diet, respectively). The five compound diets (C0, C0.5, C1, C2 and C4) sustained shrimp growth throughout the experiment. Growth performance (final body weights; weight gain; SGR: specific growth rate) in shrimp fed diet C2 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0, C0.5 and C1 (P < 0.05), diet C4 treatment provided intermediate growth result. The survival in shrimp fed diet C1 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed C0 diet (P < 0.05), other diets treatments gave the intermediate survival results. No significant differences were found in growth and survival between diet C2 and C4 treatments. After 9 days of a stress tolerance test, survival in shrimp fed diets C1, C2 and C4 was significantly higher than that in shrimp fed diets C0 and C0.5. We concluded from this experiment that the incorporation of a moderate dietary chitosan was beneficial to the development of postlarval L. vannamei. Considering the effect of chitosan on both growth and survival of postlarval L. vannamei, second‐degree polynomial regression of SGR and survival indicated optimum supplement of dietary chitosan at 2.67 and 2.13 g kg^?1, respectively, so the level of chitosan supplemented in the diet should be between 2.13 and 2.67 g kg^?1.     

Dietary nucleotide‐rich yeast supplementation improves growth,innate immunity and intestinal morphology of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotide (NT)‐rich yeast supplementation on growth, innate immunity and intestinal morphology in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0 (control), 10, 30 and 50 g/kg of NT‐rich yeast, respectively. A total of 480 shrimp with an average initial body weight of 1.86 ± 0.02 g were randomly allocated into four groups, with four replicates per group and 30 shrimp each replicate. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast had significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the control diet, and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplemental diet. However, there was no significant difference in survival among all treatments. The crude protein of whole shrimp in the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group was higher than that in the control group. Total protein, triglyceride concentrations, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum were significantly influenced by the dietary NT‐rich yeast supplementation. The activities of serum phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme (LZM) of shrimp fed the diet containing 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast were higher than those in shrimp fed the other diets. Relative expressions of alp and lzm significantly upregulated in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group compared to the control group. The intestinal fold height and fold width in the 30 g/kg NT‐rich yeast group were significantly higher than those fed the control diet; and the highest microvillus height occurred in the shrimp fed the 50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast diet. In summary, dietary 30–50 g/kg NT‐rich yeast supplementation promotes growth performance, enhances innate immunity and improves intestinal morphology of Litopenaeus vannamei.